Warpalawas II
Warpalawas II | ||
---|---|---|
Luwian Warpalawas | | |
Akkadian | 𒁹𒌨𒁄𒆷𒀀[2][3] Urpalla[4] | |
House | Dynasty of Warpalawas I (?)[5] | |
Father | Muwaḫaranis I | |
Religion | Luwian religion |
Warpalawas II was a
Life
Warpalawas II was the son of the previous king of Tuwana, Muwaḫaranis I.[5]
Both Warpalawas II and Muwaḫaranis I may have been part of a dynasty which had ruled Tuwana for much of the 8th century BC, with another king of the same name, Warpalawas I, having been possibly ruled Tuwana in the earlier 8th century BC, and who might have been an ancestor of Muwaḫaranis I and Warpalawas II.[5]
Reign
Warpalawas II appears to have succeeded his father Muwaḫaranis I on the throne of Tuwana around c. 740 BC.[1]
Submission to the Neo-Assyrian Empire
Warpalawas II was mentioned in the records of the Neo-Assyrian Empire under the name of Urpalla[4][6] as one of five kings who offered tribute to Tiglath-Pileser III in 738 and 737 BC, and he appears to have maintained a policy of cooperating with the Neo-Assyrian Empire.[1][7]
Warpalawas II's pro-Assyrian orientation is visible in how how monuments used an Assyrianising style of sculpture: the best known of these monuments is a relief from Ivriz, on which Warpalawas II, himself represented in Assyrian style, is depicted praying to the Luwian Storm-god Tarḫunza.[4][1]
Relations with Tabal
The king
Vassals
The kingdom of Tuwana was powerful enough to have included a sub-kingdom,[10][7] located at the site corresponding to present-day Porsuk,[8] and ruled by a king named Tarḫunazas who identified himself as a "servant" of Warpalawas II.[11]
Tarḫunazas himself recorded in his inscription that, in exchange for his services, Warpalawas II had rewarded him[8] with Mount Muti,[7] which was likely a rocky outcrop of the Taurus Mountains near the Cilician Gates.[8]
Relations with Phrygia
Warpalawas II also carried out relations with the
This suggests that Warpalawas was one of the last still independent kings of the Tabal region who was being increasingly pressured by Phrygia and Assyria[7] because of the location of his kingdom between these two powers.[4]
Some Old Phrygian inscriptions on basalt, possibly dated from Warpalawas II's reign, as well as the Phrygian robe depicted as worn by Warpalawas II in his Ivriz monument, suggest that aspects of Phrygian culture were arriving into Tuwana at this time.[1]
The presence of the name "Midas" on one of these inscriptions has led to the archaeologist
Later years
Warpalawas II appears to have come under direct Assyrian rule during the later years of his reign, especially after the Neo-Assyrian king Sargon II had deported the king Ambaris of Tabal/Bīt-Burutaš to Assyria and reorganised Tabal/Bīt-Burutaš itself, as part of which Tuwana and other nearby Anatolian kingdoms might have come under the authority of Aššur-šarru-uṣur.[4][8]
This reorganisation also increased Warpalawas II's authority in Tabal/Bīt-Burutaš so that Warpalawas II was ruling at least part of this kingdom's territory, as attested by Aššur-šarru-uṣur's report that two other Tabalian kingdoms, Atuna and Ishtuanda, had seized certain cities of Bīt-Burutaš from Warpalawas II.[4]
Warpalawas II seems to have continued his pro-Assyrian policy throughout his reign, thanks to which he was able to rule in Tuwana for a very long period until at least c. 709 BC, at which date he was mentioned in the letter of Aššur-šarru-uṣur.[1]
Legacy
An alternative hypothesis regarding Phrygian influence in Tuwana, proposed by the Hittitologist
Warpalawas II was succeeded by his son, Muwaḫaranis II.[4][8][7]
Notes
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Bryce 2012, p. 150.
- ^ "Urpalla [1] (PN)". Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus. University of Pennsylvania.
- ^ "Urpalla [1] (PN)". Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus. University of Pennsylvania.
- ^ a b c d e f g Bryce 2009, p. 726.
- ^ a b c Bryce 2012, p. 149.
- ^ Bryce 2012, p. 141.
- ^ a b c d e f Hawkins 2014, p. 408.
- ^ a b c d e f g Bryce 2012, p. 152.
- ^ Bryce 2012, p. 144.
- ^ Bryce 2012, p. 148.
- ^ Bryce 2012, p. 148-149.
- ^ Bryce 2012, p. 150-152.
Bibliography
- ISBN 978-0-199-21872-1.
- ISBN 978-0-415-39485-7.
- Hawkins, J. D. (2014). "Urballa". In ISBN 978-3-110-41761-6.
- Melchert, H C. (ed.); 2003. The Luwians. (Leiden: Brill Publishers). ISBN 90-04-13009-8(print)
- Hawkins, J. David; 1999. The Corpus of Hieroglyphic Luwian Inscriptions. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-014870-6.
External links
- Bor Stele, also known as Warpalawa Stele - hittitemonuments.com