Waylon Jennings
Waylon Jennings | |
---|---|
Background information | |
Birth name | Wayland Arnold Jennings[1] |
Also known as |
|
Born | Littlefield, Texas, U.S. | June 15, 1937
Died | February 13, 2002 Chandler, Arizona, U.S. | (aged 64)
Genres | |
Occupation(s) |
|
Instrument(s) |
|
Years active | 1949–2000 |
Labels |
|
Formerly of |
|
Spouses |
|
Children | 6, including Shooter Jennings |
Relatives | Tommy Jennings (brother) |
Website | waylonjennings |
Signature | |
Waylon Arnold Jennings (born June 15, 1937 – February 13, 2002) was an American singer, songwriter, musician, and actor. He is considered one of the pioneers of the outlaw movement in country music.
Jennings started playing guitar at age eight and performed at fourteen on KVOW radio, after which he formed his first band, the Texas Longhorns. Jennings left high school at age sixteen, determined to become a musician, and worked as a performer and DJ on KVOW, KDAV, KYTI, KLLL, in Coolidge, Arizona, and Phoenix. In 1958, Buddy Holly arranged Jennings' first recording session, a cover of Jole Blon, and hired him to play bass. Jennings gave up his seat on the ill-fated flight in 1959 that crashed and killed Holly, J. P. "the Big Bopper" Richardson and Ritchie Valens.
Jennings then returned to Texas, taking several years off from music before eventually moving to Arizona and forming a
During the 1970s, Jennings drove outlaw country. With Willie Nelson, Tompall Glaser, and Jessi Colter he recorded country music's first platinum album, Wanted! The Outlaws. It was followed by another platinum album, a first for any solo artist in country music, Ol' Waylon and the hit song "Luckenbach, Texas". He was featured on the 1978 album White Mansions, performed by various artists documenting the lives of Confederates during the Civil War. He appeared in films and television series, including Sesame Street, and a stint as the balladeer for The Dukes of Hazzard, composing and singing the show's theme song and providing narration for the show. Jennings struggled with cocaine addiction, which he overcame in 1984. Later, he joined the country supergroup the Highwaymen with Willie Nelson, Kris Kristofferson, and Johnny Cash, which released three albums between 1985 and 1995. During that period, Jennings released the successful album Will the Wolf Survive. Jennings has also been named as one of the innovators of progressive country.[3]
Jennings toured less after 1997 to spend more time with his family. Between 1999 and 2001, health problems limited his appearances. In 2001, he was inducted into the
Early life
Jennings was born on June 15, 1937 on the J.W. Bittner farm near
The name on Jennings' birth certificate was Wayland. It was changed after a Baptist preacher visited his parents and congratulated his mother for naming him after the Wayland Baptist University in Plainview, Texas. Lorene Jennings, who was Church of Christ and had been unaware of the college, changed the spelling to Waylon. Jennings later expressed in his autobiography, "I didn't like Waylon. It sounded so corny and hillbilly, but it's been good to me, and I'm pretty well at peace with it now."[8] After working as a laborer on the Bittner farm, Jennings's father moved the family to Littlefield and established a retail creamery.[9]
Career
Beginnings in music
When Jennings was 8, his mother taught him to play guitar with the tune "Thirty Pieces of Silver". Jennings used to practice with his relatives' instruments until his mother bought him a used
Beginning with performing at family gatherings, Jennings played his first public concert at the Youth Center with Anthony Bonanno, followed by appearances at the local
At age 14, Jennings auditioned for a spot on KVOW in Littlefield, Texas. Owner J.B. McShan, along with Emil Macha, recorded Jennings' performance. McShan liked his style and hired him for a weekly 30-minute program. Following his performance on the show, Jennings formed his own band. He asked Macha to play bass for him and gathered other friends and acquaintances to form the Texas Longhorns. The style of the band—a mixture of
After several disciplinary infractions, 16-year-old Jennings was convinced to drop out of Littlefield High School by the superintendent.
