Wessex

Coordinates: 51°12′N 2°00′W / 51.2°N 2°W / 51.2; -2
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
"West Saxons" redirects here. For other meanings of Wessex or West Saxons, see Wessex (disambiguation).

Kingdom of the West Saxons
Latin: Regnum Occidentalium Saxonum
c. 519–927
Southern Britain in the ninth century
Southern Britain in the ninth century
StatusIndependent kingdom (c. 519 – c. 645; 648–927)
Client state of Mercia (645–648)
Official languagesOld English
Religion
Paganism (before 7th century)
Christianity (after 7th century)
GovernmentMonarchy
King (List) 
• c. 519 – c. 534
Cerdic (first)
• 688–726
Ine
• 802–839
Ecgberht
• 871–899
Alfred the Great
• 899–924
Edward the Elder
• 924–927
Æthelstan (last)
History 
• Established
c. 519
12 July 927
CurrencyPenny
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Sub-Roman Britain
Gewisse
Kingdom of England
Today part of

The Kingdom of the West Saxons, also known as the Kingdom of Wessex, was an Anglo-Saxon kingdom in the south of Great Britain, from around 519 until England was unified in 927.

The Anglo-Saxons believed that Wessex was founded by

Cædwalla later conquered Sussex, Kent and the Isle of Wight. His successor, Ine (r. 689–726), issued one of the oldest surviving English law codes and established a second West Saxon bishopric
. The throne subsequently passed to a series of kings with unknown genealogies.

During the 8th century, as the

Æthelbald, usurped the throne, the kingdom was divided to avoid war. Æthelwulf was succeeded in turn by his four sons, the youngest being Alfred the Great
.

Wessex was invaded by the

Cnut the Great, who conquered England in 1016, created the wealthy and powerful earldom of Wessex, but in 1066 Harold Godwinson
reunited the earldom with the crown and Wessex ceased to exist.

History

Prehistoric Britain

Main article: Prehistoric Britain

From the

Middle Bronze Age (c. 1600–1200 BC). The area has many other earthworks and erected stone monuments from the Neolithic and Early Bronze periods, including the Dorset Cursus, an earthwork 10 km (6 mi) long and 100 m (110 yd) wide, which was oriented to the midwinter sunset. Although agriculture and hunting were pursued during this long period, there is little archaeological evidence of human settlements. By the Iron Age, Celtic British tribes such as the Durotriges, Atrebates, Belgae and Dobunni
occupied the future Wessex.

Roman Britain

Main article: Roman Britain

Following the

Romano-British, built another major road that integrated Wessex, running eastwards from Exeter through Dorchester to Winchester and Silchester and on to London
.

In the mid-4th century there were increasing raids on Roman Britain by peoples such as the

Constantine III declared himself Augustus of the West, and left for Gaul, taking with him Roman troops. Finally, in 410, when Romano-British officials requested military assistance from Emperor Honorius, he told them to manage their own defences.[3] Economic decline occurred after these events: circulation of Roman coins ended and the importation of items from the Roman Empire stopped.[4][5]

Anglo-Saxon settlement

Main article: Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain
Imaginary depiction of Cerdic from John Speed's 1611 "Saxon Heptarchy"

Theories about the settlement of Saxons, Jutes and Angles in Britain are divided into two categories by the historian Peter Hunter Blair (1956), namely "Welsh" and "English".

The Welsh tradition

The Welsh tradition is exemplified by Gildas, in De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae. In brief, it states that after the Romans left, the Celtic Britons managed to continue for a time without any major disruptions. However, when finally faced with northern invaders, a certain unnamed ruler in Britain (called "a proud tyrant" by Gildas) requested assistance from the Saxons in exchange for land.

There were no conflicts between the British and the Saxons for a time, but following "a dispute about the supply of provisions" the Saxons warred against the British and severely damaged parts of the country. In time, however, some Saxon troops left Britain; under Ambrosius Aurelianus, the British subsequently defeated those who remained.

