Washington metropolitan area

Coordinates: 38°53′24″N 77°02′48″W / 38.89000°N 77.04667°W / 38.89000; -77.04667
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This article is about the metropolitan area encompassing Washington, D.C. For other uses, see Washington metropolitan area (disambiguation).

Washington metropolitan area
National Capital Region
District of Columbia [D]
Maryland [M]
Virginia
[V] Outlying Subdivision:
UTC-4 (EST
)

The Washington metropolitan area, also referred to as the DC area, Greater Washington, the National Capital Region, or locally as the DMV (short for District of Columbia, Maryland, and Virginia), is the metropolitan area centered around Washington, D.C., the federal capital of the United States. The metropolitan area includes all of Washington, D.C. and parts of Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia. It is part of the larger Washington–Baltimore combined statistical area, which is the third-largest combined statistical area in the country.

The Washington metropolitan area is one of the most educated and affluent metropolitan areas in the U.S.

seventh-most populous metropolitan area in the nation,[10] as well as the second-largest metropolitan area in the Census Bureau's South Atlantic division.[11]

Nomenclature

The U.S.

Baltimore–Washington metropolitan area, which has a population of 9,546,579 as of the 2014 Census Estimate.[citation needed
]

The Washington, D.C., Maryland, and Virginia

Interstate 495 with the locations inside of it referred to as Inside the Beltway. Washington, D.C., which is at the center of the area, is sometimes referred to as the District because of its status as a federal district, which makes it not part of any state. The Virginian portion of the region is known as Northern Virginia. The Maryland portion of the region is sometimes called the Maryland-National Capital Region by local authorities but rarely by the general public.[15][16]

Composition

Satellite photo of the Washington metropolitan area
Washington area viewed at night from the International Space Station
Map highlighting labor patterns of regional counties

The U.S. Census Bureau divides the Washington metropolitan statistical area into two metropolitan divisions:[17]

  • Washington–Arlington–Alexandria, DC–VA–MD–WV Metropolitan Division, comprising the majority of the metropolitan area
  • Frederick–Gaithersburg–Rockville, MD Metropolitan Division, consisting of Montgomery and Frederick counties