In addition to performing on air for KVOW, Jennings started to work as a DJ in 1956[22] and moved to Lubbock.[22] His program ran from 4:00 in the afternoon to 10:00 in the evening, filled with two hours of country classics, two of current country, and two of mixed recordings.[23] The latter included early rock-and-roll stars such as Chuck Berry and Little Richard. The owner reprimanded Jennings for his selection, and after playing two Little Richard records in a row Jennings was fired.[24]
During his time at KVOW Jennings was visited by DJ Sky Corbin of
Jennings produced commercials and created jingles with the rest of the DJs. As their popularity increased, the DJs made public appearances. Jennings's events included live performances. During one performance, Holly's father, L.O. Holley, approached them with his son's latest record and asked them to play it at the station. L.O. mentioned his son's intention to start producing artists himself, and Corbin recommended Jennings. After returning from his tour of England Buddy Holly visited KLLL.[27]
Holly took Jennings as his first artist. He outfitted him with new clothes, and worked with him to improve his image.[28] He arranged a session for Jennings at Norman Petty's recording studios in Clovis, New Mexico. On September 10, Jennings recorded the songs "Jole Blon" and "When Sin Stops (Love Begins)" with Holly and Tommy Allsup on guitars and saxophonist King Curtis. Holly then hired Jennings to play bass for him during his "Winter Dance Party Tour".[22]
Winter Dance Party Tour
Before the tour, Holly vacationed with his wife in Lubbock and visited Jennings' radio station in December 1958. Jennings and Sky Corbin performed the hand-claps to Holly's tune "You're the One".[26] Jennings and Holly soon left for New York City,[29] arriving on January 15, 1959. Jennings stayed at Holly's apartment by Washington Square Park prior to a meeting scheduled at the headquarters of the General Artists Corporation, which organized the tour.[30] They later took a train to Chicago to join the band.[31]
The
Before their performance at the Surf Ballroom in Clear Lake, Iowa, Holly chartered a four-seat Beechcraft Bonanza airplane from Dwyer Flying Service in Mason City, Iowa, for himself, Jennings, and Tommy Allsup, to avoid the long bus trip to their next venue in Moorhead, Minnesota. Following the Clear Lake show (which ended around midnight), Allsup lost a coin toss and gave up his seat on the charter plane to Ritchie Valens, while Jennings voluntarily gave up his seat to J. P. Richardson, known as the Big Bopper, who was suffering from the flu and complaining about how cold and uncomfortable the tour bus was for a man of his size.[33][34]
When Holly learned that his bandmates had given up their seats on the plane and had chosen to take the bus rather than fly, a friendly banter between Holly and Jennings ensued, and it would come back to haunt Jennings for decades to follow: Holly jokingly told Jennings, "Well, I hope your ol' bus freezes up!" Jennings jokingly replied, "Well, I hope your ol' plane crashes!"[35] Under 90 minutes later, shortly after 1:00 am on February 3, 1959, Holly's charter plane crashed into a cornfield outside Mason City, instantly killing all on board.[36]
Later that morning, Jennings' family heard on the radio that "Buddy Holly and his band had been killed." After calling his family, Jennings called Sky Corbin at KLLL from Fargo to confirm that he had not been aboard the plane.
In the early 1960s, Jennings wrote and recorded "The Stage (Stars in Heaven)", a tribute to Valens, the Big Bopper, and Holly, as well as Eddie Cochran, a young musician who died in a road accident a year after the plane crash.
For decades afterward, Jennings repeatedly stated that he felt responsible for the crash that killed Holly. This sense of guilt precipitated bouts of substance abuse through much of his career.[42]
"Jole Blon" was released on Brunswick in March 1959 with limited success.[11] Now unemployed, Jennings returned to KLLL. Deeply affected by Holly's death, Jennings' performance at the station worsened. He left the station after he was denied a raise, and later worked briefly for the competition, KDAV.[43]
Phoenix
Due to his father-in-law's illness, Jennings had to shuttle between Arizona and Texas. While his family lived back in Littlefield, Jennings found a job briefly at KOYL in Odessa, Texas.[44] He moved with his family to Coolidge, Arizona, where his wife Maxine's sister lived. He found a job performing at the Galloping Goose bar, where he was heard by Earl Perrin, who offered him a spot on KCKY. Jennings also played during the intermission at drive-in theaters and in bars.[45] After a successful performance at the Cross Keys Club in Phoenix, he was approached by two contractors (Paul Pristo and Dean Coffman) who were building a club in Scottsdale for James (Jimmy) D. Musil, called JD's. Musil engaged Jennings as his main artist[46] and designed the club around his act.[47]
Jennings formed his backing band,
In 1961, Jennings signed a recording contract with
Jennings's records found little success at A&M, because the label was releasing mostly folk music rather than country at the time.[53] He had a few regional hits around Phoenix, due to local radio airplay with "Four Strong Winds" and "Just To Satisfy You", which was co-written with Bowman. Meanwhile, he recorded an album on BAT records produced by James Musil and engineered by Jack Miller, called "JD's Waylon Jennings" on the front of the album, and "Waylon Jennings at JD's" on the back side. After 500 copies were sold at the club another 500 were pressed by the Sounds label.[54] He also played lead guitar for Patsy Montana on a 1964 album.[55]
Singer
Jennings then asked Herb Alpert to release him from his contract with A&M, which Alpert did.