A lengthy conflict ensued, in which neither side gained any decisive advantage until the Britons routed the Saxons at the Battle of Mons Badonicus. After this, there occurred a peaceful period for the Britons, under which Gildas was living at the time he wrote the De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae.[6]

The English tradition

One of the "English" traditions about the Saxon arrival concerns

Hengest and Horsa. When Bede wrote his Ecclesiastical History of the English People, he adapted Gildas' narrative and added details, such as the names of those involved. To the "proud tyrant" he gave the name Vortigern
, and the Saxon commanders he named Hengest and Horsa.

Further details were added to the story in the Historia Brittonum, which was partially written by Nennius. According to the Historia, Hengest and Horsa fought the invaders of Britain under the condition of gaining the Island of Thanet. The daughter of Hengest, Rowena, later arrived on a ship of reinforcements, and Vortigern married her.

However, a war arose in Kent due to a dispute between Hengest and Vortigern's son. After losing several battles, the Saxons finally defeated the British by treacherously attacking them once the two parties had convened for a meeting. Some additional details of the Hengest and Horsa legend are found in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. The Chronicle then records subsequent Saxon arrivals, including that of Cerdic, the founder of Wessex, in 495.[7]

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle

According to the

Cynric of Wessex landed in southern Hampshire in 495, but this account is not regarded by historians as reliable due to duplication of Chronicle entries and evidence that the area was first occupied by Jutes. Although the entry mentions Cynric as Cerdic's son, a different source lists him as the son of Cerdic's son, Creoda of Wessex.[8]

The Chronicle continues, stating that "Port, and his two sons Bieda and Mægla", landed at Portsmouth in 501 and killed a high-ranking British nobleman.[9] In 508, Cerdic and Cynric slew British king Natanleod along with five thousand of his men[9] (though the historicity of Natanleod has been disputed),[10] and Cerdic became the first king of Wessex in 519.

The Saxons attacked Cerdicesford[11] in 519, intending to cross the River Avon and block a road which connected Old Sarum and Badbury Rings, a British stronghold. The battle appears to have ended as a draw, and the expansion of Wessex ended for about thirty years. This is likely due to losses suffered during the battle and an apparent peace agreement with the Britons.

The battle of

Mons Badonicus is believed to have been fought around this time. Gildas states that the Saxons were completely defeated in the battle, in which King Arthur participated according to Nennius. This defeat is not recorded in the Chronicle.[12] The thirty-year period of peace was temporarily interrupted[13] when, according to the Chronicle, the Saxons conquered the Isle of Wight in 530 at a battle near Carisbrooke.[9]

Cynric became the ruler of Wessex after Cerdic died in 534, and reigned for twenty-six years.

Chilterns, Gloucestershire and Somerset. The capture of Cirencester, Gloucester and Bath
in 577, after the pause caused by the battle of Mons Badonicus, opened the way to the southwest.

Ceawlin is one of the seven kings named in Bede's

Ceol
, and died a year later.

Six years later, in about 594, Ceol was succeeded by a brother,

Cynegils of Wessex
. The genealogies do not agree on Cynegils' pedigree: his father is variously given as Ceola, Ceolwulf, Ceol, Cuthwine, Cutha or Cuthwulf.

The tradition embodied in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, and in the genealogies of the West Saxon dynasty, is open to considerable doubt. This is largely because the founder of the dynasty and a number of his alleged descendants had Brittonic Celtic, rather than Anglo-Saxon Germanic, names.[15] The name Cerdic is derived from the British name Caraticos.[16][17] This may indicate that Cerdic was a native Briton, and that his dynasty became anglicised over time.[18][19][20] Other members of the dynasty possessing Celtic names include Ceawlin and Cædwalla. Cædwalla, who died as late as 689, was the last West Saxon king to possess a Celtic name.[21]

Christianisation of Wessex

Main article: Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England
The Celtic and Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in around 600

It is in Cynegils' reign that the first event in West Saxon history that can be dated with reasonable certainty occurs: the

Cenwealh, who came to the throne in about 642, was a pagan at his accession. However, he too was baptised only a few years later and Wessex became firmly established as a Christian kingdom. Cynegils's godfather was King Oswald of Northumbria and his conversion may have been connected with an alliance against King Penda of Mercia
, who had previously attacked Wessex.

These attacks marked the beginning of sustained pressure from the expanding kingdom of

Dorchester
was soon abandoned as Mercian power pushed southwards.

After Cenwealh's death in 673, his widow,

Britons
, but the details have not survived.

Centwine was succeeded by another supposed distant relative,

Cædwalla of Wessex in 685, but details of their conquest is unclear.[23]

His successor was Ine, who also claimed to be a descendant of Cerdic through Ceawlin, but again through a long-separated line of descent. Ine was the most durable of the West Saxon kings, reigning for 38 years. He issued the oldest surviving English code of laws apart from those of the kingdom of Kent, and established a second West Saxon bishopric at Sherborne, covering the area west of Selwood Forest, which formed an important boundary between east and west Wessex. Near the end of his life he followed in Cædwalla's footsteps by abdicating and making a pilgrimage to Rome. The throne then passed to a series of other kings who claimed descent from Cerdic but whose supposed genealogies and relationship to one another are unknown.

During the 8th century Wessex was overshadowed by Mercia, whose power was then at its height, and the West Saxon kings may at times have acknowledged Mercian overlordship. They were, however, able to avoid the more substantial control which Mercia exerted over smaller kingdoms. During this period Wessex continued its gradual advance to the west, overwhelming the British kingdom of

Thames and the Avon now probably formed the northern boundary of Wessex, while its heartland lay in Hampshire, Wiltshire, Berkshire, Dorset and Somerset. The system of shires which was later to form the basis of local administration throughout England (and eventually, Ireland, Wales and Scotland
as well) originated in Wessex, and had been established by the mid-8th century.

Hegemony of Wessex and the Viking raids

Anglo-Saxon–Viking coin weight, used for trading bullion and hacksilver. The material is lead and it weighs 36 g (1.3 oz). Embedded with an Anglo-Saxon sceat (Series K type 32a) dating to 720–750 and minted in Kent. It is edged in a dotted triangle pattern. Its origin is the Danelaw region and dates to 870–930

In 802 the fortunes of Wessex were transformed by the accession of

Ellendun and seizing control of Surrey, Sussex, Kent and Essex from the Mercians, while with his help East Anglia broke away from Mercian control. In 829 he conquered Mercia, driving its King Wiglaf into exile, and secured acknowledgement of his overlordship from the king of Northumbria. He thereby became the Bretwalda
, or high king of Britain. This position of dominance was short-lived, as Wiglaf returned and restored Mercian independence in 830, but the expansion of Wessex across south-eastern England proved permanent.

Egbert's later years saw the beginning of

Æthelwulf in the exceptionally bloody Battle of Aclea
. This victory postponed Danish conquests in England for fifteen years, but raids on Wessex continued.

In 855–856 Æthelwulf went on

Æthelbert, who had previously inherited the eastern territories from his father and who reunited the kingdom on Æthelbald's death, then Æthelred, and finally Alfred the Great
. This occurred because the first two brothers died in wars with the Danes without issue, while Æthelred's sons were too young to rule when their father died.

Last English kingdom

England in the late 9th century

In 865, several of the Danish commanders combined their respective forces into one large army and landed in England. Over the following years, what became known as the

Great Summer Army arrived from Scandinavia, to reinforce the Great Heathen Army. The reinforced army invaded Wessex and, although Æthelred and Alfred won some victories and succeeded in preventing the conquest of their kingdom, a number of defeats and heavy losses of men compelled Alfred to pay the Danes to leave Wessex.[25][26] The Danes spent the next few years subduing Mercia and some of them settled in Northumbria, but the rest returned to Wessex in 876. Alfred responded effectively and was able with little fighting to bring about their withdrawal in 877. A portion of the Danish army settled in Mercia, but at the beginning of 878 the remaining Danes mounted a winter invasion of Wessex, taking Alfred by surprise and overrunning much of the kingdom. Alfred was reduced to taking refuge with a small band of followers in the marshes of the Somerset Levels, but after a few months he was able to gather an army and defeated the Danes at the Battle of Edington, bringing about their final withdrawal from Wessex to settle in East Anglia. Simultaneous Danish raids on the north coast of France and Brittany occurred in the 870s – prior to the establishment of Normandy in 911 – and recorded Danish alliances with both Bretons and Cornish may have resulted in the suppression of Cornish autonomy with the death by drowning of King Donyarth in 875 as recorded by the Annales Cambriae.[27] No subsequent 'Kings' of Cornwall are recorded after this time, but Asser records Cornwall as a separate kingdom from Wessex in the 890s.[28]

In 879 a Viking fleet that had assembled in the Thames estuary sailed across the channel to start a new campaign on the continent. The rampaging Viking army on the continent encouraged Alfred to protect his Kingdom of Wessex.[29] Over the following years Alfred carried out a dramatic reorganisation of the government and defences of Wessex, building warships, organising the army into two shifts which served alternately and establishing a system of fortified burhs across the kingdom. This system is recorded in a 10th-century document known as the Burghal Hidage, which details the location and garrisoning requirements of thirty-three forts, whose positioning ensured that no one in Wessex was more than a long day's ride from a place of safety.[30] In the 890s these reforms helped him to repulse the invasion of another huge Danish army – which was aided by the Danes settled in England – with minimal losses.

In 2015, two individuals found a large hoard near Leominster consisting primarily of Saxon jewellery and silver ingots but also coins; the latter date to around 879 CE. According to a news report, "experts believe it [the hoard] was buried by a Viking during a series of raids known to have taken place in the area at that time", while Wessex was ruled by Alfred the Great and Mercia by Ceolwulf II. Two imperial coins recovered from the treasure hunters depict the two kings, "indicating an alliance between the two kingdoms—at least, for a time—that was previously unknown to historians", according to the report.[31][32] A report by The Guardian adds that[33]

"The presence of both kings on the two emperor coins suggests some sort of pact between the pair. But the rarity of the coins also suggests that Alfred quickly dropped his ally, who was just about written out of history".

Alfred also reformed the administration of justice, issued a new law code and championed a revival of scholarship and education. He gathered scholars from around England and elsewhere in Europe to his court, and with their help translated a range of

Anglo-Saxon
period and beyond.

Wessex and areas under its control in 871.
Wessex and areas under its control in 886.
Wessex and areas under its control in 897.

The Danish conquests had destroyed the kingdoms of Northumbria and East Anglia and divided Mercia in half, with the Danes settling in the north-east while the south-west was left to the English king

Ethelfleda
. The process by which this transformation of the status of Mercia took place is unknown, but it left Alfred as the only remaining English king.

Unification of England and the Earldom of Wessex

Unification of England and Defeat of the Danelaw in the 10th century under Wessex.

After the invasions of the 890s, Wessex and English Mercia continued to be attacked by the Danish settlers in England, and by small Danish raiding forces from overseas, but these incursions were usually defeated, while there were no further major invasions from the continent. The balance of power tipped steadily in favour of the English. In 911 Ealdorman Æthelred died, leaving his widow, Alfred's daughter Æthelflæd, in charge of Mercia. Alfred's son and successor Edward the Elder, then annexed London, Oxford and the surrounding area, probably including Middlesex, Hertfordshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire, from Mercia to Wessex. Between 913 and 918 a series of English offensives overwhelmed the Danes of Mercia and East Anglia, bringing all of England south of the Humber under Edward's power. In 918 Æthelflæd died and Edward took over direct control of Mercia, extinguishing what remained of its independence and ensuring that henceforth there would be only one Kingdom of the English. In 927 Edward's successor Æthelstan conquered Northumbria, bringing the whole of England under one ruler for the first time. The Kingdom of Wessex had thus been transformed into the Kingdom of England.

Although Wessex had now effectively been subsumed into the larger kingdom which its expansion had created, like the other former kingdoms, it continued for a time to have a distinct identity which periodically found renewed political expression. After the death of King

Edgar the Peaceful
, in October 957, though Eadwig continued to rule in Wessex. In 959, Eadwig died and the whole of England came under Edgar's control.

After the conquest of England by the Danish king

Norman Conquest of England
, and as the Norman kings soon did away with the great earldoms of the late Anglo-Saxon period, 1066 marks the extinction of Wessex as a political unit.

Symbols

Wyvern or dragon

The Bayeux Tapestry, depicting the death of Harold II, 14 October 1066. His "Wyvern Standard" can be clearly seen at the left side.

