Wellington
Wellington
Te Whanganui-a-Tara (Māori) | |
---|---|
Wellywood | |
Motto(s): | |
Coordinates: 41°17′20″S 174°46′38″E / 41.28889°S 174.77722°E | |
Country | New Zealand |
Region | Wellington |
Wards |
|
Community boards | |
Settled by Europeans | 1839 |
Named for | Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington |
Electorates | Mana Ōhāriu Rongotai Te Tai Hauāuru (Māori) Te Tai Tonga (Māori) Wellington Central[5] |
Government | |
• Mayor | Tory Whanau |
• Deputy Mayor | Laurie Foon[6] |
• MPs | |
• UTC+13 (NZDT) | |
Postcode(s) | 5016, 5028, 6011, 6012, 6021, 6022, 6023, 6035, 6037, 6972[11] |
Area code | 04 |
Local iwi | Ngāti Toa Rangatira, Ngāti Raukawa, Te Āti Awa |
Website | wellington wellingtonnz.com |
Wellington[b] is the capital city of New Zealand. It is located at the south-western tip of the North Island, between Cook Strait and the Remutaka Range. Wellington is the third-largest city in New Zealand,[c] and is the administrative centre of the Wellington Region. It is the world's southernmost capital of a sovereign state.[14] Wellington features a temperate maritime climate, and is the world's windiest city by average wind speed.[15]
Māori oral tradition tells that Kupe discovered and explored the region in about the 10th century. The area was initially settled by Māori iwi such as Rangitāne and Muaūpoko. The disruptions of the Musket Wars led to them being overwhelmed by northern iwi such as Te Āti Awa by the early 19th century.[16]
Wellington's current form was originally designed by Captain William Mein Smith, the first Surveyor General for Edward Wakefield's New Zealand Company, in 1840.[17] Smith's plan included a series of interconnected grid plans, expanding along valleys and lower hill slopes.[18] The Wellington urban area, which only includes urbanised areas within Wellington City, has a population of 215,200 as of June 2023.[9] The wider Wellington metropolitan area, including the cities of Lower Hutt, Porirua and Upper Hutt, has a population of 440,900 as of June 2023.[9] The city has served as New Zealand's capital since 1865, a status that is not defined in legislation, but established by convention; the New Zealand Government and Parliament, the Supreme Court and most of the public service are based in the city.[19]
Wellington's economy is primarily
Often referred to as New Zealand's cultural capital, the culture of Wellington is a diverse and often youth-driven one which has wielded influence across
Toponymy
Wellington takes its name from
In the Māori language, Wellington has three names:
- Te Whanganui-a-Tara, meaning "the great harbour of Tara", refers to Wellington Harbour.[32] The primary settlement of Wellington is said to have been executed by Tara, the son of Whatonga, a chief from the Māhia Peninsula, who told his son to travel south, to find more fertile lands to settle.[33]
- Pōneke, commonly held to be a phonetic Māori transliteration of "Port Nick", short for "Ngāti Pōneke.[39]
- Te Upoko-o-te-Ika-a-Māui, meaning "The Head of the Fish of Māui" (often shortened to Te Upoko-o-te-Ika), a traditional name for the southernmost part of the North Island, deriving from the legend of the fishing up of the island by the demi-god Māui.
The legendary Māori explorer Kupe, a chief from Hawaiki (the homeland of Polynesian explorers, of unconfirmed geographical location, not to be confused with Hawaii), was said to have stayed in the harbour prior to 1000 CE.[33] Here, it is said he had a notable impact on the area, with local mythology stating he named the two islands in the harbour after his daughters, Matiu (Somes Island), and Mākaro (Ward Island).[40]
In New Zealand Sign Language, the name is signed by raising the index, middle, and ring fingers of one hand, palm forward, to form a "W", and shaking it slightly from side to side twice.[41]
The city's location close to the mouth of the narrow Cook Strait leaves it vulnerable to strong gales, leading to the nickname of "Windy Wellington".[42]
History
Māori settlement
Legends recount that Kupe discovered and explored the region in about the 10th century. Before European colonisation, the area in which the city of Wellington would eventually be founded was seasonally inhabited by indigenous Māori. The earliest date with hard evidence for human activity in New Zealand is about 1280.[43]
Wellington and its environs have been occupied by various Māori groups from the 12th century. The legendary Polynesian explorer Kupe, a chief from
At about 1820, the people living there were Ngāti Ira and other groups who traced their descent from the explorer Whatonga, including
Early European settlement
Steps towards
European settlement began with the arrival of an advance party of the New Zealand Company on the ship Tory on 20 September 1839, followed by 150 settlers on the Aurora on 22 January 1840. Thus, the Wellington settlement preceded the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi (on 6 February 1840). The 1840 settlers constructed their first homes at Petone (which they called Britannia for a time) on the flat area at the mouth of the Hutt River. Within months that area proved swampy and flood-prone, and most of the newcomers transplanted their settlement across Wellington Harbour to Thorndon in the present-day site of Wellington city.[48]
National capital
Wellington was declared a city in 1840, and was chosen to be the capital city of New Zealand in 1865.[19]
Wellington became the capital city in place of
Wellington is New Zealand's political centre, housing the nation's major government institutions. The New Zealand Parliament relocated to the new capital city, having spent the first ten years of its existence in Auckland.[50] A session of parliament officially met in the capital for the first time on 26 July 1865. At that time, the population of Wellington was just 4,900.[51]
The
Over six months in 1939 and 1940, Wellington hosted the New Zealand Centennial Exhibition, celebrating a century since the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi. Held on 55 acres of land at Rongotai, it featured three exhibition courts, grand Art Deco-style edifices and a hugely popular three-acre amusement park. Wellington attracted more than 2.5 million visitors at a time when New Zealand's population was 1.6 million.[52]
Geography
Wellington is at the south-western tip of the
With a
Wellington is more densely populated than most other cities in New Zealand due to the restricted amount of land that is available between its harbour and the surrounding hills. It has very few open areas in which to expand, and this has brought about the development of the suburban towns. Because of its location in the Roaring Forties and its exposure to the winds blowing through Cook Strait, Wellington is the world's windiest city, with an average wind speed of 27 km/h (17 mph).[54]
Wellington's scenic natural harbour and green hillsides adorned with tiered suburbs of colonial villas are popular with tourists. The central business district (CBD) is close to Lambton Harbour, an arm of
The narrow entrance to the harbour is to the east of the Miramar Peninsula, and contains the dangerous shallows of
Wellington is primarily surrounded by water, but some of the nearby locations are listed below.