The Nashville Sound
In 1966, Jennings released his debut RCA Victor album
In 1967, Jennings released a hit single, "Just to Satisfy You". During an interview, Jennings remarked that the song was a "pretty good example" of the influence of his work with Buddy Holly and rockabilly music.[66] Jennings produced mid-chart albums that sold well, including 1967's Just to Satisfy You, which included the hit single.[63] Jennings's singles enjoyed success. "The Chokin' Kind" peaked at number eight on Billboard's Hot Country Singles in 1967, while "Only Daddy That'll Walk the Line" hit number two the following year. In 1969, his collaboration with the Kimberlys on the single "MacArthur Park" earned a Grammy Award for Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group. His single "Brown Eyed Handsome Man" reached number three at the Hot Country Singles chart by the end of the year.[67]
During this time, Jennings rented an apartment in Nashville with singer Johnny Cash.[68] Jennings and Cash were both managed by "Lucky" Moeller's booking agency Moeller Talent, Inc.[69] The tours organized by the agency were unproductive, with the artists being booked to venues located far from each other in close dates. After paying for the accommodation and travel expenditures, Jennings was frequently forced to request advances from the agency or RCA Victor to make the next venue. While playing 300 days on the road, Jennings's debt increased, and along with it his consumption of amphetamine. He believed himself to be "trapped on the circuit".[70]
In 1972, Jennings released
Outlaw country
By 1972, after the release of Ladies Love Outlaws, his recording contract was nearing an end. Upon contracting hepatitis, Jennings was hospitalized. Sick and frustrated with the Nashville music industry, he was considering retirement. Albright visited him and convinced him to continue, suggesting he hire Neil Reshen as his new manager. Meanwhile, Jennings requested a $25,000 royalty advance from RCA Records to cover his living expenses during his recovery. The same day he met Reshen, RCA sent Jerry Bradley to offer Jennings $5,000 as a bonus for signing a new 5% royalty deal with RCA, the same terms he had accepted in 1965. After reviewing the offer with Reshen, he rejected it and hired Reshen.[73]
Reshen started to renegotiate Jennings's recording and touring contracts. At a meeting in a Nashville airport Jennings introduced Reshen to Willie Nelson. By the end of the meeting Reshen had become Nelson's manager as well. Jennings's new deal included a $75,000 advance and artistic control.[74][75] Reshen advised Jennings to keep the beard that he had grown in the hospital, to match the image of outlaw country.[76][77][78]
By 1973 Nelson found success with Atlantic Records. Now based in Austin, Texas, he began to attract rock and roll fans to his shows, which gained him notice in its press.[79][80] Atlantic Records made a bid to sign Jennings, but Nelson's rise to popularity persuaded RCA to renegotiate with him before losing another potential star.[81]
In 1973, Jennings released
In 1976, RCA released the compilation album
Also in 1979, Jennings joined the cast of the CBS series The Dukes of Hazzard as the Balladeer, the narrator. The only episode to feature him as an actor was "Welcome, Waylon Jennings", during the seventh season. Jennings played himself, presented as an old friend of the Duke family. For the show he also wrote and sang the theme song "Good Ol' Boys", which became the biggest hit of his career. Released as a single in promotion with the show, it became Jennings's 12th single to reach number one on the Billboard Country Singles chart. It was also a crossover hit, peaking at no. 21 on the Billboard Hot 100.[91]
Later years
In the mid-1980s, Johnny Cash, Kris Kristofferson, Willie Nelson, and Jennings formed a successful group called the Highwaymen.[92] Aside from his work with the Highwaymen, Jennings released a gold album WWII (1982) with Willie Nelson.[86]
In 1985, Jennings joined with
Also in 1985, he made a cameo appearance in the live-action children's film Sesame Street Presents: Follow That Bird. In the movie, he plays a turkey farm truck driver who gives Big Bird a lift. He also sings one of the film's songs, entitled "Ain't No Road Too Long".[98] In 1993, in collaboration with Rincom Children's Entertainment, Jennings recorded an album of children's songs, Cowboys, Sisters, Rascals & Dirt, which included "Shooter's Theme", a tribute to his 14-year-old with the theme of "a friend of mine".[99]
As his record sales and radio play declined through the 1990s, Jennings continued to draw large crowds to his live performances.[95] In 1994 Jennings made a small appearance in the movie Maverick, with Mel Gibson, Jodie Foster, and James Garner.
In 1996, Jennings released his album, Right for the Time. In 1997, after the Lollapalooza tour, he decreased his tour schedule to focus on his family.[100] In 1998, Jennings teamed up with Bare, Jerry Reed, and Mel Tillis to form the Old Dogs. The group recorded a double album of songs by Shel Silverstein.[101]
In mid-1999, Jennings assembled what he referred to as his "hand-picked dream team" and formed Waylon & the Waymore Blues Band. Consisting primarily of former Waylors, the 13-member group performed concerts from 1999 to 2001.[102] As his health declined, Jennings decided to end his touring career.[103] In January 2000, Jennings recorded what became his final album at Nashville's Ryman Auditorium, Never Say Die: Live.[104]
Music style and image
Jennings's music was characterized by his powerful rough-edged singing voice, phrasing and texture.[105][106] He was also recognized for his "spanky-twang" guitar style. To create his sound, he used a pronounced 'phaser' effect (see 'Modulation Effects': below) plus a mixture of thumb and fingers during the rhythmic parts, while using picks for the lead runs. He combined hammer-on and pull-off riffs, with eventual upper-fret double stops and modulation effects.[107] Jennings played a 1953 Fender Telecaster, a used guitar that was a gift from the Waylors. Jennings's bandmates adorned his guitar with a distinctive leather cover that featured a black background with a white floral work.[108][109] Jennings further customized it by filing down the frets to lower the strings on the neck to obtain the slapping sound.[110][111] Among his other guitars, Jennings used a 1950 Fender Broadcaster from the mid-1970s, until he gave it to guitarist Reggie Young in 1993.[112] The leather covers of his guitars were carved by leather artist Terry Lankford.[113]
Jennings's signature image was characterized by his long hair and beard, and black hat and black leather vest he wore during his appearances.[114][115]
Personal life
Jennings was married four times and had six children.[116] He married Maxine Caroll Lawrence in 1956 at age 18,[117] with whom he had four children: Terry Vance (1957–2019), Julie Rae (1958–2014), Buddy Dean (b. 1960), and Deana Carol (1964-2015). Jennings married Lynne Jones on December 10, 1962 and they adopted daughter Tomi Lynne, [118] but divorced in 1967. He married Barbara Elizabeth Rood the same year. He composed the song "This Time" about the trials and tribulations of his marriages and divorces, it went on to become his first number 1 chart-topping song upon release in 1974.
Jennings married country singer
Addiction and recovery
Jennings started to consume
In 1977, Jennings was arrested by federal agents for conspiracy and possession of cocaine with intent to distribute. A private courier warned the Drug Enforcement Administration about the package sent to Jennings by a New York colleague that contained 27 grams of cocaine. The DEA and the police searched Jennings's recording studio but found no evidence because, while they were waiting for a search warrant, Jennings disposed of the drug. The charges were later dropped and Jennings was released.[124] The episode was recounted in Jennings's song "Don't You Think This Outlaw Bit's Done Got Out of Hand".[125]
During the early 1980s, his cocaine addiction intensified. Jennings claimed to have spent $1,500 (equivalent to $5,000 in 2023) a day on his habit, draining his personal finances and leaving him bankrupt with debt up to $2.5 million.[126][127] Though he insisted on repaying the debt and did additional tours to do so, his work became less focused and his tours deteriorated.[125] Jennings leased a home in the Phoenix area and spent a month detoxing himself, intending to start using cocaine again in a more controlled fashion afterward. In 1984, he quit cocaine, claiming that his son Shooter was his main inspiration to finally do so.[126]
Illness and death
Decades of excessive smoking and drug use took a large toll on Jennings's health in addition to obesity and a poor diet, which resulted in him developing
On February 13, 2002, Jennings died in his sleep from complications of diabetes at his home in Chandler, Arizona, aged 64.[132] He was buried in the City of Mesa Cemetery in nearby Mesa.[133] At his memorial service on February 15, Jessi Colter sang "Storms Never Last".[121]
Legacy
Between 1965 and 1991, ninety-six Jennings singles appeared on Billboard's Hot Country Singles chart and sixteen topped it. Between 1966 and 1995 fifty-four of his albums charted on Billboard's Top Country Albums, with 11 reaching Number 1.[134]
In October 2001, Jennings was inducted into the
Jennings' music had an influence on numerous artists,
Littlefield, Texas, renamed one of its major roads, Tenth Street, to Waylon Jennings Boulevard.[141][142] He was inducted to the Texas Country Music Hall of Fame in 1999.[143]
In 2008, the posthumous album Waylon Forever was released, which consisted of songs recorded with his then-16-year-old son, Shooter. In 2012, the three-volume Waylon: The Music Inside was released, featuring covers of Jennings's songs by different artists. Also released the same year was Goin' Down Rockin': The Last Recordings, a set of 12 songs recorded by Jennings and bassist Robby Turner before Jennings' death in 2002. The songs initially featured only Jennings' guitar and vocals, with Turner on bass; further accompaniment was to be added later. Turner completed the recordings in 2012 with the help of former Waylors. The Jennings family approved the release. Meanwhile, it launched a new business focused on his estate. Shooter Jennings arranged deals for a clothing line, launched a renewed website, and started talks with different producers on a biographical film.[144]
Discography
Filmography
Year | Title | Role | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
1966 | Nashville Rebel | Arlin Grove | Feature film |
1975 | Moonrunners | The Balladeer | Feature film |
1985 | Sesame Street Presents: Follow That Bird | Truck Driver | Feature film |
1994 | Maverick | Man with concealed guns | Feature film (final film role) |
Year | Title | Role | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
1979-1985 | The Dukes of Hazzard | The Balladeer | 147 episodes |
1980 | Waylon | Himself | TV movie |
1981 | The Oklahoma City Dolls | Wayne Doak | TV movie |
1984 | My Heroes Have Always Been Cowboys | Himself | TV movie |
1985 | The All American Cowboy | Gunfighter | TV movie |
1985 | The Dukes of Hazzard | Himself | 1 episode; still served as balladeer throughout episode |
1986 | Stagecoach | Hatfield | TV movie |
1988 | Tanner '88 | Himself | 1 episode |
1994 | Married... with Children | Ironhead Haynes | 1 episode |
1999 | The Long Kill | Tobey Naylor | TV movie |
1999 | The Angry Beavers | The Balladeer | 1 episode |
2000 | 18 Wheels of Justice | John Murdocca | 1 episode |
1999–2001 | Family Guy | The Balladeer | 2 episodes; first episode was in 1999, second episode was in 2001 (final television role) |
2002 | Saddle Rash |
Franny | Final television role Pilot |
Year | Title | Role | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
2000 | The Dukes of Hazzard: Racing for Home | The Balladeer | Only feature in a video game |
Awards
Year | Award | Organization |
---|---|---|
1970 | Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal with the Kimberlys for "MacArthur Park" | The Recording Academy[145] |
1975 | Male Vocalist of the Year | Country Music Association[146] |
1976 | Album of the Year with Jessi Colter, Willie Nelson and Tompall Glaser for "Wanted! The Outlaws" | Country Music Association[146] |
1976 | Vocal Duo of the Year with Willie Nelson | Country Music Association[146] |
1976 | Single of the Year with Willie Nelson for "Good-Hearted Woman" | Country Music Association[146] |
1979 | Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal with Willie Nelson for "Mamas, Don't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys" | The Recording Academy[147] |
1985 | Single of the Year with the other members of the Highwaymen for "Highwayman" | Academy of Country Music[148] |
1999 | Texas Country Music Hall of Fame induction | Texas Country Music Hall of Fame[149] |
2001 | Country Music Hall of Fame induction |
Country Music Association[146] |
2006 | Guitar Center's RockWalk induction | Guitar Center[135] |
2007 | Cliffie Stone Pioneer Award | Academy of Country Music[136] |
2007 | Lifetime Achievement Award | Nashville Songwriters' Festival[149] |
2017 | 100 Greatest Country Artists of All Time, Rank No. 7 | Rolling Stone[150] |
See also
- Jerry "Bo" Coleman
- Outlaw Country
- List of country musicians
- List of best-selling music artists
- Inductees of the Country Music Hall of Fame
References
- ^ Raye, Miranda (March 14, 2019). "Waylon Jennings' Real Name Wasn't 'Waylon'". countryrebel.com. Retrieved March 18, 2023.
- ^ "Report to the Board of Adjustment Prepared by the Maricopa County Planning and Development Department". www.maricopa.gov. April 18, 2019.
- ^ Rockwell, John (April 8, 1976). "The Pop Life". The New York Times. Retrieved July 22, 2023.
The term "progressive" country normally applies to a Texas‐based coterie around Willie Nelson and such Nashville‐centered innovators as Waylon Jennings and Tompall Glaser.
- ^ Jennings & Kaye 1996, p. 4.
- ^ Jennings & Kaye 1996, p. 10.
- ^ "Waylon Jennings' Brother Has Passed Away". Classic Country Music. May 2019. Retrieved October 25, 2023.
- ^ Jennings & Kaye 1996, pp. 9–11.
- ^ Jennings & Kaye 1996, p. 6.
- ^ Jasinski 2012, p. 432.
- ^ Jennings & Kaye 1996, p. 22.
- ^ a b c d Dansby, Andrew (February 14, 2002). "Waylon Jennings Dead at Sixty-four". Rolling Stone. Retrieved November 1, 2011.
- ^ Wishart 2004, p. 540.
- ^ Jennings & Kaye 1996, p. 271.
- ^ Jennings & Kaye 1996, p. 34.
- ^ Jennings & Kaye 1996, p. 36.
- ^ a b Carr & Munde 1997, p. 154.
- ^ Burton, Alan 2002, p. 79.
- ^ Jennings & Kaye 1996, pp. 31–33.
- ^ Jennings & Kaye 1996, p. 39.
- ^ Jennings & Kaye 1996, p. 48.
- ^ Amburn 2014, p. 15.
- ^ a b c d Carr & Munde 1997, p. 155.
- ^ Jennings & Kaye 1996, p. 40.
- ^ Jennings & Kaye 1996, p. 47.
- ^ Corbin, Sky. "The Waylon Jennings Years at KLLL (Part One)". KLLL. KLLL Lubbock. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 2, 2014.
- ^ a b Jennings & Kaye 1996, p. 51.
- ^ Corbin, Sky. "The Waylon Jennings Years at KLLL (Part Two)". KLLL. KLLL Lubbock. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 2, 2014.
- ^ Corbin, Sky. "The Waylon Jennings Years at KLLL (Part Four)". KLLL. KLLL Lubbock. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 2, 2014.
- ^ Corbin, Sky. "The Waylon Jennings Years at KLLL (Part Five)". KLLL. KLLL Lubbock. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 2, 2014.
- ^ Jennings & Kaye 1996, pp. 58–59.
- ^ Jennings & Kaye 1996, p. 62.
- ^ Everitt 2004, p. 13.
- ^ Denberg, Jody 1988, p. 103.
- ^ Hetter, Katia; Marsh, Rene (March 4, 2015). "Buddy Holly plane crash may be re-examined". CNN.
- ^ Everitt 2004, p. 15.
- ^ Everitt 2004, p. 18, 19.
- ^ Corbin, Sky. "The Waylon Jennings Years at KLLL (Part Six)". KLLL. KLLL Lubbock. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 2, 2014.
- ^ Jennings & Kaye 1996, p. 71.
- ^ Jennings & Kaye 1996, p. 72.
- ^ Jennings & Kaye 1996, p. 73.
- ^ Jennings & Kaye 1996, p. 74.
- ^ Jennings & Kaye 1996, p. 70.
- ^ Jennings & Kaye 1996, pp. 77–81.
- ^ Jennings & Kaye 1996, p. 81.
- ^ Jennings & Kaye 1996, pp. 82–86.
- ^ , with Jennings noted to be at the construction site. "Requiem for an Outlaw", Phoenix New Times, February 21, 2002
- ^ Jennings & Kaye 1996, p. 89.
- ^ Smith 1995, p. 15.
- ^ a b Erlewine, Bogdanov & Woodstra 2003, p. 375.
- ^ Carr & Munde 1997, p. 159.
- ^ a b c Carr & Munde 1997, p. 156.
- ^ Jennings & Kaye 1996, pp. 94–96.
- ^ Wolff & Duane 2000, p. Waylon Jennings at Google Books.
- ^ Country Music Foundation; p. 53
- ^ Montana, Patsy & Frost, Jane 2002, p. 166.
- ^ Streissguth 2013, p. 52.
- ^ Jennings & Kaye 1996, pp. 102–103.
- ^ Nelson, Shrake & Shrake 2000, p. 158.
- ^ Jennings & Kaye 1996, p. 104.
- ^ Smith 1995, p. 231.
- ^ Wolff & Duane 2000, p. 360.
- ^ a b Henderson 2001, p. 84.
- ^ a b Cramer 2009, p. 715.
- ^ Thompson 2002, p. 622.
- ^ The Southern Quarterly; p. 118
- ^ Country song roundup staff 1967.
- ^ Kingsbury 2004, p. 247.
- ^ Streissguth 2007, p. 135.
- ^ Kingsbury 2004, p. 333.
- ^ Jennings & Kaye 1996, pp. 112, 182.
- ^ Larkin 1995, p. 3005.
- ^ Petrusich 2008, p. 105.
- ^ Jennings & Kaye 1996, pp. 182–186.
- ^ Jennings & Kaye 1996, pp. 187–192.
- ^ Petrusich 2008, p. 106.
- ^ Larkin 1995, p. 2159.
- ^ Lewis 1993, p. 169.
- ^ Jennings & Kaye 1996, p. 266.
- ^ Reid & Sahm 2010, p. 79.
- ^ Reid 2004, p. 224.
- ^ Petrusich 2008, p. 106.
- ^ a b Wolff & Duane 2000, p. 340.
- ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "The Ramblin' Man – Overview". Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved October 24, 2011.
- ^ Mansfield, Ken; pp. 171, 172
- ^ Huang 1999, p. 325.
- ^ a b Wishart 2004, p. 54.
- ^ a b Kingsbury2004, p. 612.
- ^ a b Lewis 1993, p. 169.
- ^ Schäfer 2012, p. 60.
- ^ "RIAA Searchable Database". RIAA.com. The Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
- ^ Kingsbury2004, p. 612.
- ^ Seal 2011, p. 141 View page
- ^ Breskin 2004, p. 6.
- ^ Whitaker, Sterling (January 28, 2021). "Waylon Jennings -Biography". Taste of Country.
- ^ a b c d Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Waylon Jennings – Biography". Allmusic. Rovi Corporation.
- ^ "Waylon Jennings Chart History – Top Country Albums". Billboard. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
- ^ Clarke 1998, p. 648.
- ^ Dodero, Camille (October 8, 2016). "From 'Rubber Duckie' to One Direction (but please, no Eminem): Questlove, Big Bird (!) and the creators of Sesame Street reveal the secrets behind the legendary show's music--stay away from controversial artists--which has yielded viral videos and a lawsuit from The Beatles". Billboard. Vol. 128, no. 25. p. 48.
- ^ Jennings & Kaye 1996, p. 370.
- ^ Birk 2005, p. 71.
- ^ Ankeny, Jason. "Old Dogs". Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved October 25, 2011.
- ^ George-Warren, Romanowski & Pareles 2001, p. 492.
- ^ Whitaker, Sterling (February 13, 2020). "Remember When Waylon Jennings Gave His Final Performance?". Retrieved May 5, 2021.
- ^ D'Angelo, Joe (February 13, 2002). "Country Music Outlaw Waylon Jennings Dies at 64". MTV News. MTV Networks. Retrieved October 25, 2011.
- ^ Brown 1986, p. 132.
- ^ Ward 2012, p. 308.
- ^ Hunter 2010, p. 124.
- ^ Hunter 2010, p. 125.
- ^ Jennings & Kaye 1996, p. 105.
- ^ "Waylon Jennings guitar". Country Guitar. February 1995. p. 15.
- ^ "Interview: Waylon Jennings". Guitar Player. Vol. 7. Miller Freeman Publications. 1973. p. 118.
- ^ "Waylon Jennings Fender Electric Instrument Company, a solid-body electric guitar, broadcaster, Fullerton, CA, circa 1950". Christie's. Christies.com. Retrieved June 14, 2013.
- ^ Arender, Tammi; Terry Lankford (April 19, 2012). "2542". "Lankford Leather". Tennessee Crossroads (Interview). Nashville, Tennessee: WNPT. Archived from the original on November 1, 2013.
- ^ "Country great Waylon Jennings dies at 64". CNN, Inc. February 14, 2002. Archived from the original on December 16, 2011. Retrieved May 22, 2012.
- ^ de Rubio, Dave Gil (April 13, 2012). "Willie Nelson: Live! At the US Festival 1983". American Songwriter. American Songwriter, LLC. Retrieved May 22, 2012.
- ^ Brownstone, David & Franck, Irene 1997, p. 213.
- ^ Jennings, Terry 2016, p. 21.
- ^ Jennings, Terry 2016, p. 24.
- ^ Jennings, Terry 2016, pp. 49–51.
- ^ Jennings, Terry 2016, p. 64.
- ^ a b c d Birk 2005, p. 72.
- ^ Kingsbury 2004, p. 264.
- ^ Stroud, Joseph S. (January 27, 1990). "Waylon Jennings to receive GED from Martha Wilkinson". Lexington Herald-Leader. Lexington, Kentucky. p. C1, C2. Archived from the original on December 11, 2022. Retrieved December 11, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ Hart 2007, p. 184.
- ^ a b Jennings & Kaye 1996, pp. 322–325.
- ^ a b Weatherby 1988, p. 46.
- ^ Ching 2001, p. 124.
- ^ "The Outlaw in Love". People. Retrieved July 3, 2013.
- ^ Jennings & Kaye 1996, p. 322.
- ^ "Jennings alert after heart bypass surgery".
- ^ "Doctors Amputate Jennings' Left Foot". Huron Daily Tribune. January 5, 2002. Retrieved May 26, 2023.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 26, 2023.
- ^ "Waylon Jennings laid to rest at private ceremony". Arizona Daily Sun. Vol. 56, no. 120. Associated Press. February 16, 2002. p. A-4. Retrieved May 4, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ Jessen, Wade, Evans, Deborah & Stark, Phyllis 2002, p. 8.
- ^ a b AP staff 2006, p. 2.
- ^ a b Keel, Beverly 2007, p. 4-B.
- ^ Guralnick 1989, p. 203.
- ^ Browne & Browne 2001, p. 515.
- ^ Jennings & Kaye 1996, p. 333.
- ^ Fox & Ching 2008, p. 10.
- ^ Goldberg, Jay & Huot, Alex 2018, p. 172.
- ^ "1940 Census – Enumeration District Maps – Texas (Littlefield)". City of Littlefield. The University of Texas (Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection). Retrieved May 5, 2021.
- ^ Jasinski 2012, p. 831.
- ^ Talbott, Chris (February 13, 2012). "New Music on the Way From Late Waylon Jennings". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on April 20, 2014. Retrieved April 18, 2014.
- ^ Rose, Bob (August 30, 1970). "Celeb Notes: Omar Proposes". Cincinnati Enquirer. Vol. 130, no. 143. Chicago Daily News Service. p. 4-J. Retrieved May 5, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ a b c d e "Past Winners And Nominees". CMA Awards. Retrieved February 6, 2019. (not possible to link directly to search results)
- ^ "21st Annual GRAMMY Awards". GRAMMY.com. November 28, 2017. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
- ^ "Winners". Academy of Country Music. Retrieved February 6, 2019. (not possible to link directly to search results)
- ^ a b Jasinski 2012, p. 831
- ^ Browne, David; et al. (June 15, 2017). "100 Greatest Country Artists of All Time". Rolling Stone. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
Sources
- Amburn, Ellis (2014). Buddy Holly: Biography. St. Martin's Griffin. ISBN 978-1-466-86856-4.
- AP staff (July 8, 2006). "Country Music Stars to Stud RockWalk". Vol. 112, no. 162. The Tampa Tribune. Associated Press. Retrieved May 5, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- Ashby, LeRoy (2006). With Amusement for All: a History of American Popular Culture Since 1830. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-2397-4.
- Birk, Carl (2005). Unfurrowed Ground: The Innovators of Country Music. Infinity Publishing. ISBN 978-0-74142457-0.
- Breskin, David (2004). We Are the World: The Story Behind the Song booklet (Media notes). Image Entertainment, Inc.
- Brownstone, David; Franck, Irene (1997). People in the News 1997. Cengage Gale. ISBN 978-0-0286-4711-1.
- Brown, Charles (1986). Music U.S.A.: America's Country & Western Tradition. Prentice-Hall.
- Browne, Ray; Browne, Pat (2001). The Guide to United States Popular Culture. Popular Press. ISBN 978-0-06097174-8.
- Burton, Alan (2002). Texas High School Hotshots: The Stars Before They Were Stars. Taylor Trade Publishing. ISBN 978-1-556-22898-8.
- Carr, Joseph; Munde, Alan (1997). Prairie Nights to Neon Lights: The Story of Country Music in West Texas. Texas Tech University Press. ISBN 978-0-89672-365-8.
- Ching, Barbara (2001). Wrong's What I Do Best: Hard Country Music and Contemporary Culture. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19510835-4.
- Cramer, Alfred (2009). Musicians and Composers of the 20th Century-Volume 2. Salem Press. ISBN 978-1-58765-514-2.
- Clarke, Donald (1998). The Penguin Encyclopedia of Popular Music. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-051370-7.
- Country song roundup staff (1967). "Country song roundup". No. 102. Country Song Roundup. p. 15.
{{cite magazine}}
: Cite magazine requires|magazine=
(help) - Denberg, Jody (January 1988). "Chantilly Lace and Jolly Face". Texas Monthly. 16 (1). ISSN 0148-7736. Retrieved May 5, 2021 – via Google Books.
