Vesak
Vesak | |
---|---|
Eight Precepts , partaking of vegetarian food, giving to charity, "bathing" the Buddha | |
Date | Full moon of the lunar month of Vesākha, usually in April, May or June. |
2023 date | |
2024 date | |
2025 date | |
2026 date | |
Frequency | Annual |
Related to | Buddha's Birthday Other related festivals Laba Festival (in China) Rohatsu (in Japan) |
Vesak (
The name Vesak is derived from the Pali term vesākha or Sanskrit vaiśākha for the lunar month of Vaisakha, which is considered the month of Buddha's birth.[15] In Mahayana Buddhist traditions, the holiday is known by its Sanskrit name (Vaiśākha) and derived variants of it.
In the East Asian tradition, a celebration of
History
Although Buddhist festivals have centuries-old tradition, the first conference of the World Fellowship of Buddhists held in Sri Lanka in 1950 formalized the decision to celebrate Vesak as the Buddha's birthday across multiple Buddhist countries. The resolution that was adopted at the World Conference reads as follows:
That this Conference of the World Fellowship of Buddhists, while recording its appreciation of the gracious act of His Majesty, the Maharaja of Nepal in making the full-moon day of Vesak a Public Holiday in Nepal, earnestly requests the Heads of Governments of all countries in which large or small number of Buddhists are to be found, to take steps to make the full-moon day in the month of May a Public Holiday in honour of the Buddha, who is universally acclaimed as one of the greatest benefactors of Humanity.[20]
On Vesak Day, Buddhists all over the world commemorate events of significance to Buddhists of all traditions: The birth, enlightenment and the passing away of
In 2000, the United Nations (UN) resolved to internationally observe the day of Vesak at its headquarters and offices.[21]
Celebration
The month of May usually has one full moon, but as there are 29.5 days between full moons, occasionally there are two. If there are two full moons during the month of May, some countries (including Sri Lanka, Cambodia and Malaysia) celebrate Vesak on the first full moon, while others (Thailand, Singapore) celebrate the holiday on the full moon of 4th lunar month. The difference also manifests in the observance of other Buddhist holidays, which are traditionally observed at the local full moon.[22]
On Vesak, devout Buddhists and followers alike assemble in their various temples before dawn for the ceremonial and honorable hoisting of the
Also birds, insects and animals are released by the thousands in what is known as life release to give freedom to those who are in captivity, imprisoned, or tortured against their will. (The practice, however, is banned in some countries such as Singapore, as the released animals are unable to survive long-term or may adversely impact the local ecosystem if they do.)[23]
Some devout Buddhists will wear simple white clothing and spend the whole day in temples with renewed determination to observe the eight precepts.
Devout Buddhists undertake to lead a noble life according to the teaching by making daily affirmations to observe the
Some temples also display a small statue of the Buddha in front of the altar in a small basin decorated with flowers, and filled with water or sweet tea for devotees to pour over the statue. This is symbolic of the cleansing of a practitioner's bad karma, and to reenact the events following the Buddha's birth, when devas and spirits made heavenly offerings to him.
Devotees are expected to listen to talks given by monks. On this day, monks will recite verses uttered by the Buddha twenty-five centuries ago to invoke peace and happiness for the government and the people. Buddhists are reminded to live in harmony with people of other faiths and to respect the beliefs of other people as the Buddha taught.
Bringing happiness to others
Celebrating Vesak also means making special efforts to bring happiness to the unfortunate like the aged, the disabled, and the sick. To this day, Buddhists will distribute gifts in the form of cash, or volunteering in various charitable homes throughout the country. Vesak is also a time for great joy and happiness, expressed not by pandering to one's appetites, but by concentrating on useful activities such as decorating and illuminating temples, or painting and creating exquisite scenes from the life of the Buddha for public dissemination. Devout Buddhists also vie with one another to provide refreshments and vegetarian food to followers who visit the temple to pay homage to the Enlightened One.[24][citation needed]
Paying homage to the Buddha
According to tradition the Buddha instructed followers how to pay him homage. Just before he died, he saw his faithful attendant
Dates of observance
The exact date of Vesak is based on Asian lunisolar calendars and is primarily celebrated in Vaisakha, a month of both the Buddhist and Hindu calendars, hence the name Vesak. In Nepal, which is considered the birth-country of Buddha, it is celebrated on the full moon day of the Vaisakha month of the Hindu calendar, and is traditionally called Buddha Purnima, Purnima meaning the full moon day in Sanskrit. In Theravada countries following the Buddhist calendar, it falls on Uposatha Day, the full moon typically in the 5th or 6th lunar month.