Geology
Wellington suffered serious damage in a series of earthquakes in 1848[57] and from another earthquake in 1855. The 1855 Wairarapa earthquake occurred on the Wairarapa Fault to the north and east of Wellington. It was probably the most powerful earthquake in recorded New Zealand history,[58] with an estimated magnitude of at least 8.2 on the Moment magnitude scale. It caused vertical movements of two to three metres over a large area, including raising land out of the harbour and turning it into a tidal swamp. Much of this land was subsequently reclaimed and is now part of the central business district. For this reason, the street named Lambton Quay is 100 to 200 metres (325 to 650 ft) from the harbour – plaques set into the footpath mark the shoreline in 1840, indicating the extent of reclamation. The 1942 Wairarapa earthquakes caused considerable damage in Wellington.
The area has high seismic activity even by New Zealand standards, with a major fault, the
Every five years, a year-long slow quake occurs beneath Wellington, stretching from Kapiti to the Marlborough Sounds. It was first measured in 2003, and reappeared in 2008 and 2013.[64] It releases as much energy as a magnitude 7 quake, but as it happens slowly, there is no damage.[65]
During July and August 2013 there were many earthquakes, mostly in Cook Strait near Seddon. The sequence started at 5:09 pm on Sunday 21 July 2013 when the magnitude 6.5 Seddon earthquake hit the city, but no tsunami report was confirmed nor any major damage.[66] At 2:31 pm on Friday 16 August 2013 the Lake Grassmere earthquake struck, this time magnitude 6.6, but again no major damage occurred, though many buildings were evacuated.[67] On Monday 20 January 2014 at 3:52 pm a rolling 6.2 magnitude earthquake struck the lower North Island 15 km east of Eketāhuna and was felt in Wellington, but little damage was reported initially, except at Wellington Airport where one of the two giant eagle sculptures commemorating The Hobbit became detached from the ceiling.[68][69]
At two minutes after midnight on Monday 14 November 2016, the 7.8 magnitude
Relief
Steep landforms shape and constrain much of Wellington city. Notable hills in and around Wellington include:
- Mount Victoria – 196 m. Mt Vic is a popular walk for tourists and Wellingtonians alike, as from the summit one can see most of Wellington. There are numerous mountain bike and walking tracks on the hill.
- Mount Albert[74] – 178 m
- Mount Cook
- Mount Alfred (west of Evans Bay)[75] – 122 m
- Mount Kaukau – 445 m. Site of Wellington's main television transmitter.
