West Ham United F.C.
J. Albert "Tripp" Smith (8%) Other investors (1.1%)[3] | ||||
Co-chairmen | David Sullivan and Vanessa Gold | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Manager | David Moyes | |||
League | Premier League | |||
2022–23 | Premier League, 14th of 20 | |||
Website | Club website | |||
| ||||
West Ham United Football Club is an English professional football club that plays its home matches in Stratford, East London. The club competes in the Premier League, the top tier of English football. The club plays at the London Stadium, having moved from their former home, the Boleyn Ground, in 2016.
West Ham United was founded in 1895 as Thames Ironworks and reformed in 1900 as West Ham United. It moved to the Boleyn Ground, which remained its home ground for more than a century, in 1904. The team initially competed in the Southern League and Western League before joining the Football League in 1919. It was promoted to the top flight in 1923, when it was also losing finalist in the first FA Cup final held at Wembley. In 1940, the club won the inaugural Football League War Cup.
West Ham United has won five major honours in its history. Domestically, it has been winner of the FA Cup three times (1964, 1975 and 1980) and runner-up twice (1923 and 2006). In European competitions, the club has reached three major European finals winning the European Cup Winners' Cup in 1965, finishing runner-up in the same competitions in 1976, and winning the second edition of the Europa Conference League in 2023. The club has also won one minor European trophy by winning the Intertoto Cup in 1999. West Ham United is one of eight clubs never to have fallen below the second tier of English football, spending 66 of 98 league seasons in the top flight, up to and including the 2023–24 season. The club's highest league position to date came in 1985–86, when it achieved third place in the then First Division.
Three West Ham players were members of the 1966 World Cup finals-winning England team: captain Bobby Moore and goalscorers Geoff Hurst and Martin Peters. The club has a long-standing rivalry with Millwall, and the fixture has gained notoriety for frequent incidents of football hooliganism. West Ham adopted their claret and sky blue colour scheme in the early 1900s, with the most common iteration of a claret shirt and sky blue sleeves first emerging in 1904.[4]
History
Origins
The earliest generally accepted incarnation of West Ham United was founded in 1895 as Thames Ironworks F.C., the works team of the largest and last surviving shipbuilder on the Thames, Thames Ironworks and Shipbuilding Company, by foreman and local league referee Dave Taylor and owner Arnold Hills[5] and was announced in the Thames Ironworks Gazette of June 1895. Thames Ironworks was based in Leamouth Wharf in Blackwall and Canning Town on both banks of the River Lea, where the Lea meets the Thames. Thames Ironworks built many ships and other structures, the most famous being HMS Warrior. The last ship built there was the dreadnought HMS Thunderer in 1912 and the yard shut soon after.
The repair yard of the Castle Shipping Line was a very near neighbour and their work team, initially known as the Castle Swifts, would informally merge with the Thames Ironworks own team.
The team played on a strictly amateur basis for 1895 at least, with a team featuring a number of works employees. Thomas Freeman was a ships fireman and Walter Parks, a clerk. Johnny Stewart, Walter Tranter and James Lindsay were all boilermakers. Other employees included William Chapman, George Sage and Fred Chamberlain, as well as apprentice riveter Charlie Dove, who was to have a great influence on the club's future at a later date.[6]
Thames Ironworks won the West Ham Charity Cup, contested by clubs in the West Ham locality, in 1895, then won the London League in 1897. They turned professional in 1898 upon entering the Southern League Second Division, and were promoted to the First Division at the first attempt.[8] The following year they came second from bottom, but had established themselves as a fully-fledged competitive team. They comfortably fended off the challenge of local rivals Fulham in a relegation play-off, 5–1 in late April 1900 and retained their First Division status.[8]
The team initially played in full dark blue kits, as inspired by Mr. Hills, who had been an Oxford University "
Following growing disputes over the running and financing of the club, in June 1900 Thames Ironworks F.C. was disbanded, then almost immediately relaunched as West Ham United F.C. — reflecting the West Ham, London district where they played — on 5 July 1900 with Syd King as their manager and future manager Charlie Paynter as his assistant. Because of the original "works team" roots and links (still represented upon the club badge), they are still known as "the Irons" or "the Hammers" amongst fans and the media.[9][10]
Birth of West Ham United (1901–1961)
West Ham United joined the Western League for the 1901 season
In 1919, still under King's leadership, West Ham gained entrance to the
In 1932, the club was relegated to the Second Division[14] and long-term custodian Syd King was sacked after serving the club in the role of manager for 32 years, and as a player from 1899 to 1903. Following relegation, King had mental health problems. He appeared drunk at a board meeting and killed himself soon after.[15] He was replaced with his assistant manager Charlie Paynter, who himself had been with West Ham in a number of roles since 1897 and who went on to serve the team in this role until 1950 for a total of 480 games. The club spent most of the next thirty years in the second division, first under Paynter and then later under the leadership of former player Ted Fenton.