Nowadays, in Sri Lanka, Nepal, India, Bangladesh and Malaysia, Vesak/Buddha Purnima is celebrated on the day of the first full moon in May in the Gregorian calendar.
For countries using the lunisolar calendar, the date for Vesak or Buddha's Birthday varies from year to year in the Gregorian calendar, but usually falls in April or May; in leap years it may be celebrated in June. In Bhutan it is celebrated on the 15th day of the fourth month of the Bhutanese lunar calendar. In Thailand, Laos, Singapore and Indonesia, Vesak is celebrated on the fourteenth or fifteenth day of the fourth month in the Chinese lunar calendar. In China, Korea, Vietnam and the Philippines, Buddha's Birthday is celebrated on the eighth day of the fourth month in the Chinese lunar calendar. In Japan, Buddha's Birthday is observed on the same date but in the Gregorian calendar, i.e. 8 April.
In Myanmar, Buddha's Birthday is celebrated as Full Moon of Kasun and is a public holiday. It is celebrated by watering the Bodhi tree and chanting. In large pagodas, music and dance is also performed as part of the celebrations
In the following table, year 2021 date as per the Buddhist calendar
Year (CE) |
Thailand[25] | Singapore[26] | Laos | Myanmar | Sri Lanka[27] | Cambodia[28] | Indonesia[29] | Nepal, Bangladesh & India[30][31][32] |
China, Korea, & the Philippines[33] | Japan | Malaysia[34] | Vietnam[35] | Bhutan[36] |
2021 | 26 May[37] | 26 May 2565 | 26 May 2565 | 26 May | 19 May | 26 May |
In Southeast Asia
In Thailand
In Thailand, where Vesak Day is known as Visakha Buja Day (Visakha Puja Day), Buddhists usually make merits by going to temples, vowing to keep the Buddhists precepts, offering food to monks, listening to Dhamma Talks and practicing Vipassana meditation in the temples.
In Laos
The Vixakha Bouxa festival is the
Boun Bang Fay
One part of the Vixakha Bouxa festival is called Boun Bang Fay, or
In Indonesia
This significant and traditional holy day is observed throughout Indonesia, where it is known as Waisak Day.[38][39] At Borobudur, thousands of Buddhist monks will join to repeat mantras and meditate as they circuit the temple in a ritual called "Pradaksina". This is a form of tribute to the temple. Monks celebrate the special day by bottling holy water (which symbolises humility) and transporting flames (which symbolize light and enlightenment) from location to location. The monks also take part in the "Pindapata"[40] ritual, where they receive charity from the people of Indonesia. Waisak Day in Indonesia has been celebrated as a national public holiday every year since 1983.