- Mount Crawford[76]
- Brooklyn Hill – 299 m
- Wrights Hill
- Mākara Peak – summit (412 m) is within the 250 ha Makara Peak Mountain Bike Park that includes 45 km of trails[77]
- Te Ahumairangi (Tinakori) Hill
Climate
Averaging 2,055 hours of sunshine per year, the climate of Wellington is temperate marine, (Köppen: Cfb, Trewartha: Cflk), generally moderate all year round with mild summers and cool to mild winters, and rarely sees temperatures above 26 °C (79 °F) or below 4 °C (39 °F). The hottest recorded temperature in the city is 31.1 °C (88 °F) recorded on 20 February 1896[citation needed], while −1.9 °C (29 °F) is the coldest.[78] The city is notorious for its southerly blasts in winter, which may make the temperature feel much colder. It is generally very windy all year round with high rainfall; average annual rainfall is 1,250 mm (49 in), June and July being the wettest months. Frosts are quite common in the hill suburbs and the Hutt Valley between May and September. Snow is very rare at low altitudes, although snow fell on the city and many other parts of the Wellington region during separate events on 25 July 2011 and 15 August 2011.[79][80] Snow at higher altitudes is more common, with light flurries recorded in higher suburbs every few years.[81]
On 29 January 2019, the suburb of Kelburn (instruments near the old
Climate data for Wellington (Kelburn) (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1862–present) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 30.3 (86.5) |
31.1 (88.0) |
28.3 (82.9) |
27.3 (81.1) |
22.0 (71.6) |
20.6 (69.1) |
18.9 (66.0) |
20.3 (68.5) |
21.9 (71.4) |
25.1 (77.2) |
26.9 (80.4) |
29.1 (84.4) |
31.1 (88.0) |
Mean maximum °C (°F) | 26.1 (79.0) |
25.3 (77.5) |
24.0 (75.2) |
20.8 (69.4) |
18.3 (64.9) |
16.3 (61.3) |
15.2 (59.4) |
16.1 (61.0) |
17.4 (63.3) |
18.8 (65.8) |
21.9 (71.4) |
23.9 (75.0) |
27.1 (80.8) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 20.3 (68.5) |
20.6 (69.1) |
19.1 (66.4) |
16.7 (62.1) |
14.6 (58.3) |
12.4 (54.3) |
11.7 (53.1) |
12.4 (54.3) |
13.6 (56.5) |
15.1 (59.2) |
16.6 (61.9) |
18.7 (65.7) |
16.0 (60.8) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 17.0 (62.6) |
17.3 (63.1) |
15.9 (60.6) |
13.8 (56.8) |
12.0 (53.6) |
9.9 (49.8) |
9.2 (48.6) |
9.7 (49.5) |
10.9 (51.6) |
12.1 (53.8) |
13.5 (56.3) |
15.6 (60.1) |
13.1 (55.6) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 13.7 (56.7) |
13.9 (57.0) |
12.7 (54.9) |
11.0 (51.8) |
9.4 (48.9) |
7.3 (45.1) |
6.7 (44.1) |
7.0 (44.6) |
8.1 (46.6) |
9.2 (48.6) |
10.3 (50.5) |
12.4 (54.3) |
10.1 (50.2) |
Mean minimum °C (°F) | 8.6 (47.5) |
9.2 (48.6) |
7.8 (46.0) |
6.2 (43.2) |
4.3 (39.7) |
2.9 (37.2) |
2.5 (36.5) |
2.6 (36.7) |
3.1 (37.6) |
3.7 (38.7) |
5.7 (42.3) |
7.7 (45.9) |
1.6 (34.9) |
Record low °C (°F) | 4.1 (39.4) |
4.7 (40.5) |
3.6 (38.5) |
2.1 (35.8) |
−0.7 (30.7) |
−1.2 (29.8) |
−1.9 (28.6) |
−1.6 (29.1) |
−0.6 (30.9) |
1.1 (34.0) |
1.7 (35.1) |
3.4 (38.1) |
−1.9 (28.6) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 79.2 (3.12) |
55.5 (2.19) |
99.6 (3.92) |
126.7 (4.99) |
144.9 (5.70) |
123.8 (4.87) |
147.1 (5.79) |
139.1 (5.48) |
108.0 (4.25) |
118.7 (4.67) |
85.4 (3.36) |
91.1 (3.59) |
1,319.1 (51.93) |
Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 6.9 | 6.9 | 9.3 | 10.3 | 13.3 | 13.4 | 12.8 | 12.5 | 10.9 | 12.4 | 9.5 | 10.0 | 128.2 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
78.3 | 80.0 | 82.2 | 81.8 | 83.7 | 85.5 | 84.6 | 82.9 | 78.9 | 79.7 | 78.0 | 78.4 | 81.2 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 231.8 | 211.4 | 204.0 | 156.4 | 133.1 | 101.2 | 121.0 | 147.8 | 164.4 | 193.3 | 211.7 | 218.0 | 2,094.1 |
Source: NIWA [83][84][85] |
Climate data for Paraparaumu (2000–2020) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Average ultraviolet index | 11 | 9 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 9 | 11 | 6 |
Source: NIWA [84] |
Climate data for Wellington International Airport (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1962–present)
| |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 29.6 (85.3) |
30.6 (87.1) |
28.3 (82.9) |
25.2 (77.4) |
22.0 (71.6) |
19.2 (66.6) |
18.8 (65.8) |
18.3 (64.9) |
22.6 (72.7) |
23.9 (75.0) |
26.8 (80.2) |
29.6 (85.3) |
30.6 (87.1) |
Mean maximum °C (°F) | 26.0 (78.8) |
25.7 (78.3) |
24.2 (75.6) |
21.6 (70.9) |
19.1 (66.4) |
17.0 (62.6) |
15.6 (60.1) |
16.4 (61.5) |
18.2 (64.8) |
19.9 (67.8) |
22.2 (72.0) |
24.4 (75.9) |
27.0 (80.6) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 21.0 (69.8) |
21.2 (70.2) |
19.7 (67.5) |
17.3 (63.1) |
15.4 (59.7) |
13.2 (55.8) |
12.5 (54.5) |
13.0 (55.4) |
14.4 (57.9) |
15.8 (60.4) |
17.4 (63.3) |
19.6 (67.3) |
16.7 (62.1) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 17.8 (64.0) |
18.0 (64.4) |
16.6 (61.9) |
14.5 (58.1) |
12.7 (54.9) |
10.6 (51.1) |
9.8 (49.6) |
10.3 (50.5) |
11.6 (52.9) |
13.0 (55.4) |
14.4 (57.9) |
16.5 (61.7) |
13.8 (56.9) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 14.6 (58.3) |