Wessex is often symbolised by a wyvern or dragon.

Both

Harold II, who was previously Earl of Wessex. Dragon standards were in fairly wide use in Europe at the time, being derived from the draco standard employed by the later Roman army, and there is no evidence that it explicitly identified Wessex.[34]

A panel of 18th century

Wiltshire County Council was granted arms.[36] Two gold Wessex dragons were later granted as supporters to the arms of Dorset County Council in 1950.[37]

Wessex Division Formation patch

In the British Army the wyvern has been used to represent Wessex: the 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division, and postwar regional 43 (Wessex) Brigade adopted a formation sign consisting of a gold wyvern on a black or dark blue background. The regular Wessex Brigade of the 1960s adopted a cap badge featuring the heraldic beast, until the regiments took back up individual regimental badges in the late 1960s. The Territorial Army Wessex Regiment continued to wear the Wessex Brigade badge until the late 1980s when its individual companies too readopted their parent regular regimental cap badges. The now disbanded West Somerset Yeomanry adopted a Wessex Wyvern rampant as the centre piece for its cap badge, and the current Royal Wessex Yeomanry adopted a similar device in 2014 when the Regiment moved from wearing individual squadron county yeomanry cap badges to a unified single Regimental cap badge.

When

Sophie, Countess of Wessex was granted arms, the sinister supporter assigned was a blue wyvern, described by the College of Arms as "an heraldic beast which has long been associated with Wessex".[38]

Crampton's 70's flag, designed for the modern Wessex region.

In the 1970s

Wessex region which depicts a gold wyvern on a red field.[39]

Cross of Saint Aldhelm

Saint Aldhelm
Coat of arms of Sherborne Abbey
, of which Saint Aldhelm was the first bishop

A white cross on a field of red, known as the Flag of

Saint Aldhelm (whose feast day on 25 May is also celebrated as "Wessex Day") is sometimes flown by Wessex regionalists as an alternative to the Wyvern. The flag is effectively an inverted version of the Cross of Saint George, although it is also thought to have been derived from the arms of Sherborne Abbey, Dorset.[40][41]

Attributed coat of arms

A coat of arms was attributed by medieval heralds to the Kings of Wessex. These arms appear in a manuscript of the 13th century, and are blazoned as Azure, a cross patoncé (alternatively a cross fleury or cross moline) between four martlets Or.[42]

The attributed arms of Wessex are also known as the "Arms of Edward the Confessor", and the design is based on an emblem historically used by

King Edward the Confessor on the reverse side of pennies minted by him. The heraldic design continued to represent both Wessex and Edward in classical heraldry[43] and is found on a number of church windows in derived shields such as the Arms of the Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster (Westminster Abbey
, which was founded by the king).

Cultural and political identity in modern times

Main article: Thomas Hardy's Wessex
map of Thomas Hardy's Wessex

novels, adopting his friend William Barnes' term Wessex for their home county of Dorset and its neighbouring counties in the south and west of England.[44] Hardy's Wessex excluded Gloucestershire and Oxfordshire, but the city of Oxford, which he called "Christminster", was visited as part of Wessex in Jude the Obscure. He gave each of his Wessex counties a fictionalised name, such as with Berkshire, which is known in the novels as "North Wessex".[citation needed
]

In the book and television series The Last Kingdom, Wessex is the primary setting, focusing on the rule of Alfred the Great and the war against the Vikings.[45]

Wessex remains a common term for the area.

Wessex Regionalist Party are minor groups seeking increased political autonomy for the region. A number of British Army units also use the name Wessex, such as the Wessex Regiment, and 32nd Regiment Royal Artillery – known as the 'Wessex Gunners'.[citation needed
]

In 2023 a

combined authority as part of the Devolution in the United Kingdom named "Wessex" was proposed for the Bournemouth Christchurch and Poole including Somerset Council, North Somerset Council, and Wiltshire Council.[46]

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ David N. Dumville, 'The West Saxon Genealogical Regnal List and the Chronology of Early Wessex', Peritia, 4 (1985), 21–66.
  2. ISBN 9780521537773
    .
  3. ^ Blair 2003, pp. 2–3
  4. ^ Blair 2003, p. 3
  5. ^ Yorke 1995, p. 11
  6. ^ Blair 2003, pp. 13–14
  7. ^ Blair 2003, pp. 14–16
  8. ISBN 9781134707249
    .
  9. ^ a b c d Giles, p. 9
  10. ^ Yorke 2002, p. 4
  11. ^ "Cerdicesford" is known with certainty to be Charford. (Major, p. 11)
  12. ^ Major, Albany F. Early Wars of Wessex (1912), pp. 11–20
  13. ^ Major, p. 19
  14. ^ See the "Genealogical Tables" in the appendices to Swanton, Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.
  15. ^ Kenneth Jackson (1953) Language and History in Early Britain. Edinburgh. pp. 554, 557, 613 and 680.
  16. ^ Parsons, D. (1997) British Caraticos, Old English Cerdic, Cambrian Medieval Celtic Studies, 33, pp, 1–8.
  17. ISBN 1851094407
    , pp. 394–395
  18. ISBN 1851094407
    , pp. 392–393
  19. ^ Yorke 1995, pp. 190–191
  20. ^ J.N.L. Myres (1989) The English Settlements. Oxford University Press, pp. 146–147
  21. ISBN 1852640278
    pp.138–139
  22. ISBN 1874336504
    .
  23. ISBN 9781134707256
    .
  24. ^ Major, Albany F. Early Wars of Wessex, p.105
  25. ^ "BBC - History - Alfred the Great". www.bbc.co.uk.
  26. ISBN 0521440491
    .
  27. ^ "Celtic Kingdoms of the British Isles: Dumnonii". The History Files. Retrieved 27 December 2015.
  28. ^ Albert S. Cook, Asser's life of King Alfred, 1906
  29. ISBN 0192854348
    .
  30. ^ The Burghal Hidage: Alfred's Towns
  31. ^ "MILLIONS OF DOLLARS OF VIKING TREASURE THAT COULD REWRITE HISTORY STOLEN, METAL DETECTORISTS CONVICTED". Newsweek. 22 November 2019. Retrieved 24 November 2019.
  32. ^ "Detectorists stole Viking hoard that 'rewrites history'". BBC News. 21 November 2019. Retrieved 24 November 2019.
  33. ^ "Detectorists stole Viking hoard that 'rewrites history'". The Guardian. 21 November 2019. Retrieved 24 November 2019.
  34. J. S. P. Tatlock
    , The Dragons of Wessex and Wales in Speculum, Vol. 8, No. 2. (Apr., 1933), pp. 223–235.
  35. ^ "The Coat of Arms". Somerset County Council. Retrieved 14 January 2008.[dead link]
  36. ^ "Civic Heraldry of England and Wales – Cornwall and Wessex Area – Wiltshire County Council". Civicheraldry.co.uk. Archived from the original on 20 November 2016. Retrieved 6 August 2011.
  37. ^ "Civic Heraldry of England and Wales – Cornwall and Wessex Area – Dorset County Council". Civicheraldry.co.uk. Archived from the original on 20 November 2016. Retrieved 6 August 2011.
  38. ^ "The Arms of the Countess of Wessex". Royal Insight. Royal.gov.uk. 28 October 2010. Archived from the original on 22 February 2008. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  39. ^ The Flag Institute: Wessex. Retrieved 26 August 2015
  40. ^ Tomislav Todorovic (17 September 2016). "Banners of English saints: St. Aldhelm". Flags of the World. Retrieved 13 April 2023.
  41. ^ Wessex flag flying advice
  42. ^ College of Arms MS L.14, dating from the reign of Henry III
  43. ^ For example in Divi Britannici by Winston Churchill, published in 1675 and Britannia Saxona by G W Collen published in 1833
  44. ^ a b "Wessex". Oxford English Dictionary (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. 1989.
  45. ^ Una Maguire (9 July 2014). "BBC Two announces new drama series, The Last Kingdom". BBC. Retrieved 24 July 2014.
  46. ^ "Dorset Council leader confirms devolution partnership plan". BBC News. 16 December 2023. Retrieved 16 December 2023.

Bibliography

External links

51°12′N 2°00′W / 51.2°N 2°W / 51.2; -2

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