In Malaysia
Celebrated by Buddhists to mark three momentous events in Buddha's life – his birth, enlightenment, and his departure from the human world, the Wesak celebration in Malaysia begins at dawn when devotees gather at Buddhist temples nationwide to meditate on the
In Myanmar (Burma)
In Myanmar (Burma), Vesak is known as the Full Moon Day of Kason (ကဆုန်လပြည့် ဗုဒ္ဓနေ့), which is the second month in the traditional Burmese calendar.[41] The date is a public gazetted holiday. Buddhist devotees typically celebrate by offering alms to Buddhist monks, adhering to a more stringent set of Buddhist precepts, practicing meditation, and freeing fish and birds from captivity.[42]
Throughout the country, the date is also marked by a traditional festival called the Nyaungye-thun or "Bodhi tree water pouring festival" (ညောင်ရေသွန်းပွဲ ), whereby devotees visit pagodas or monasteries (kyaung) to pour scented water to sacred Bodhi Trees using clay pots,[43] to ensure the trees, which hold great significance in Buddhism, do not die during the peak of summer.[42][44][45]
This tradition dates back to the pre-colonial era and continues to take place at major pagodas such as the Shwekyetyet and Shwekyetkya Pagodas in the former royal capital of
In the Philippines
In the
In Singapore
In Singapore, Vesak Day was made a public holiday in 1955 after many public petitions, replacing Whit Monday.[48][49][50] In the early decades of the 20th century, Vesak Day was associated with the Ceylonese community which then celebrated it along with their National Day in a two-day event. After World War II, there was a movement to make Vesak Day a public holiday, with the Singapore Buddhist Association leading the petitions.[51]
In Vietnam
In Vietnam, Vesak is also known as Phật Đản. From 1958 to 1975, Vesak was a national public holiday in South Vietnam.
On 8 May 1963, the day of Vesak in Vietnam, more than 3000 Vietnamese Buddhists were protesting President Diệm's ban on the Buddhist flag in the city of Huế. Tensions rose throughout the day, and as protesters gathered around a government radio station, the Vietnamese army and police were called in to disperse the crowd. Soon after, the army started to shoot and throw grenades into the crowd. Nine were killed, and four were seriously injured.[53] These events are considered to be the beginning of Vietnam's Buddhist crisis, which culminated in a governmental coup and the assassination of President Diệm. Successive South Vietnamese Governments recognized Vesak as a public holiday and allowed the celebrations to go on.
However, after the Fall of Saigon, the day was no longer a public holiday. Since the 2000s, the festival has witnessed a revival across the country.[54] The Vesak Celebration is officially held by the Vietnamese Buddhist Sangha every year and it aggregated international delegates for great events in 2008, 2014, 2019 (the 16th United Nations Day of Vesak Celebration).[55]
In South Asia
In Nepal
Vesak, commonly known in Nepal as "Buddha Jayanti" is widely celebrated all across the country, predominantly, Lumbini – the birthplace of Buddha, and Swayambhu – the holy temple for Buddhists, also known as "the Monkey Temple". The main door of Swayambhu is opened only on this very day, therefore, people from all over Kathmandu valley are stimulated by the event. Thousands of pilgrims from various parts of the world come together to celebrate Buddha's birthday at his birthplace, Lumbini. In Nepal, Buddha is worshipped by all religious groups, therefore "Buddha Jayanti" is marked by a public holiday. People donate foods and clothes to the needy and also provide financial aid to monasteries and schools where Buddhism is taught and practised.
In Sri Lanka
Vesak is celebrated as a religious and a cultural festival in Sri Lanka on the full moon of the lunar month of Vesak (usually in the Gregorian month of May), for about one week, and this festival is often celebrated by people of different religions in Sri Lanka.[56] During this week, the selling of alcohol and fresh meat is usually prohibited, with slaughter houses also being closed.[57] Celebrations include religious and alms-giving activities. Electrically lit pandals called thoranas are erected in locations mainly in Colombo, Kandy, Galle and elsewhere, most sponsored by donors, religious societies and welfare groups. Each pandal illustrates a story from the Jataka tales.
In addition, colorful lanterns called "Vesak kuudu"[58] are hung along streets and in front of homes. They signify the light of the Buddha, Dharma and the Sangha. Food stalls set up by Buddhist devotees called "dansälas" provide free food, ice-cream and drinks to passersby.[59] Groups of people from community organizations, businesses and government departments sing bhakti gee (Buddhist devotional songs). Colombo experiences a massive influx of people from all parts of the country during this week.
In India
In India, the full moon day of the Vaisakha month of the Hindu calendar is celebrated as Buddha Purnima.[15] The festival is commonly known as Buddha Purnima, as Purnima means full moon day in Sanskrit and Hindi languages. It is also called Buddha Jayanti, with Jayanti meaning birthday in Sanskrit. The festival is a public holiday in India.[15]
In Bangladesh
Vesak Day is an important festival for all Bengali Buddhists. In Bangladesh, it is celebrated in Chittagong, Dhaka, and other Buddhist regions in the country. In the Bangla language, it is known as Buddho Purnima. It is also a public holiday in Bangladesh.