14.8 (58.6) |
13.5 (56.3) |
11.7 (53.1) |
10.1 (50.2) |
8.0 (46.4) |
7.1 (44.8) |
7.6 (45.7) |
8.9 (48.0) |
10.1 (50.2) |
11.4 (52.5) |
13.5 (56.3) |
10.9 (51.7) |
Mean minimum °C (°F) | 9.9 (49.8) |
9.9 (49.8) |
8.4 (47.1) |
6.6 (43.9) |
4.3 (39.7) |
2.6 (36.7) |
1.7 (35.1) |
2.3 (36.1) |
3.5 (38.3) |
4.3 (39.7) |
6.4 (43.5) |
8.5 (47.3) |
1.0 (33.8) |
Record low °C (°F) | 4.3 (39.7) |
4.5 (40.1) |
4.3 (39.7) |
2.3 (36.1) |
0.6 (33.1) |
−0.6 (30.9) |
−1.1 (30.0) |
−1.1 (30.0) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
1.2 (34.2) |
2.1 (35.8) |
3.8 (38.8) |
−1.1 (30.0) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 60.0 (2.36) |
60.4 (2.38) |
66.0 (2.60) |
79.8 (3.14) |
88.4 (3.48) |
102.6 (4.04) |
109.7 (4.32) |
94.1 (3.70) |
79.9 (3.15) |
90.9 (3.58) |
74.7 (2.94) |
67.1 (2.64) |
973.6 (38.33) |
Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 6.6 | 6.3 | 7.7 | 8.2 | 10.2 | 12.3 | 12.0 | 12.4 | 10.6 | 10.3 | 8.4 | 8.1 | 113.0 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
75.1 | 76.8 | 77.6 | 78.0 | 80.0 | 81.5 | 81.0 | 80.0 | 76.5 | 75.4 | 73.6 | 74.9 | 77.5 |
Source: NIWA [84][86] |
Demographics
Wellington City covers 289.91 km2 (111.93 sq mi)[87] and had an estimated population of 216,200 as of June 2023,[9] with a population density of 746 people per km2. This comprises 215,200 people in the Wellington urban area and 1,000 people in the surrounding rural areas.[9]
Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
---|---|---|
2006 | 179,466 | — |
2013 | 190,956 | +0.89% |
2018 | 202,737 | +1.20% |
2023 | 202,689 | −0.00% |
Source: [88][89] |
Wellington City had a population of 202,689 in the 2023 New Zealand census, a decrease of 48 people (−0.0%) since the 2018 census, and an increase of 11,733 people (6.1%) since the 2013 census. There were 84,990 dwellings. The median age was 34.9 years (compared with 38.1 years nationally). There were 29,142 people (14.4%) aged under 15 years, 55,083 (27.2%) aged 15 to 29, 94,803 (46.8%) aged 30 to 64, and 23,670 (11.7%) aged 65 or older.[89]
Wellington City had a population of 202,737 at the 2018 New Zealand census. There were 74,841 households, comprising 98,823 males and 103,911 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.95 males per female.
Of those at least 15 years old, 74,922 (44.1%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 12,690 (7.5%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $41,800, compared with $31,800 nationally. 48,633 people (28.6%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 96,453 (56.8%) people were employed full-time, 24,738 (14.6%) were part-time, and 7,719 (4.5%) were unemployed.[88]
Name | Area (km2) | Population | Density (per km2) | Households | Median age | Median income |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Northern Ward | 102.22 | 47,796 | 468 | 16,467 | 35.9 years | $41,500 |
Onslow-Western Ward | 136.22 | 43,176 | 317 | 15,750 | 38.6 years | $51,800 |
Lambton Ward | 12.91 | 46,140 | 3,574 | 18,204 | 28.4 years | $37,500 |
Eastern Ward | 16.20 | 37,965 | 2,344 | 14,199 | 37.0 years | $41,100 |
Southern Ward | 22.22 | 27,654 | 1,245 | 10,221 | 34.0 years | $38,700 |
New Zealand | 37.4 years | $31,800 |
Quality of living
Wellington ranks 12th in the world for quality of living,[25] according to a 2014 study by consulting company Mercer; of cities in the Asia–Pacific region, Wellington ranked third behind Auckland and Sydney (as of 2014[update]).[25]
In 2009, Wellington was ranked as a highly affordable city in terms of cost of living, coming in at 139th most expensive city out of 143 cities in the Mercer worldwide Cost of Living Survey.[90] Between 2009 and 2020 the cost of living in Wellington increased, and it is now ranked 123rd most expensive city out of a total of 209 cities.[91]
Culture and identity
In addition to governmental institutions, Wellington accommodates several of the nation's largest and oldest cultural institutions, such as the National Archives, the National Library, New Zealand's national museum, Te Papa and numerous theatres. It plays host to many artistic and cultural organisations, including the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra and Royal New Zealand Ballet. Its architectural attractions include the Old Government Buildings – one of the largest wooden buildings in the world – as well as the iconic Beehive, the executive wing of Parliament Buildings as well as internationally renowned Futuna Chapel. The city's art scene includes many art galleries, including the national art collection at Toi Art at Te Papa.[92] Wellington also has many events such as CubaDupa, Wellington On a Plate, the Newtown Festival, Diwali Festival of Lights and Gardens Magic at the Botanical Gardens.[93][94][95]
At the 2018 census, English is the most spoken language (96.0%) followed by French (3.2%), Te Reo Māori (2.2%), Mandarin (2.0%) and German (2.0%). Percentages add up to more than 100% as people may select more than one language.
Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 53.2% had no religion, 31.4% were Christian, 0.4% had Māori religious beliefs, 3.7% were Hindu, 1.6% were Muslim, 1.7% were Buddhist and 3.0% had other religions.[88]
At the 2018 Census, 33.4% of Wellington's population was born overseas, compared with 27.1% nationally.[88] The most common birthplaces of overseas-born residents were England (6.2%), India (3.1%), mainland China (2.6%), Australia (2.0%), the Philippines (1.7%), the United States (1.5%), and South Africa (1.2%).[88]
In the 2023 census, ethnicities were 72.1% European/Pākehā, 9.8% Māori, 5.7% Pasifika, 20.4% Asian, 3.6% Middle Eastern, Latin American and African New Zealanders, and 1.1% other. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.[89]
Ethnicity | 2006 census | 2013 census | 2018 census | 2023 census | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
European | 121,296 | 70.1 | 139,107 | 76.4 | 150,198 | 74.1 | 146,208 | 72.1 |
Māori | 13,335 | 7.7 | 14,433 | 7.9 | 17,409 | 8.6 | 19,878 | 9.8 |
Pacific peoples | 8,931 | 5.2 | 8,928 | 4.9 | 10,392 | 5.1 | 11,565 | 5.7 |
Asian | 22,851 | 13.2 | 28,542 | 15.7 | 37,158 | 18.3 | 41,436 | 20.4 |
Middle Eastern/Latin American/African | 3,615 | 2.1 | 4,494 | 2.5 | 6,135 | 3.0 | 7,356 | 3.6 |
Other | 18,384 | 10.6 | 3,351 | 1.8 | 2,892 | 1.4 | 2,166 | 1.1 |
Total people stated | 172,971 | 182,121 | 202,737 | 202,689 | ||||
Not elsewhere included | 6,492 | 3.8 | 8,835 | 4.9 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
Architecture
Wellington showcases a variety of architectural styles from the past 150 years – 19th-century wooden cottages, such as the
The oldest building is the 1858
As it is the capital city, there are many notable government buildings. The Executive Wing of
A modernist building housing the
Other notable buildings include
Wellington has many different architectural styles, such as classic Painted Ladies in Mount Victoria, Newtown and Oriental Bay, Wooden Art Deco houses spread throughout (especially further north in the Hutt Valley), the classic masonry buildings in Cuba Street, state houses particularly in the Hutt and Wellington's southern suburbs, railway houses in Ngaio and other railway-side suburbs, large modern buildings in the city centre (such as the distinctive skyscraper called the Majestic Centre) and grand Victorian buildings common in the inner city as well.
Housing and real estate
House prices
Historic
Wellington experienced a real estate boom in the early 2000s and the effects of the international property bust at the start of 2007. In 2005, the market was described as "robust".[104] By 2008, property values had declined by about 9.3% over a 12-month period, according to one estimate. More expensive properties declined more steeply, sometimes by as much as 20%.[105] "From 2004 to early 2007, rental yields were eroded and positive cash flow in property investments disappeared as house values climbed faster than rents. Then that trend reversed and yields slowly began improving", according to two The New Zealand Herald reporters writing in May 2009.[106] In the middle of 2009, house prices had dropped, interest rates were low, and buy-to-let property investment was again looking attractive, particularly in the Lambton precinct, according to these two reporters.[106]
Current
Since 2009, house prices in Wellington have increased significantly. In May 2021, the Real Estate Institute of New Zealand (REINZ) reported the median house price was $1,057,000 in Wellington City, $930,000 in Porirua, $873,500 in Lower Hutt and $828,000 in Upper Hutt, compared to a national median house price of $820,000.[107] The substantial increase in house prices has made it difficult for first home buyers to purchase a home in the city and is also credited with pushing up the house prices in neighbouring cities like Porirua.[108] Housing costs have been identified making it difficult for some professions, like nurses, to afford to live in Wellington.[109][110] The median rent in Wellington has also increased significantly in recent years to $600 per week, higher even than Auckland.[111]
Housing quality
Despite the high cost of housing in the capital, the quality of housing in Wellington has been criticised as being poor. 18.4% of houses in Wellington City are sometimes or always mouldy and 24% are sometimes or always damp.[112] Both of these are higher than the New Zealand average.
