Wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton
Catherine Middleton |
The wedding of
William and Catherine first met in 2001. Their engagement, which took place on 20 October 2010, was announced on 16 November 2010. The build-up to the wedding and the occasion itself attracted much media attention, being compared in many ways with the
Engagement announcement
The Queen said she was "absolutely delighted" for the couple,
Following the announcement, the couple gave an exclusive interview to ITV News political editor Tom Bradby[17] and hosted a photocall at St James's Palace.[18][19] On 12 December 2010, Buckingham Palace issued the official engagement photographs; these were taken on 25 November, in the state apartments at St. James's Palace, by photographer Mario Testino.[20][21]
On 23 November 2010, the date of the ceremony was confirmed as Friday, 29 April 2011.
Middleton, who was christened as a child, decided to be
Planning
On 5 January, St James's Palace publicised that the ceremony would start at 11:00 British Summer Time (BST) and that Catherine would arrive at the abbey by car rather than by carriage (the latter is the traditional transport for royal brides). The route planned was along The Mall, through Horse Guards Parade, and down Whitehall to the abbey. Beforehand, motorists were warned about using the roads in central London on the wedding day, including by Transport for London, which issued travel advice on road closures.[37]
Cost
The costs of the wedding itself were borne by the Royal Family and the Middletons themselves, while the costs of security and transport were covered by
The overall cost of the event was estimated to be £23.7 million.
Guest list
On 16 and 17 February, three sets of guest lists were sent out in the name of the Queen. Many guests or their successors in office who were invited to the wedding of William's parents were not invited to the wedding. The first list, consisting of about 1,900 people, attended the ceremony in the abbey; the second list of approximately 600 people were invited to the luncheon reception at Buckingham Palace, hosted by the Queen; and the final list, of about 300 names, was for the evening dinner, hosted by the Prince of Wales.[46]
More than half of wedding guests itself were family and friends of the couple, though there were a significant number of Commonwealth leaders (including the governors-general who represent the Queen in
Route
The route of William and his party to the ceremony went between
William and Harry, who had stayed at Clarence House,
The service finished at 12.15 pm, after which the newly married couple travelled to Buckingham Palace in the
Ceremony
Venue
Westminster Abbey, founded in AD 960, has a particular status and is known as a
Bridal party
In a break with royal tradition, the groom had a
- Sophie, Countess of Wessex;
- Serena, Viscountess Linley;
- Grace van Cutsem, the three-year-old daughter of the couple's friend Hugh van Cutsem;
- Eliza Lopes, the three-year-old granddaughter of Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall;
- William Lowther-Pinkerton, the ten-year-old son of William's private secretary, Major Jamie Lowther-Pinkerton; and
- Tom Pettifer, the eight-year-old son of Princes William and Harry's former nanny, Tiggy Pettifer.
Wedding attire
Bride
Catherine's bridal dress, designed by the London-based designer
The veil was held in place by the Cartier Halo Tiara, made in 1936 and lent to her by the Queen. It was purchased by the Queen's father, the future King
For the customary bridal themes of "
Catherine's shield-shaped wired bouquet, designed by Derek Connolly, contained
Catherine's hair was styled in loose curls for the occasion by hair dresser James Pryce of the Richard Ward Salon.[65][69] She received private make-up lessons from Arabella Preston[69][70] and the entire bridal party received "makeup artistry assistance" from Bobbi Brown make-up artist Hannah Martin prior to the event, but ultimately Catherine did her own makeup for the occasion.[71] The look was described as a "soft smokey eye" with pink lips and cheeks.[69][72] Her nails were painted by manicurist Marina Sandoval in a mixture of two polishes: a "barely there pink" and a "sheer beige" to complement her skin tone and gown.[73]
Bridal attendants
Pippa Middleton, Catherine's maid of honour, also wore a gown by Sarah Burton of Alexander McQueen. It was described as being made of "heavy, ivory satin-based crepe, with a cowl front and with the same button detail and lace trims as Catherine's dress.[74] Like her sister, she received "makeup artistry assistance" from Bobbi Brown make-up artist Hannah Martin, but it is unclear who actually put on her makeup for the wedding day.[71] Her hair was loosely curled in a half-up, half-down style by the Richard Ward Salon[65] with a deep side part and a hairpiece made of ivy and lily of the valley to match Catherine's bouquet.[69]
The young bridesmaids wore dresses designed by Nicki Macfarlane, handmade with the help of Macfarlane's daughter Charlotte, in their homes at Wiltshire and Kent.[75] The gowns echoed Catherine's dress and were made with the same fabrics and button detail along the back.[75] They were described as having a "ballerina-length, full, box pleated skirt" and were hand finished with English Cluny lace.[76] Their ivy and lily-of-the-valley hair wreaths were influenced by Catherine's mother Carole's headdress at her 1981 wedding to Michael Middleton.[75]
All of the bridesmaids wore satin Mary Jane style shoes with a Swarovski crystal buckle designed by Devon-based Rainbow Club.[76] Their flowers were designed and made by Shane Connolly and replicated the flowers in Catherine's bouquet: lily-of-the-valley, sweet William, and hyacinth.[76]
The pageboys' outfits were designed by Kashket and Partners[77] in the style worn by a "Foot Guard officer at the time of the Regency (the 1820s)" with an insignia from the Irish Guards, whose Colonel was Prince William.[citation needed] The tunics are red with gold piping and have Irish shamrocks on the collars. The pages wore a gold and crimson sash (with tassel) around their waists, as is tradition for officers in the Irish Guards when in the presence of a member of the Royal Family.[citation needed]
Groom and best man
Prince William wore an
Prince Harry wore the uniform of a captain of the Blues and Royals (Royal Horse Guards and 1st Dragoons), with a forage cap. He wore aiguillettes, a cross-belt and gold waist belt with sword slings, but no sword. He wore the wings of the Army Air Corps and Golden Jubilee and Afghanistan Campaign medals.[81]
Designer Russell Kashket worked with the Princes to address concerns they had with the outfits. One such concern was the heat of the Abbey, so the designers used special material to absorb the heat while still achieving the desired look. Further, military dress uniforms do not traditionally have pockets, but the palace requested that some sort of compartment be added to Harry's outfit so that Catherine's wedding ring would not be lost.[77][82]
Wedding service
The order of service chosen by the bridal couple was the Series One form, which is virtually identical with that of the
The service commenced with the procession of the Queen, Prince Philip and the clergy. Shortly after, Middleton arrived with the party of maid of honour and junior attendants. As the choir sang "I was glad", an anthem by Sir Hubert Parry composed in 1902 for the coronation of King Edward VII, Catherine made her three-and-a-half-minute procession through the nave and choir on her father's arm, to meet Prince William.[87] The service proceeded with the formal service and congregational singing of three well known hymns, fanfares, anthems, organ and orchestral music.
In the marriage vows, the couple promised to "love, comfort, honour and keep" each other. This was sealed by the exchange of a single ring.[88]
The lesson, read by Catherine's brother, James Middleton, was from the Epistle to the Romans (Chapter 12, verses 1–2 and 9–18) and is an exhortation to live a righteous and peaceful life.[89]
The sermon, preached by Richard Chartres, Bishop of London, commenced with a quotation from Catherine of Siena, whose feast day it was. He urged the couple to live selflessly, each remembering the needs of each other and seeking to transform each other by love rather than seeking to reform. He ended the sermon with a prayer composed by the couple themselves:[84][90][91]
God our Father, we thank you for our families; for the love that we share and for the joy of our marriage.
In the busyness of each day, keep our eyes fixed on what is real and important in life and help us to be generous with our time and love and energy. Strengthened by our union help us to serve and comfort those who suffer.
We ask this in the Spirit of Jesus Christ. Amen.
The service continued with prayers and exhortations by the dean and archbishop. A newly composed choral anthem was sung by the choir. After the signing of the registers, William and Catherine walked down the aisle, pausing briefly to bow and curtsey to the Queen. They were followed in procession by other members of the bridal party, and their families, being joined at the door by the two youngest bridesmaids.[54]
On leaving Westminster Abbey, to the pealing of bells, they passed through a guard of honour of individually selected men and women from the various services, and were greeted by cheers from the crowds. The bridal couple entered the 1902 State Landau drawn by four white horses with postilions and attendant footmen, and guarded by a mounted escort of the Life Guard. A similar open carriage carried the rest of the bridal party, escorted by the Blues and Royals. The Queen and other members of the Royal Family followed in coaches drawn by the Queen's Cleveland Bay horses, and in state cars.[54]
The
Music
Two choirs, one orchestra, and a fanfare ensemble played the music for the service. These were the
Catherine processed down the aisle to the anthem "I was glad", written by Sir Hubert Parry, from Psalm 122. It was composed for the crowning of Prince William's great-great-great-grandfather, Edward VII, at Westminster Abbey in 1902.[97]
Three congregational hymns were sung during the service:
- "Guide Me, O Thou Great Redeemer" sung to the tune "Cwm Rhondda". The hymn, originally written in Welsh by 18th-century Methodist preacher William Williams, had been sung at the funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales.[98]
- "1904–1905 Welsh Revival. This hymn was sung at the Prince of Wales's 2005 marriage to the Duchess of Cornwall.[98]
- "Jerusalem", based on the poem by William Blake and set to music by Parry.[98]
In addition, "
Choral compositions featured in the service were Parry's Blest Pair of Sirens (a setting of an ode by John Milton) during the signing of the register, Paul Mealor's Ubi Caritas et Amor as the motet and a specially commissioned anthem, "This is the day which the Lord hath made" consisting of words chosen from the psalms, by John Rutter.[99][100]
Fanfare ensemble leader Wing Commander Duncan Stubbs's own composition Valiant and Brave was performed as the royal couple signed the wedding registers.
The music performed before the service included two instrumental pieces by
The bells of Westminster Abbey rang a full peal as the newly married couple and guests left the church. The ten bells rang a peal called "Spliced Surprise Royal", consisting of 5,040 changes, that took more than three hours to complete. They were rung by the volunteers of the Westminster Abbey Company of Ringers, under the direction of David Hilling.[103]
Wedding ring
Catherine's wedding ring was made from Welsh gold.[104][105] The ring was created by the royal warrant holder Wartski, a company with roots in Bangor, Gwynedd, north Wales.[106] Since 1923, it has been a tradition in the Royal Family to use Welsh gold for the wedding ring of the bride.[107] This ring was made from a small amount of gold that had been kept in the royal vaults since it was presented to Queen Elizabeth II. It was mined from the Clogau Gold Mine in the mountains of North Wales. The Clogau Gold Mine had its heyday in the late nineteenth century, was abandoned in the early twentieth century, was reopened in 1992 and finally closed in 1998.[108] The Queen had "given a piece of the gold that has been in the family for many years to Prince William as a gift," a palace source stated.[107] Prince William chose not to receive a wedding ring at the ceremony.[105]
Title upon marriage
On the morning of the wedding, it was announced that William was to be created Duke of Cambridge, Earl of Strathearn, and Baron Carrickfergus,[109] with Catherine becoming Her Royal Highness The Duchess of Cambridge after the marriage service.[110] This was in line with the practice of granting titles upon marriage to royal princes who did not already have one (for example, Prince Andrew was created Duke of York when he married in 1986).[111] Strathearn is close to St Andrews, Fife, in Scotland, where the couple met as students, and Carrickfergus is in Northern Ireland. Combined with his existing titular link with Wales, William's collective titles link him to all of the four countries in the United Kingdom.[110][113]
Family celebrations
Reception
The night before the wedding, the Queen and other members of the royal family as well as royals from foreign countries attended a gala dinner at Mandarin Oriental Hyde Park organised by the Queen's cousin Lady Elizabeth Shakerley.[114][115] After the wedding, the Queen hosted a lunchtime reception at Buckingham Palace,[84][116] starting after the arrival of the married couple's carriage. It was a private gathering for guests drawn from the congregation who represent the couple's official and private lives. The couple made an appearance on the balcony on the east (main) front of Buckingham Palace, where they shared a kiss twice.[117] Claire Jones, Official Harpist to the Prince of Wales, performed at the reception, playing a gold leaf harp known as "Prince of Wales" presented to Prince Charles in 2006 by Italian-American harp maker Salvi Harps.[118]
The menu for the reception remained a secret for several years until a copy of the menu was sold at an auction:
- langoustines and a fresh herb salad with 2009 Domaine Guyot-Javillier Meursault
- North Highland organic lamb from
- Berkshire honey ice cream, sherry
- Coffee and mint tea
The main cake was an eight-tier
At 3.35 pm, William drove his new wife back up the Mall for the short distance to
Evening celebrations
In the evening, the Prince of Wales hosted a private dinner, followed by dancing, at Buckingham Palace for the couple and their close friends and family.[48][132] For the evening reception, the Duchess of Cambridge wore a strapless dress by Sarah Burton which "featured a circle skirt and diamante detailing".[133] She also wore a white shrug and let her hair down.[134] Singer-songwriter Ellie Goulding performed at the event, singing her rendition of "Your Song" for the couple's first dance. She also performed her hit single "Starry Eyed" for the assembled guests. The event ended with a small fireworks display in the palace grounds.[135]
Public celebration
Official merchandise, coins, and stamps
Prince William and Catherine Middleton personally approved an official range of china (including handmade plates, cups, and pill boxes) to be made for the Royal Collection and sold as souvenirs from December 2010 onwards.[136] The items were decorated with the intertwined initials of the couple under the prince's coronet and included the wording "To celebrate the marriage of Prince William of Wales and Catherine Middleton 29 April 2011."[137] The Lord Chamberlain's office approved a longer list of memorabilia, including official mugs, plates, biscuit tins, and porcelain pill pots. The document also clarified the use of William's coat of arms and pictures of the couple on such items. Initially, the Palace refused to sanction official tea towels, which, along with aprons, T-shirts and cushions, were deemed "in poor taste".[138] However, the restriction on tea towels, though not the other items, was later reversed. Sales of merchandising were expected to reach £44 million.[137]
To mark the engagement of William and Catherine, the Royal Mint produced an official Alderney £5 engagement coin, showing the couple in profile,[139] as well as an official £5 coin for the wedding.[140] The Royal Australian Mint issued a series of circulation and collectable coins designed by Stuart Devlin.[141] The Royal Canadian Mint released a series of coins and Canada Post issued a stamp,[142] approved by Clarence House, in commemoration of the wedding.[143] On 21 April, a set of commemorative postage stamps, featuring the couple's official engagement photographs, was issued by Royal Mail.[144]
Broadcasting
The wedding was widely broadcast on television, internet, and radio, in more than 180 countries.[145] ITV,[146] BBC,[147] and CNN covered the ceremony and associated events live through the combined pool of footage from the BBC, Sky, and ITN to help cover the overall cost.[148]
In North America, which is five to nine hours behind
The
An April 2011 poll of 2,000 British adults found that 35% of the public intended to watch the wedding on television while an equal proportion planned to ignore the event altogether.[161] According to their reported plans, women were more than twice as likely (47%) to watch the event as men (23%).[162] Early estimates following the ceremony indicated an estimated 24.5 million people in the United Kingdom watched the wedding on either BBC One or ITV, giving those channels a 99.4% share of the terrestrial television audience as the service began,[163] with the BBC's Live royal wedding website having 9 million hits, estimating over half the British population watched the wedding.
The viewing figures for the event have been the subject of much speculation, with
Public response
There were about 5,500 applications to hold royal wedding street parties across England and Wales, including 850 in London, one of which was hosted by Prime Minister David Cameron in Downing Street for charity workers and local children.
A number of ceremonies and parties were held at places which had an intimate connection with the couple. In Scotland, about 2,000 people attended a party at the University of St Andrews, where the royal couple first met. Hundreds of people watched the ceremony on a big screen in Edinburgh's Festival Square.[184] Welsh celebrations were led by Anglesey, where Prince William was a search and rescue pilot and where the couple resided after the wedding. 2,600 people gathered to watch the event on big screens there, and around 200 street parties were organised throughout the rest of the country, including over 50 in Cardiff.[185]
The international Peace Bridge across the Niagara River between the United States and Canada at Buffalo, New York, and Fort Erie, Ontario, and operated in part by an Ontario Crown corporation, was lit in red, blue and gold, the colours of the royal coat of arms.[186]
In New Delhi, India, several hotels broadcast the ceremony live. One hotel offered cream tea and cakes decorated with royal emblems.[187]
Criticism and scepticism stemmed from the belief that, at a time of recession and rising unemployment in the UK, millions of pounds in tax funds were used for the wedding's security. The costs of the wedding itself were paid for by the Royal Family and the Middletons.