In East Asia
In Japan
In
It used to be celebrated on the 8th day of the fourth month in the Chinese calendar based on one of the legends that proclaims the day as Buddha's birthday. At present, the celebration is observed on 8 April of the Solar Calendar since the government of Meiji Japan adopted the western solar calendar as the official calendar. Since the 8th day of the fourth month in the lunar calendar commonly falls in May of the current solar calendar, it is now celebrated about a month earlier.
In Japan, Vesak celebrations include pouring amacha (甘茶), a sweet tea made from
In South Korea
In South Korea the birthday of Buddha is celebrated on the 8th day of the 4th month in the Korean lunar calendar (as well as in Hong Kong, Macau) and is an official holiday. This day is called 석가탄신일 (Seokga tansinil), meaning "Buddha's birthday" or 부처님 오신 날 (Bucheonim osin nal) meaning "the day when the Buddha came". It has now grown into one of the nation's biggest cultural festivals. Lotus lanterns cover the entire temple throughout the month which are often flooded down the street.[61] On the day of Buddha's birth, many temples provide free meals and tea to all visitors. The breakfast and lunch provided are often sanchae bibimbap.
Outside Asia
In Canada
An annual event known as Vesak: Buddha's Birthday is celebrated in Toronto in its three major three Buddhist temples, that represent the three main branches of Buddhism.[64] Held at Mississauga Celebration Square, it features a number of Buddhist-themed events and activities, as well as cultural acts from Asia, including China, Sri Lanka and Vietnam.[65][66][67]
In United States
The celebration of Vesak or Buddha's Birthday in the United States differs among different Buddhist communities, depending on their ethnicity and nationality.
In Maui, Hawaii the community is usually invited to celebrate Vesak Day (the birth of Buddha) on the full moon of Vaisakha at Chua Tu Hanh Buddhist Temple in Kahului, where there is guided sitting meditation and dharma talk by a Zen master; which is followed by the bathing ceremony of the baby Buddha and a joyful meal to end the evening. [68] The state of
In the
United Nations
On 15 December 1999 the
International celebrations since 2000 included the first Vesak celebration in the UN (New York) on 15 May 2000. 34 countries were represented.[74] The Day of Vesak is an official holiday for the UN offices in many of the countries in South-East Asia.
International Vesak summit
Thailand has hosted an international Vesak summit 11 times, Vietnam 3 times, and Sri Lanka once.
- 25 May 2004 in Phutthamonthon, Thailand[74]
- 18–21 May 2005 in Bangkok, Thailand[74]
- 2006 to 2013 in Thailand
- 2014 in Vietnam[74]
- 2015 in Thailand[75]
- 2016 in Thailand[76]
- 2017 in Sri Lanka[77]
- 2018 in Thailand
- 2019 in Vietnam
Local renditions
There are multiple local renditions of the Vesak festival name, varying by local language, including:
- Assamese: বুদ্ধ পূর্ণিমা Buddho Purnima
- Bengali: বুদ্ধ পূর্ণিমা Buddho Purnima, বুদ্ধ জয়ন্তী Buddho Joyonti
- Cebuano: Adlaw sa Buddha (Buddha's Day)
- Burmese: ကဆုန်လပြည့် ဗုဒ္ဓနေ့ Kasonelapyany Buddhanae, "Full Moon Day of Kason"
- Chinese: 佛陀誕辰紀念日; pinyin: Fótuó dànchén jìniàn rì, (Buddha's Birthday or Birthday of the Gautama Buddha), 佛誕 (Fódàn, Birthday of the Buddha), 浴佛節 (Yùfójié, Occasion of Bathing the Buddha), 衛塞節 (Wèisāi jié Vesak Day), 偉大的衛塞節花節偉大的滿月 (Wěidà de wèi sāi jié huā jié wěidà de mǎnyuè Great Vesak Day Flower Festival Full Moon of Flower Moon)
- Dzongkha: སྟོན་པའི་དུས་ཆེན་༥ འཛོམས་ Dhüchen Nga Zom
- French: Vesak
- Hindi: बुद्ध पूर्णिमा Buddha Pūrṇimā, बुद्ध जयन्ती Buddha Jayantī, वैशाख पूर्णिमा Vaisākh Pūrṇimā
- Ilocano: Aldaw ni Buddha (Day of the Buddha)
- Japanese: 花祭り Hanamatsuri (Flower Festival)
- Khmer: វិសាខបូជា Visak Bochea
- Kannada: ಬುದ್ಧ ಪೌರ್ಣಮಿ Buddha Pournami
- Korean: 석가 탄신일; Hanja: 釋迦誕辰日; RR: Seokka Tanshin-il (Birthday of the Shakyamuni Buddha), Korean: 부처님오신날 (Buddha's Day)
- Lao: ວິສາຂະບູຊາ Vixakha Bouxa
- Malay:
- Hari Wesak (Jawi: هاري ويسک, Malaysian)
- Hari Vesak (Singapore),
- Hari Waisak or Hari Raya Waisak (Indonesian)
- Hari Wesak (Jawi: هاري ويسک,
- Malayalam: വൈശാഖ പൗർണമി, ബുദ്ധ പൂർണിമ, ബുദ്ധ ജയന്തി
- Mon: တ္ၚဲကျာ်ဗုဒ္ဓ ဗပေၚ်ပသာ် "Buddha Day Full Moon of Pasāk"
- Mongolian: Бурхан Багшийн Их Дүйцэн Өдөр ᠭᠰᠸᠹᠺᠳᠭᠠᠨ
ᠪᠣᠰᠠᠹᠰᠣᠨ
ᠢᠺᠣᠬ
ᠰᠰᠴᠪᠰᠡᠨ
ᠳᠰᠷᠳᠥᠷ Burkhan Bagshiin Ikh Düitsen Ödör (Lord Buddha's Great Festival Day) - Gautama Buddha), Russian: День Гаутамы Будды (Den' Gautamy Buddy Gautama Buddha's Day), Russian: Великий День Цветов Весак (Velikiy Den' Tsvetov Vesak Great Vesak Flower Day), Russian: День Весака (Den' Vesaka Vesak Day), Russian: День Будды (Den' Buddy Buddha's Day), Russian: Буддийское рождество (Buddiyskoye rozhdestvo Buddhist Christmas)
- Marathi: बुद्ध पौर्णिमा Buddha Pournima
- Nepali: बुद्ध पुर्णिमा Buddha Purnima, बुद्ध जयन्ति Buddha Jayanti
- Newar: स्वांया पुन्हि Swānyā Punhi
- Odia: ବୁଦ୍ଧ ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣିମା Buddha Purnimā
- Sinhala: වෙසක් Vesak, වෛශාක්ය Vaishakya
- Tamil: விசாகத் திருநாள் Vicākat Tirunāḷ
- Tagalog: Araw ni Bisyak, Araw ni Buddha (Buddha's Day), Kaarawan ni Buddha (Buddha's Birthday)
- Telugu: బుద్ధ పౌర్ణమి Buddha Pournami or alternatively వైశాఖ పౌర్ణమి Vaisakha Pournami
- Thai: วิสาขบูชา RTGS: Wisakhabucha
- Tibetan: ས་ག་ཟླ་བ་དུས་ཆེན, Wylie: sa ga zla ba dus chen, THL: Sa Ga Dawa Dü Chen
- Vietnamese: Lễ Phật Đản; Chữ Hán: 禮佛誕 (Birthday of the Buddha), Vietnamese: Ngày hội hoa Phật (Buddha's Lord Flower Festival Day)
See also
References
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{{cite news}}
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External links
- Media related to Vesak at Wikimedia Commons
- Quotations related to Vesak at Wikiquote
- The Significance of Vesak – Buddha Day
- Vesak Day - INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE