Waveform
In
In electronics, the term is usually applied to time-varying
phase shift
of the signal.
The waveform of an electrical signal can be visualized in an
Waveform generators
, that can output a periodic voltage or current with one of several waveforms, are a common tool in electronics laboratories and workshops.
The waveform of a steady periodic sound affects its
keyboards can generate sounds with many complicated waveforms.[1]
Common periodic waveforms
Simple examples of periodic waveforms include the following, where is time, is wavelength, is amplitude and is phase:
- Sine wave: . The amplitude of the waveform follows a trigonometricsine function with respect to time.
- Square wave: . This waveform is commonly used to represent digital information. A square wave of constant period contains odd harmonics that decrease at −6 dB/octave.
- Triangle wave: . It contains odd harmonics that decrease at −12 dB/octave.
- Sawtooth wave: . This looks like the teeth of a saw. Found often in time bases for display scanning. It is used as the starting point for subtractive synthesis, as a sawtooth wave of constant period contains odd and even harmonics that decrease at −6 dB/octave.
The Fourier series describes the decomposition of periodic waveforms, such that any periodic waveform can be formed by the sum of a (possibly infinite) set of fundamental and harmonic components. Finite-energy non-periodic waveforms can be analyzed into sinusoids by the Fourier transform.
Other periodic waveforms are often called composite waveforms and can often be described as a combination of a number of sinusoidal waves or other
basis functions
added together.
See also
- AC waveform
- Arbitrary waveform generator
- Carrier wave
- Crest factor
- Continuous waveform
- Envelope (music)
- Frequency domain
- Phase offset modulation
- Spectrum analyzer
- Waveform monitor
- Waveform viewer
- Wave packet
References
- ^ a b "Waveform Definition". techterms.com. Retrieved 2015-12-09.
- ISBN 0748770364, CRC Press, 2002, p. 62
- ^ "IEC 60050 — Details for IEV number 103-10-02: "waveform"". International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (in Japanese). Retrieved 2023-10-18.
Further reading
- Yuchuan Wei, Qishan Zhang. Common Waveform Analysis: A New And Practical Generalization of Fourier Analysis. Springer US, Aug 31, 2000
- Hao He, Jian Li, and Petre Stoica. Waveform design for active sensing systems: a computational approach. Cambridge University Press, 2012.
- Solomon W. Golomb, and Guang Gong. Signal design for good correlation: for wireless communication, cryptography, and radar. Cambridge University Press, 2005.
- Jayant, Nuggehally S and Noll, Peter. Digital coding of waveforms: principles and applications to speech and video. Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1984.
- M. Soltanalian. Signal Design for Active Sensing and Communications. Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology (printed by Elanders Sverige AB), 2014.
- Nadav Levanon, and Eli Mozeson. Radar signals. Wiley. com, 2004.
- Jian Li, and Petre Stoica, eds. Robust adaptive beamforming. New Jersey: John Wiley, 2006.
- Fulvio Gini, Antonio De Maio, and Lee Patton, eds. Waveform design and diversity for advanced radar systems. Institution of engineering and technology, 2012.
- John J. Benedetto, Ioannis Konstantinidis, and Muralidhar Rangaswamy. "Phase-coded waveforms and their design." IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, 26.1 (2009): 22–31.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Waveforms.
- Collection of single cycle waveforms sampled from various sources