- Everitt, Rich (2004). Falling Stars: Air Crashes That Filled Rock and Roll Heaven. Harbor House. ISBN 978-1-89179904-4.
- Erlewine, Stephen Thomas; Bogdanov, Vladimir; Woodstra, Chris (2003). All Music Guide to Country: The Definitive Guide to Country Music. Backbeat Books. ISBN 978-0879307608.
- Fox, Pamela; Ching, Barbara (2008). Old Roots, New Routes: The Cultural Politics of Alt.Country Music. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-47205053-6.
- George-Warren, Holly; Romanowski, Patricia; Pareles, Jon (2001). The Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll. Fireside. ISBN 978-0-7432-0120-9.
- Goldberg, Jay; Huot, Alex (2018). The Courtroom Is My Theater: My Lifelong Representation of Famous Politicians, Industrialists, Entertainers, "Men of Honor," and More. Post Hill Press. ISBN 978-1-642-93072-6.
- Guralnick, Peter (1989). Lost Highway: Journeys & Arrivals of American Musicians. HarperPerennial. ISBN 978-0-06097174-8.
- Hart, Kylo-Patrick (2007). Mediated Deviance and Social Otherness: Interrogating Influential Representations. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84718-245-6.
- Henderson, Richard (May 12, 2001). "The RCA 100: Ambitious Reissue Program Represents A Century of Diverse Music". Billboard. Vol. 113, no. 19. ISSN 0006-2510.
- Huang, Hao (1999). Music in the 20th Century. Vol. 2. M.E. Sharp. ISBN 978-0-7656-8012-9.
- Hunter, David (2010). Star Guitars: 101 Guitars That Rocked the World. Voyageur Press. ISBN 978-076033821-6.
- Jasinski, Laurie (2012). Handbook of Texas Music. Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 978-0-876-11297-7.
- Jennings, Waylon; Kaye, Lenny (1996). Waylon: An Autobiography. Warner Books. ISBN 978-0-446-51865-9.
- Jennings, Terry (2016). Waylon: Tales of My Outlaw Dad. Hachette UK. ISBN 978-0-316-39009-5.
- Jessen, Wade; Evans, Deborah; Stark, Phyllis (February 23, 2002). "Waylon Jennings Remembered as Country Music Legend". Billboard. Vol. 114, no. 8. Retrieved May 4, 2021 – via Google Books.
- Keel, Beverly (June 21, 2007). "Academy honors Parton, other country greats". The Tennessean. Vol. 103, no. 172. Retrieved May 5, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- Kingsbury, Paul (2004). The Encyclopedia of Country Music: The Ultimate Guide to the Music. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-517608-7.
- Larkin, Colin (1995). Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music. Vol. 3 (2nd ed.). Guinness Publishing. ISBN 978-1-56159-176-3.
- Lewis, George (1993). All That Glitters: Country Music in America. Popular Press. ISBN 978-0-87972-574-7.
- Montana, Patsy; Frost, Jane (2002). Patsy Montana: The Cowboy's Sweetheart. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-786-41080-4.
- Nelson, Willie; Shrake, Bud; Shrake, Edwin (2000). Willie: An Autobiography. Cooper Square Press.
- Petrusich, Amanda (2008). It Still Moves: Lost Songs, Lost Highways, and the Search for the Next American Music. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-86547-950-0.
- Reid, Jan (2004). The Improbable Rise of Redneck Rock: New Edition. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-70197-7.
- Reid, Jan; Sahm, Shawn (2010). Texas Tornado: The Times and Music of Doug Sahm. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-72196-8.
- Seal, Graham (2011). Outlaw Heroes in Myth and History. Anthem Press. ISBN 978-0-85728-792-2.
- Schäfer, Stephanie (2012). 'Cashville' – Dilution of Original Country Music Identity Through Increasing Commercialization. Diplomica Verlag. ISBN 978-3842878457.
- Smith, John (1995). The Waylon Jennings Discography. 9780313297458.
- Streissguth, Michael (2007). Johnny Cash: The Biography. Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-81565-2.
- Streissguth, Michael (2013). Outlaw: Waylon, Willie, Kris, and the Renegades of Nashville. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-0620-3820-3.
- Thompson, Clifford (2002). Current Biography Yearbook 2002. H.W. Wilson. p. 622. ISBN 978-0-8242-1026-7.
- Ward, Robert (2012). Renegades: My Wild Trip from Professor to New Journalist With Outrageous Visits from Clint Eastwood, Reggie Jackson, Larry Flynt, and Other American Icons. Adams Media. ISBN 978-144053314-3.
- Weatherby, Gregg (1988). "Still Waylon". Spin LLC. Vol. 3, no. 8. ISSN 0886-3032.
- ISBN 978-0-8032-4787-1.
- Wolff, Kurt; Duane, Orla (2000). Country Music: The Rough Guide. Rough Guides. ISBN 978-1-85828-534-4.
Further reading
- Denisoff, R. Serge. Waylon: A Biography (1983). Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. ISBN 0-87049-387-6.
- Smith, John L. (compiled by) The Waylon Jennings Discography (1995). Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-29745-2.
- Cunniff, Albert. Waylon Jennings (1985). Zebra Books.ISBN 0-821-71722-7.