Charitable fund
In March 2011, William and Catherine set up a gift fund held by
The fund supported a total of 26 named organisations:
- Oily Cart: a charity providing interactive theatre for under-fives and young children with learning difficulties[194][195]
- PeacePlayers International: a charity uses sport, particularly basketball, to unite and educate young people from diverse backgrounds[196][195]
- The Ocean Youth Trust: a charity based around teaching people to sail to enhance personal development[197][195]
- Greenhouse Schools: a charity uses sport and dance programmes to reach out to London's disadvantaged children[198][195]
- IntoUniversity: a charity provides local learning centres in disadvantaged areas to inspire the local youngsters to achieve[199][195]
- Beatbullying: a charity works with children affected by bullying to provide them with support and confidence[200][195]
- The Association for Children's Palliative Care (ACT): a charity aims to give children who are not expected to reach adulthood the best quality of life they can[201][195]
- The Scottish Community Foundation: a charity helps fund good causes all across Scotland[202][195]
- The Berkshire Community Foundation: a charity is an organisation that gives grants to local voluntary organisations[203][195]
- The Household Cavalry Benevolent fund: a charity provides support to soldiers' families, former soldiers and serving soldiers of the Household Cavalry Regiment[205][195]
- The Irish Guards Appeal: a charity is an appeal to help all Irish Guards and their families who have been affected by serious injury or disability[206][195]
- The Army Widows Association: a charity provides comfort and support to widows and widowers of service men and women[207][195]
- The RAF Benevolent Fund: a charity provides practical and financial support to members of the RAF and their families[208][195]
- The Zoological Society of London: a charity for the worldwide conservation of wildlife and their habitats[209][195]
- Earthwatch: a charity to promote the understanding and action necessary for a sustainable environment[210][195]
- The Canadian Coast Guard Auxiliary: a charity provides assistance to the National Defence and Coast Guard with search and rescue and safe boating programmes[211][195]
- The Christchurch Earthquake appeal: a charity is raising money for the victims and victims' families of the earthquake that devastated Christchurch in February 2011[212][195]
- The
- Cruse Bereavement Care: a charity provides advice and support to anyone trying to cope with grief[215][195]
- Dance United: a charity uses contemporary dance training to unlock the potential of young offenders and disadvantaged children[216][195]
- Venture Trust: a charity uses wilderness expeditions to provide young people with personal development activities[217][195]
- Keyfund: a charity is providing young people with the opportunity to practically develop skills, confidence and self-awareness to reach their potential[218][195]
- A National Voice: a charity is an organisation run for and by young people who are or have been in care to create positive changes to the care system[219][195]
- Youth Access: a charity provides advice and counselling to youngsters across the UK[220][195]
- The Community Foundation in Wales: a charity manages funds to provide volunteer organisations in Wales with necessary grants[221][195]
Tributes outside the Commonwealth
In the United States, the
Policing
The wedding had been subject to threats of violence and disruption. In February 2011, security agencies, including MI5, identified "dissident Irish republican groups" as possible threats.[223] The group Muslims Against Crusades abandoned a planned protest.[224] The English Defence League vowed to hold a counter-demonstration and promised 50 to 100 EDL members at each railway station in central London to block Muslim extremists in a "ring of steel".[225]
Security operations and arrests
Sixty people arrested at the TUC rally on the March for the Alternative had bail conditions that prevented them entering central London over the wedding period.[226]
On 28 April 2011, political activist
On the day of the wedding, the Metropolitan Police Service made "pre-emptive" moves, applying blanket
In Scotland, twenty-one people were arrested at an unofficial "street party" in Kelvingrove Park, Glasgow which saw "completely unacceptable levels" of drunkenness, according to Strathclyde Police.[233] A taxi driver died on 10 May from injuries sustained when his cab was struck by a police van attending the Kelvingrove incident.[234]
Honeymoon
Despite reports that the couple would leave for their honeymoon the day after their wedding,[235][236] Prince William immediately returned to his work as a search-and-rescue pilot, and the couple did not depart until 9 May, ten days after their wedding.[237] The honeymoon destination was initially kept secret. Although the press speculated that they might be headed to locations such as South America, Jordan, and Kenya,[235] the couple ultimately decided to honeymoon for 10 days on a secluded villa on a private island in the Seychelles.[237] On the morning of 21 May, a spokesman for St. James's Palace announced that the couple had returned to the United Kingdom.[238][239] The length of the honeymoon was limited by William's RAF duties and the couple's official scheduled tour to Canada and the United States later that summer.[237][240]
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External links
- The Wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton – The Royal Family on YouTube
- Order of Service for the wedding
- Royal Wedding information from the Metropolitan Police
- Royal Wedding information from the Royal Parks
- Royal Wedding information from Visit London
- Local media coverage: BBC, Guardian, ITN, The Telegraph
- Foreign media coverage: CNN (United States), CTV (Canada)