Counties or county equivalents and populations

Historical populations – Washington metropolitan area
CensusPop.Note%±
19501,464,089—
19602,001,89736.7%
19702,861,12342.9%
19803,060,9227.0%
19903,923,57428.2%
20004,923,15325.5%
20105,636,23214.5%
20206,385,16213.3%
2022 (est.)6,373,756−0.2%
U.S. Decennial Census
Counties and County equivalents within the Washington metropolitan area[18]
County 2020 Census 2010 Census Change Area Density
Fairfax County, Virginia 1,150,309 1,081,726 +6.34% 391 sq mi (1,010 km2) 2,942/sq mi (1,136/km2)
Montgomery County, Maryland 1,062,061 971,777 +9.29% 491 sq mi (1,270 km2) 2,163/sq mi (835/km2)
Prince George's County, Maryland 967,201 863,420 +12.02% 483 sq mi (1,250 km2) 2,002/sq mi (773/km2)
Washington, District of Columbia
 689,545 601,723 +14.60% 61.05 sq mi (158.1 km2) 11,295/sq mi (4,361/km2)
Prince William County, Virginia 482,204 402,002 +19.95% 336 sq mi (870 km2) 1,435/sq mi (554/km2)
Loudoun County, Virginia 420,959 312,311 +34.79% 516 sq mi (1,340 km2) 816/sq mi (315/km2)
Frederick County, Maryland 271,717 233,385 +16.42% 660 sq mi (1,700 km2) 412/sq mi (159/km2)
Arlington County, Virginia 238,643 207,627 +14.94% 26 sq mi (67 km2) 9,179/sq mi (3,544/km2)
Charles County, Maryland 166,617 146,551 +13.69% 458 sq mi (1,190 km2) 364/sq mi (140/km2)
City of Alexandria, Virginia
 159,467 139,966 +13.93% 14.93 sq mi (38.7 km2) 10,681/sq mi (4,124/km2)
Stafford County, Virginia 156,927 128,961 +21.69% 269 sq mi (700 km2) 583/sq mi (225/km2)
Spotsylvania County, Virginia 140,032 122,397 +14.41% 401 sq mi (1,040 km2) 349/sq mi (135/km2)
Calvert County, Maryland 92,783 88,737 +4.56% 213 sq mi (550 km2) 436/sq mi (168/km2)
Fauquier County, Virginia 72,972 65,203 +11.92% 647 sq mi (1,680 km2) 113/sq mi (44/km2)
Jefferson County, West Virginia 57,701 53,498 +7.86% 210 sq mi (540 km2) 275/sq mi (106/km2)
Culpeper County, Virginia 52,552 46,689 +12.56% 379 sq mi (980 km2) 139/sq mi (54/km2)
City of Manassas, Virginia
 42,772 37,821 +13.09% 9.84 sq mi (25.5 km2) 4,347/sq mi (1,678/km2)
Warren County, Virginia 40,727 37,575 +8.39% 213 sq mi (550 km2) 191/sq mi (74/km2)
City of Fredericksburg, Virginia
 27,982 24,286 +15.22% 10.45 sq mi (27.1 km2) 2,678/sq mi (1,034/km2)
City of Fairfax, Virginia
 24,146 22,565 +7.01% 6.24 sq mi (16.2 km2) 3,870/sq mi (1,494/km2)
City of Manassas Park, Virginia
 17,219 14,273 +20.64% 3.03 sq mi (7.8 km2) 5,683/sq mi (2,194/km2)
Clarke County, Virginia 14,783 14,034 +5.34% 176 sq mi (460 km2) 84/sq mi (32/km2)
City of Falls Church, Virginia
 14,658 12,332 +18.86% 2.05 sq mi (5.3 km2) 7,150/sq mi (2,761/km2)
Madison County, Virginia 13,837 13,308 +3.98% 321 sq mi (830 km2) 43/sq mi (17/km2)
Rappahannock County, Virginia 7,348 7,373 −0.34% 266 sq mi (690 km2) 28/sq mi (11/km2)
Total 6,385,162 5,649,540 +13.02% 6,563.59 sq mi (16,999.6 km2) 973/sq mi (376/km2)

Summary by state

Summary by state/district - Washington metropolitan area[18]
State/district Population (2020) % of total Area in sq mi % of total Density
District of Columbia
 689,545 11% 61 1% 11,295
Maryland 2,560,379 40% 2,305 35% 1,111
Virginia 3,077,537 48% 3,987 61% 772
West Virginia 57,701 1% 210 3% 275

Regional organizations

Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments

Founded in 1957, the

U.S. House of Representatives. MWCOG provides a forum for discussion and the development of regional responses to issues regarding the environment, transportation, public safety, homeland security, affordable housing, community planning, and economic development.[19]

The National Capital Region Transportation Planning Board, a component of MWCOG, is the federally designated metropolitan planning organization for the metropolitan Washington area.[20]

Consortium of Universities in the Washington Metropolitan Area

Chartered in 1964, the Consortium of Universities of the Washington Metropolitan Area is a regional organization of 20 colleges and universities in the greater Washington, D.C. metropolitan area, the Smithsonian Institution, the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD), the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI), the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), the United States Institute of Peace, and the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts representing nearly 300,000+ students.[21][22][23][24][25] The consortium facilitates course cross registration between all member universities, and universalizes library access across some of its member universities through the Washington Research Library Consortium. It additionally offers joint procurement programs, joint academic initiatives, and campus public safety training.[26]

Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority

Formed in 1967 as an interstate compact between Maryland, Virginia, and the District of Columbia, the WMATA is a tri-jurisdictional government agency with a board composed of representatives from Maryland, Virginia, the District of Columbia, and the United States Federal government that operates transit services in the Washington Metropolitan Area.

Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority

The

Washington Dulles International Airport.[27]

Greater Washington Board of Trade

Founded in 1889, the Greater Washington Board of Trade is a network of regional businesses that work to advance the culture, economy, and resiliency of the Washington metropolitan area.[28]

Cultural Alliance of Greater Washington

The Cultural Alliance of Greater Washington (CAGW) works to increase appreciation, support, and resources for arts and culture in the Washington metropolitan area.

Principal cities

Downtown Washington, D.C. with the skylines of Arlington County and Tysons in the distance
Courthouse
in the background

The metropolitan area includes the following principal cities (not all of which are incorporated as cities; one, Arlington, actually is a county, while Bethesda, Silver Spring, and Reston are unincorporated census-designated places).[17]

Demographics

Politics

Main article: Politics of the United States

The Washington metropolitan area is considered a Democratic stronghold. The last Republican to win it was Richard Nixon in his 1972 landslide reelection. Since Bill Clinton was elected in 1992, Democratic candidates have easily won the area by double-digits.

Presidential election results
Year DEM GOP Others
2020
 		72.3% 2,320,658 25.5% 818,418 2.2% 70,283
2016
 		69.0% 1,860,678 25.7% 692,743 5.4% 145,269
2012
 		67.5% 1,813,963 30.9% 829,567 1.7% 44,708
2008
 		68.0% 1,603,902 31.0% 728,916 1.0% 25,288
2004
 		61.0% 1,258,743 38.0% 785,144 1.4% 19,735
2000
 		58.5% 1,023,089 37.9% 663,590 3.6% 62,437
1996
 		57.0% 861,881 37.0% 558,830 6.0% 89,259
1992
 		53.0% 859,889 34.1% 553.369 12.9% 209,651
1988
 		50.4% 684,453 48.6% 659,344 1.0% 14,219
1984
 		51.0% 653,568 48.5% 621,377 0.4% 5,656
1980
 		44.7% 484,590 44.6% 482,506 11.1% 115,797
1976
 		54.2% 590,481 44.9% 488,995 1.0% 10,654
1972
 		44.2% 431,257 54.8% 534,235 1.1% 10,825
1968
 		49.4% 414,345 39.1% 327,662 11.5% 96,701
1964
 		69.8% 495,490 30.2% 214,293 0.1% 462
1960
 		52.5% 204,614 47.3% 184,499 0.1% 593
Joint Base Anacostia-Bolling, and National Harbor, Maryland
are visible.

Racial composition

The area has been a magnet for international immigration since the late 1960s. It is also a magnet for internal migration (persons moving from one region of the U.S. to another).[29][dubious – discuss]

Racial
composition of the Washington metropolitan area.

2021 American Community Survey

  • Non-Hispanic White: 43%
  • Black or African American: 24% (including African 5.4%, West Indian 1.2%, and Ethiopian 0.8%[30])
  • Hispanic or Latino: 17%
  • Asian: 11%
  • Mixed and other: 6%
Hispanic origin Asian origin
5.2% Salvadoran 2.9% Indian
2.3% Mexican 1.9% Chinese
1.6% Guatemalan 1.2% Korean
1.2% Puerto Rican 1.2% Vietnamese
0.9% Honduran 1.0% Filipino
0.9% Peruvian 0.5% Pakistani
0.8% Bolivian 0.2% Japanese
0.5% Colombian 0.2% Thai
0.5% Dominican 0.2% Bangladeshi
5.6% Other 1.0% Other

Source: Census Reporter[31]

2010 U.S. Census

[citation needed]
  • White
    : 54.8%
  • Black
    : 25.8%
  • Asian
    : 9.3%
  • Hispanic: 13.8%
  • Mixed
    and other: 3.7%

2006

[32]
  • White
    : 51.7%
  • Black
    : 26.3%
  • Asian
    : 8.4%
  • Hispanic: 11.6%
  • Mixed
    and other: 2.0%