Demographics
A Wellington City Council survey conducted in March 2009 found the typical central city apartment dweller was a New Zealand native aged 24 to 35 with a professional job in the downtown area, with household income higher than surrounding areas.[113] Three-quarters (73%) walked to work or university, 13% travelled by car, 6% by bus, 2% bicycled (although 31% own bicycles), and did not travel very far since 73% worked or studied in the central city.[113] The large majority (88%) did not have children in their apartments; 39% were couples without children; 32% were single-person households; 15% were groups of people flatting together.[113] Most (56%) owned their apartment; 42% rented.[113] The report continued: "The four most important reasons for living in an apartment were given as lifestyle and city living (23%), close to work (20%), close to shops and cafes (11%) and low maintenance (11%) ... City noise and noise from neighbours were the main turnoffs for apartment dwellers (27%), followed by a lack of outdoor space (17%), living close to neighbours (9%) and apartment size and a lack of storage space (8%)."[113][114]
Households are primarily one-family, making up 66.9% of households, followed by single-person households (24.7%); there were fewer multiperson households and even fewer households containing two or more families. These counts are from the 2013 census for the Wellington region (which includes the surrounding area in addition to the four cities).[115]
Economy
Wellington Harbour ranks as one of New Zealand's chief seaports and serves both domestic and international shipping. The port handles approximately 10.5 million tonnes of cargo on an annual basis,[116] importing petroleum products, motor vehicles, minerals and exporting meats, wood products, dairy products, wool, and fruit. Many cruise ships also use the port.
The Government sector has long been a mainstay of the economy, which has typically risen and fallen with it. Traditionally, its central location meant it was the location of many head offices of various sectors – particularly finance, technology and heavy industry – many of which have since relocated to Auckland following economic deregulation and privatisation.[117][118]
In recent years, tourism, arts and culture, film, and ICT have played a bigger role in the economy. Wellington's median income is well above the average in New Zealand,[119] and the highest of all New Zealand cities.[120] It has a much higher proportion of people with tertiary qualifications than the national average.[121] Major companies with their headquarters in Wellington include:
- Centreport
- Chorus Networks
- Contact Energy
- The Cooperative Bank
- Datacom Group
- Infratil
- Kiwibank
- Meridian Energy
- NZ Post
- NZX
- Todd Corporation
- Trade Me
- Weta Digital
- Wellington International Airport
- Xero
- Z Energy
At the 2013 census, the largest employment industries for Wellington residents were professional, scientific and technical services (25,836 people), public administration and safety (24,336 people), health care and social assistance (17,446 people), education and training (16,550 people) and retail trade (16,203 people).[122] In addition, Wellington is an important centre of the New Zealand film and theatre industry, and second to Auckland in terms of numbers of screen industry businesses.[123]
Tourism
Tourism is a major contributor to the city's economy, injecting approximately NZ$1.3 billion into the region annually and accounting for 9% of total FTE employment.[124] The city is consistently named as New Zealanders' favourite destination in the quarterly FlyBuys Colmar Brunton Mood of the Traveller survey[125] and it was ranked fourth in Lonely Planet Best in Travel 2011's Top 10 Cities to Visit in 2011.[126] New Zealanders make up the largest visitor market, with 3.6 million visits each year; New Zealand visitors spend on average NZ$2.4 million a day.[127] There are approximately 540,000 international visitors each year, who spend 3.7 million nights and NZ$436 million. The largest international visitor market is Australia, with over 210,000 visitors, spending approximately NZ$334 million annually.[128] It has been argued that the construction of the Te Papa museum helped transform Wellington into a tourist destination.[129] Wellington is marketed as the 'coolest little capital in the world' by Positively Wellington Tourism, an award-winning regional tourism organisation[130] set up as a council controlled organisation by Wellington City Council in 1997.[131] The organisation's council funding comes through the Downtown Levy commercial rate.[132] In the decade to 2010, the city saw growth of over 60% in commercial guest nights. It has been promoted through a variety of campaigns and taglines, starting with the iconic Absolutely Positively Wellington advertisements.[133] The long-term domestic marketing strategy was a finalist in the 2011 CAANZ Media Awards.[134]
Popular tourist attractions include
Wellington is a popular conference tourism destination due to its compact nature, cultural attractions, award-winning restaurants and access to government agencies. In the year ending March 2011, there were 6,495 conference events involving nearly 800,000 delegate days; this injected approximately NZ$100 million into the economy.[136]
Arts and culture
Culture
Owing to the work of Positively Wellington Tourism in marketing it as "the coolest little capital",
Museums and cultural institutions
Community boards
The Wellington City Council has created two local community boards under the provisions of Part 4 of the Local Government Act 2002[168] for certain parts of the city:
- The Tawa Community Board[3] representing the northern suburbs of Tawa, Grenada North and Takapū Valley;[1] and
- The Mākara/Ōhāriu Community Board[4] representing the rural suburbs of Ohariu, Mākara and Mākara Beach.[1]
National
Wellington is covered by four general electorates:
In addition, there are a number of Wellington-based list MPs, who are elected via party lists.
Due to Wellington being the capital city of New Zealand, its residents are more likely to participate in politics compared to other cities in New Zealand.[19]
Education
Wellington offers a variety of college and university programs for tertiary students:
Victoria University of Wellington has four campuses and works with a three-trimester system (beginning March, July, and November).[169] It enrolled 21,380 students in 2008; of these, 16,609 were full-time students. Of all students, 56% were female and 44% male. While the student body was primarily New Zealanders of European descent, 1,713 were Māori, 1,024 were Pacific students, 2,765 were international students. 5,751 degrees, diplomas and certificates were awarded. The university has 1,930 full-time employees.[170]
Massey University has a Wellington campus known as the "creative campus" and offers courses in communication and business, engineering and technology, health and well-being, and creative arts. Its school of design was established in 1886 and has research centres for studying public health, sleep, Māori health, small & medium enterprises, disasters, and tertiary teaching excellence.[171] It combined with Victoria University to create the New Zealand School of Music.[171]
The University of Otago has a Wellington branch, with its Wellington School of Medicine and Health.
Whitireia New Zealand has large campuses in Porirua, Wellington and Kapiti; the Wellington Institute of Technology and New Zealand's National Drama school, Toi Whakaari. The Wellington area has numerous primary and secondary schools.
Transport
Wellington is served by
Bus transport in Wellington is supplied by several different operators under the banner of Metlink. Buses serve almost every part of Wellington city, with most of them running along the "Golden Mile" from Wellington railway station to Courtenay Place. Until October 2017, there were nine trolleybus routes, all other buses running on diesel. The trolleybus network was the last public system of its kind in the Southern Hemisphere.[176]
Wellington lies at the southern end of the North Island Main Trunk railway (NIMT) and the Wairarapa Line, converging on Wellington railway station at the northern end of central Wellington. Two long-distance services leave from Wellington: the Capital Connection, for commuters from Palmerston North, and the Northern Explorer to Auckland.
Four
Infrastructure
Electric power
Wellington's first public electricity supply was established in 1904, alongside the introduction of electric trams, and was originally supplied at 105 volts 80 hertz. The conversion to the now-standard 230/400 volts 50 hertz began in 1925, the same year the city was connected to the Mangahao hydroelectric scheme. Between 1924 and 1968, the city's supply was supplemented by a coal-fired power station at Evans Bay.[181]
Today, Wellington city is supplied from four
The city is home to two large wind farms, West Wind and Mill Creek, which combined contribute up to 213 MW of electricity to the city and the national grid.
While Wellington experiences regular strong winds, and only 63% of Wellington Electricity's network is underground, the city has a very reliable power supply. In the year to March 2018, Wellington Electricity disclosed the average customer spent just 55 minutes without power due to unplanned outages.[182]
Natural gas
Wellington was one of the original nine towns and cities in New Zealand to be supplied with natural gas when the Kapuni gas field entered production in 1970, and a 260-kilometre-long (160 mi) high-pressure pipeline from the field in Taranaki to the city was completed. The high-pressure transmission pipelines supplying Wellington are now owned and operated by First Gas, with Powerco owning and operating the medium- and low-pressure distribution pipelines within the urban area.[183]
The three waters
The "three waters" – drinking water, stormwater, and wastewater services for the Wellington metropolitan area are provided by five councils: Wellington City, Hutt, Upper Hutt and Porirua city councils, and the Greater Wellington Regional Council. However, the water assets of these councils are managed by an infrastructure asset management company, Wellington Water.
Wellington's first piped water supply came from a spring in 1867.[184] Greater Wellington Regional Council now supplies Lower Hutt, Porirua, Upper Hutt and Wellington with up to 220 million litres a day.[185] The water comes from Wainuiomata River (since 1884), Hutt River (1914), Ōrongorongo River (1926) and the Waiwhetū Aquifer.[186]
There are four wastewater treatment stations serving the Wellington metropolitan area, located at:[187]
- Moa Point (serving Wellington city)
- Seaview (serving Lower Hutt and Upper Hutt)
- Karori (serving the suburb)
- Porirua (serving northern Wellington suburbs, Tawa and Porirua city)
The Wellington metropolitan area faces challenges with ageing infrastructure for the three waters, and there have been some significant failures, particularly in wastewater systems. The water supply is vulnerable to severe disruption during a major earthquake, although a wide range of projects are planned to improve the resilience of the water supply and allow a limited water supply post-earthquake.[188][189]
In May 2021, the Wellington City Council approved a 10-year plan that included expenditure of $2.7 billion on water pipe maintenance and upgrades in Wellington city, and an additional $147 to $208 million for plant upgrades at the Moa Point wastewater treatment plant.[190] In November 2023, Wellington Water noted that on-going investment of $1 billion per annum was required to address water issues across the Greater Wellington region, but that this amount was beyond the funding capacity of councils.[191]
Media
Radio
Wellington is served by 26 full-power radio stations: 17 on FM, four on AM, and five on both FM and AM.