1980

  • White: 67.8%
  • Black: 26.0%
  • Asian: 2.5%
  • Hispanic: 2.8%
  • Mixed and other: 0.9%

Social indicators

household income within a 5 mi (8.0 km) radius of Tysons Corner Center is $174,809.[33]

The Washington metropolitan area has ranked as the highest-educated metropolitan area in the nation for four decades.[34] As of the 2006–2008 American Community Survey, the three most educated places with 200,000 people or more in Washington–Arlington–Alexandria by bachelor's degree attainment (population 25 and over) are Arlington, Virginia (68.0%), Fairfax County, Virginia (58.8%), and Montgomery County, Maryland (56.4%).[35] Forbes magazine stated in its 2008 "America's Best- And Worst-Educated Cities" report: "The D.C. area is less than half the size of L.A., but both cities have around 100,000 Ph.D.'s."[36]

The Washington metropolitan area has held the top spot in the American College of Sports Medicine's annual American Fitness Index ranking of the United States' 50 most populous metropolitan areas for two years running. The report cites, among other things, the high average fitness level and healthy eating habits of residents, the widespread availability of health care and facilities such as swimming pools, tennis courts, and parks, low rates of obesity and tobacco use relative to the national average, and the high median household income as contributors to the city's community health.[37]

In the 21st century, the Washington metropolitan area has overtaken the

highest median household income counties in the nation – Loudoun and Fairfax County, Virginia – are components of the MSA (and No. 3 is Howard County, officially in Baltimore's sphere but strongly connected with Washington's); measured in this way, Alexandria ranks 10th among municipalities in the region – 11th if Howard is included – and 23rd in the entire United States. 12.2% of Northern Virginia's 881,136 households, 8.5% of suburban Maryland's 799,300 households, and 8.2% of Washington's 249,805 households have an annual income in excess of $200,000, compared to 3.7% nationally.[38]

According to a report by the

American Human Development Project, women in the Washington metropolitan area are ranked as having the highest income and educational attainment among the 25 most populous metropolitan areas in the nation, while Asian American women in the region had the highest life expectancy, at 92.3 years.[39]

Economy

Main article:
Economy of the Washington Metropolitan Area
the District's height restrictions. As a result, many of the region's tallest buildings are located outside of Washington, D.C.[40][41]

The Washington metropolitan area has the largest science and engineering work force of any metropolitan area in the nation in 2006 according to the Greater Washington Initiative at 324,530, ahead of the combined San Francisco Bay Area work force of 214,500, and Chicago metropolitan area at 203,090, citing data from U.S. Census Bureau, the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Claritas Inc., and other sources.[8]

The Washington metropolitan area was ranked as the second best High-Tech Center in a statistical analysis of the top 100 Metropolitan areas in the United States by American City Business Journals in May 2009, behind the

(MSA) was $561,027,941,000.[44]

Real estate and housing market

Changes in

Standard & Poor's and is also a component of S&P's 10-city composite index
of the value of the U.S. residential real estate market.

ZIP code 22102 had the highest median home prices among ZIP codes within the Washington metropolitan area as of 2013.[45]

Net worth, wealth disparities, and business ownership

Vietnamese restaurants and shops at the Eden Center in Falls Church, Virginia

The economy of the Washington metropolitan region is characterized by significant wealth disparities, which were heightened by the Great Recession and the 2007–09 housing crisis, which adversely affected black and Hispanic households more than other households.[46][47]

A 2016

Indian American households).[46][47]

Although the median net worth for white D.C.-area households was 81 times that of black D.C.-area households, the two groups had comparable rates of business ownership (about 9%). The Urban Institute report suggests that this "may be driven by the presence of a large federal government and a local district government whose membership and constituents have been largely Black, coupled with government policies designed to increase contracting opportunities for minority-owned businesses."[46][47]

Primary industries

See also: List of federal installations in Maryland and List of federal agencies in Northern Virginia
National Institutes of Health Clinical Center in Bethesda

Biotechnology

The Washington metropolitan area has a significant

ICON plc. The area's medical research is driven by government and non-profit health institutions, such as the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, J. Craig Venter Institute, and the National Institutes of Health
.

Consumer goods

Local consumer goods companies include

Mars, Incorporated
.

Defense contracting

Many defense contractors are headquartered in the Washington area near the Pentagon in Arlington.

Many defense contractors are based in the region to be close to the Pentagon in Arlington. Local defense contractors include Lockheed Martin, the largest, as well as General Dynamics, BAE Systems Inc., Northrop Grumman,[49] Computer Sciences Corporation (CSC), Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC), CACI, ManTech International, DynCorp, and Leidos.

Hospitality

The Washington metropolitan area contains the headquarters of numerous companies in the hospitality and hotel industries. Major companies with headquarters in the region include

Host Hotels and Resorts, and HMSHost
.

Mass media

One Franklin Square is where The Washington Post is headquartered.

The media industry is a significant portion of metropolitan Washington's economy. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the Washington DC region has the second largest concentration of journalists and media personnel in the United States after the

New York metropolitan area.[50] Washington's industry presence includes major publications with national audiences such as The Washington Post, U.S. News & World Report, and USA Today, as well as new media publishers such as Vox Media, RealClearPolitics, Axios, and Politico. A secondary portion of this market is made up of periodicals such as National Affairs, those by The Slate Group, Foreign Policy, National Geographic, The American Prospect, and those by Atlantic Media, including The Atlantic. There are also many smaller regional publications present, such as The Washington Diplomat, The Hill, Hill Rag, Roll Call, Washington City Paper and the Washington Examiner
.

Telecommunications

Anchored by the

OneWeb, Tegna Inc., Transaction Network Services, Verisign, WorldCell, and XO Communications
.

Tourism

Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington County is a major tourist attraction.

Tourism is a significant industry in the Washington metropolitan region. In 2015, more than 74,000 tourism-sector jobs existed in the District of Columbia, a record-setting 19.3 million domestic tourists visited the city, and domestic and international tourists combined spent $7.1 billion.[51][52] The convention industry is also significant; in 2016, D.C. hosted fifteen "city-wide conventions" with an estimated total economic impact of $277.9 million.[51]

Tourism is also significant outside the District of Columbia; in 2015, a record-setting $3.06 billion in tourism spending was reported in Arlington, Virginia, and $2.9 billion in Fairfax County, Virginia.[53] A 2016 National Park Service report estimated that there were 56 million visitors to national parks in the National Capital Region, sustaining 16,917 and generating close to $1.6 billion in economy impact.[54]

Largest companies

See also: List of companies headquartered in Northern Virginia
Capital One Tower in Tysons, the tallest building in the region and centerpiece of the 5,000,000 sq ft (464,500 m2) headquarters campus for Capital One[55]
The global headquarters of Marriott International in Bethesda, Maryland
Largest public companies (Fortune 500 2020)[56]
Company Industry Headquarters National rank
AES Corporation Energy
Arlington, Virginia
 310
Beacon Building Products Roofing Herndon, Virginia 434
Booz Allen Hamilton Consulting McLean, Virginia 450
Capital One Finance McLean, Virginia 97
Danaher Corporation Medical products Washington, D.C. 161
Discovery Communications
 Mass media Silver Spring, Maryland 287
DXC Technology Information technology Tysons, Virginia 155
Fannie Mae Finance Washington, D.C. 24
Freddie Mac Finance McLean, Virginia 41
General Dynamics
Defense
 Reston, Virginia 83
Hilton Hotels Corporation
 Hospitality McLean, Virginia 338
Leidos
Defense
 Reston, Virginia 289
Lockheed Martin
Defense
 Bethesda, Maryland 57
Marriott International Hospitality Bethesda, Maryland 157
Northrop Grumman
Defense
 Falls Church, Virginia 96
NVR, Inc. Construction Reston, Virginia 417
SAIC Information technology Reston, Virginia 466
Largest private companies (Forbes' America's Largest Private Companies 2016)[57]
Company Industry Headquarters National rank
BrightView Landscaping Rockville, Maryland 220
Carahsoft
Defense
 Reston, Virginia 161
Clark Construction Construction Bethesda, Maryland 102
Mars, Incorporated
 Food processing McLean, Virginia 7

History

NGA headquarters in Fort Belvoir

The 2005 Base Realignment and Closure resulted in a significant shuffling of military, civilian, and defense contractor employees in the Washington metropolitan area. The largest individual site impacts of the time are as follows:[58]

BRAC 2005 was the largest infrastructure expansion by the Army Corps of Engineers since World War II, resulting in the Mark Center, tallest building they have ever constructed, as well as National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency Campus East, which at 2.4 million square feet is the largest building the Corps have constructed since the Pentagon.[59]

Transportation

Main article: Transportation in Washington, D.C.
Dulles International Airport in Dulles, Virginia
Metro Center station on the Washington Metro
West Falls Church Metro Station

"WMATA"-indicated systems are run by Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority and always accept Washington Metro fare cards; others may or may not.

Commercial service airports

Rail transit systems

Bus transit systems

Major roads

Interstates

The Capital Beltway circles Washington, D.C.

U.S. Highways

Bicycle sharing

Culture

Sports teams

Further information: Sports in Washington, D.C.

Listing of the professional sports teams in the Washington metropolitan area:

Club Sport League Founded Venue
Washington Capitals Hockey NHL 1974 Capital One Arena
Washington Nationals Baseball MLB 2005[a] Nationals Park
Washington Wizards Basketball NBA 1973[a] Capital One Arena
Washington Commanders Football NFL 1932[a] Commanders Field
D.C. United Soccer MLS 1996 Audi Field
Washington Mystics Basketball
WNBA
 1998
St. Elizabeths East Entertainment and Sports Arena

DC Defenders Football
XFL
 2018 Audi Field
Washington Spirit Soccer NWSL 2011[b] Maryland SoccerPlex (primary)
Audi Field (secondary)
Segra Field (secondary)
Capital City Go-Go Basketball NBA G League 2018
St. Elizabeths East Entertainment and Sports Arena

Old Glory DC Rugby MLR 2018 Segra Field
Loudoun United FC Soccer USL Championship 2018 Segra Field
DC Hawks
 Cricket
MiLC
 2020 Veterans Memorial Park, Woodbridge, VA
Fredericksburg Nationals Baseball MiLB 2020 Virginia Credit Union Stadium
Washington Justice esports Overwatch League 2019 Entertainment and Sports Arena
  1. ^ a b c Year team moved to Washington area
  2. ^ Founded as D.C. United Women; rebranded as Washington Spirit in 2012 and started NWSL play in 2013.

Media

Main article: Media in Washington, D.C.
Crystal City, Virginia

The Washington metropolitan area is home to

WETA-FM, WIHT, WSBN, and WTOP
.

Area codes

Main article:
Area code
  • 202 and 771[60] – Washington, D.C.
  • 703 and 571
    – Northern Virginia including the cities of Alexandria, Fairfax, and Falls Church as well as Arlington, Fairfax, Stafford, Prince William, and Loudoun counties (571 created March 1, 2000; 703 in October 1947).
  • 301, 240, and 227 – portions of Maryland in the Washington metropolitan area, southern Maryland, and western Maryland
  • 540 and 826 – Fredericksburg, Spotsylvania, Warrenton
  • 304 and 681 – Jefferson County, West Virginia

See also

References

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External links

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Washington, D.C. area.


38°53′24″N 77°02′48″W / 38.89000°N 77.04667°W / 38.89000; -77.04667

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