Television
Television broadcasts began in Wellington on 1 July 1961 with the launch of channel WNTV1, becoming the third New Zealand city (after Auckland and Christchurch) to receive regular television broadcasts. WNTV1's main studios were in Waring Taylor Street in central Wellington and broadcast from a transmitter atop Mount Victoria. In 1967, the Mount Victoria transmitter was replaced with a more powerful transmitter at Mount Kaukau.[192] In November 1969, WNTV1 was networked with its counterpart stations in Auckland, Christchurch and Dunedin to form NZBC TV.
In 1975, the NZBC was broken up, with Wellington and Dunedin studios taking over NZBC TV as Television One while Auckland and Christchurch studios launched Television Two. At the same time, the Wellington studios moved to the new purpose-built Avalon Television Centre in Lower Hutt. In 1980, Televisions One and Two merged under a single company, Television New Zealand (TVNZ). The majority of television production moved to Auckland over the 1980s, culminating in the opening of TVNZ's new Auckland television centre in 1989.
Today, digital terrestrial television (Freeview) is available in the city, transmitting from Mount Kaukau plus three infill transmitters at Baxters Knob, Fitzherbert, and Haywards.[193]
Sister cities
Wellington has sister city relationships with the following cities:[194]
- Sydney, Australia (1983)
- Xiamen, China (1987)
- Sakai, Japan (1994)
- Beijing, China (2006)
- Canberra, Australia (2016)
Wellington is also a "friendly city" with Ramallah, Palestine, and a 2023 council vote means both are expected to be sister cities in the future.[195][196] Wellington also has historical ties with Chania, Greece; Harrogate, England; and Çanakkale, Turkey.[197]
Wellington metropolitan area
The wider metropolitan area for Wellington encompasses areas administered by four local authorities: Wellington City itself, on the peninsula between Cook Strait and Wellington Harbour; Porirua City on Porirua Harbour to the north, notable for its large Māori and Pasifika communities; and Lower Hutt City and Upper Hutt City, largely suburban areas to the northeast, together known as the Hutt Valley. Depending on the source, the Wellington metro area may include Waikanae, Paraparaumu and Paekākāriki on the Kāpiti Coast, and/or Featherston and Greytown in the Wairarapa.
The urban areas of the four local authorities have a combined population of 434,500 residents as of June 2023.[9]
The four cities comprising the Wellington metropolitan area have a total population of 440,900 (June 2023),[9] with the urban area containing 98.5% of that population. The remaining areas are largely mountainous and sparsely farmed or parkland and are outside the urban area boundary. More than most cities, life is dominated by its central business district (CBD). Approximately 62,000 people work in the CBD, only 4,000 fewer than work in Auckland's CBD, despite that city having four times the population.
The Waikanae-Paraparaumu-Paekākāriki combined urban area in the Kāpiti Coast district is sometimes included in the Wellington metro area[by whom?] due to its exurban nature and strong transport links with Wellington. If included as part of the Wellington metro, Waikanae-Paraparaumu-Paekākāriki would add 45,780 to the population (as of June 2023).[9]
Featherston and Greytown in the Wairarapa are rarely considered part of the Wellington metropolitan area, being physically separated from the rest of the metropolitan area by the Remutaka Range. However, both have significant proportions of their employed population working in Wellington city and the Hutt Valley (36.1% and 17.1% in 2006 respectively)[198] and are considered part of the Wellington functional urban area by Statistics New Zealand.[199]
The four urban areas combined had a usual resident population of 401,850 at the
See also
Notes
- ^ The metro area combines the urban areas of Wellington, Porirua, Lower Hutt and Upper Hutt.
- )
- ^ Whether Christchurch or Wellington is New Zealand's second-largest city by population is debatable and depends on where the boundaries are drawn.[12] Using Statistics New Zealand boundaries, Wellington is the third-largest urban area (384,800 vs 215,200),[9] territorial authority area (396,200 vs 216,200),[9], and functional urban area (470,814 vs 414,033).[13]
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Further reading
- Published in the 19th century
- "Wellington", New Zealand Handbook (14th ed.), London: E. Stanford, 1879
- "Wellington and its Surroundings", Pictorial New Zealand, London: Cassell and Co., 1895, OL 7088023M
- Published in the 20th century
- "Wellington", New Zealand as a Tourist and Health Resort, Auckland: Thomas Cook & Son, 1902, OL 7093583M
- Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 513.
- C. N. Baeyertz (1912), "Wellington", Guide to New Zealand, Wellington: New Zealand Times Co., OL 251804M
- "Wellington City Annual Economic Profile 2013" Archived 29 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine, by Infometrics for Grow Wellington Ltd.
External links
- Greater Wellington Regional Council
- Official NZ Tourism website for Wellington
- Wellington City Council
- Wellington in Te Ara the Encyclopedia of New Zealand
- "The voyage of the "Tory" to Wellington, 1839 and the Birth of Wellington". NZETC. 1940.