Fenton succeeded in getting the club promoted back to the top level of English football in 1958. With the considerable input of player Malcolm Allison, Fenton helped develop both the initial batch of future West Ham stars and West Ham's approach to the game.[16][17][18][19]
Glory years (1961–1986)
There is a "Champions" statue in
After a difficult start to the 1974–75 season, Greenwood moved himself "upstairs" to become general manager and, without informing the board, appointed his assistant
In 1978, West Ham were again relegated to the Second Division, but Lyall was retained as manager and led the team to victory in the 1980 FA Cup final with a 1–0 win against Arsenal, the most recent time a team from outside the top flight has won the FA Cup.[30] They reached the final by defeating Everton in the semi-final.[31] West Ham were promoted to the First Division in 1981, and finished in the top ten of the First Division for the next three seasons before achieving their highest-ever league finish of third in 1985–86; a group of players which came to be known as The Boys of 86.
Ups and downs (1986–2005)
However, the Hammers suffered relegation again in 1989, which resulted in Lyall's sacking.[32] He was awarded an ex gratia payment of £100,000 (equivalent to £265,000 in 2021) but left the club in what Lyall described as "upsetting" circumstances, meriting only 73 words in a terse acknowledgement of his service in the club programme. Lyall left West Ham after 34 years' service.[33]
After Lyall, Lou Macari briefly led the team, though he resigned after less than a single season in order to clear his name of allegations of illegal betting while manager of Swindon Town.[34] He was replaced by former player
With the team in the Premier League, there was a need to rebuild the team. Oxford United player Joey Beauchamp was recruited for a fee of £1.2 million (equivalent to £2.6 million in 2021). Shortly after arriving at the club, however, he became unhappy, citing homesickness from his native Oxford as the reason. Bonds in particular found this attitude hard to understand compared to his own committed, never-say-die approach; providing for Bonds' further evidence of the decay in the modern game and modern player.[42] Fifty-eight days later, Beauchamp was signed by Swindon Town for a club-record combined fee of £800,000 (equivalent to £1.7 million in 2021), which included defender Adrian Whitbread going in the opposite direction. Whitbread was valued at £750,000 (equivalent to £1.5 million in 2021) in the deal.[43]
Assistant manager Harry Redknapp was also now taking a bigger role in the transfer of players, with the club's approval. With rumours of his old club AFC Bournemouth being prepared to offer him a position,[44] the West Ham board and their managing director, Peter Storrie, made a controversial move. The board were anxious not to lose Redknapp's services and offered Bonds a place away from the day-to-day affairs of the club on the West Ham board. This would have allowed them to appoint Redknapp as manager. Bonds refused the post offered and walked away from the club.[45] His accusations of deceit and manipulation by the board and by Redknapp have continued to cause ill-feeling.[45] Peter Storrie claimed that they had handled the situation correctly, saying, "If Harry had gone to Bournemouth, there was a good chance Bill would have resigned anyway, so we were in a no-win situation. We're sad that Bill is going, and it's a big blow but it's time to move on and we have appointed a great manager."[46] Redknapp became manager on 10 August 1994.[47]
Redknapp's seven years as manager was notable for the turnover of players during his tenure and for the level of attractive football and success which had not been seen since the managership of John Lyall. Over 134 players passed through the club while he was manager, producing a net transfer fee deficit of £16 million, despite the £18 million sale (equivalent to £32.2 million in 2021) of
In 1999, West Ham finished fifth, their highest position in the top flight since 1986.
With several names, such as former player Alan Curbishley, now linked with the job, Chairman Brown recruited from within the club,[55] appointing reserve team coach Glenn Roeder as manager on 9 May 2001.[47] He had already failed in management with Gillingham, where he lost 22 of the 35 games he managed, and Watford.[57] His first big signings were the return of Don Hutchison for £5 million (equivalent to £8.8 million in 2021)[58] and Czech centre back Tomáš Řepka.[59] Finishing seventh in his first season[60] Roeder, in his office at Upton Park, suffered a blocked blood vessel in his brain.[57][61] As Roeder needed medical help and recuperation, former stalwart Trevor Brooking stood in as caretaker manager.[61] Despite not losing another game, the Hammers were relegated on the last day of the season at Birmingham City, with a record high for a relegated club of 42 points from a 38-game season. Ten seasons of top-tier football were over.[62] Many top players, including Joe Cole, Di Canio and Kanouté, all left the club.
The next season, now in the second tier, Roeder resumed his stint as manager. Results were still poor, however, and after an away defeat to Rotherham United, he was sacked on 24 August 2003.[57] Brooking again took over as caretaker.[63] He lost only one game, a 2–0 away defeat to Gillingham[64] and is known as "the best manager West Ham never had."[65]
Former
Final years at the Boleyn (2005–2016)
On their return to the top division, West Ham finished in ninth place,
The signings of Mascherano and Tevez were investigated by the Premier League, who were concerned that details of the transfers had been omitted from official records. The club was found guilty and fined £5.5 million in April 2007.
In the 2007–08 season, West Ham remained reasonably consistently in the top half of the league table, with Freddie Ljungberg in the team, despite a slew of injuries; new signing Craig Bellamy missed most of the campaign, while Kieron Dyer was out from August 2007.[82][83] The last game of the season, at the Boleyn Ground, saw West Ham draw 2–2 against Aston Villa, ensuring a tenth-place finish three points ahead of rivals Tottenham Hotspur. It was a five-place improvement on the previous season, and most importantly West Ham were never under any realistic threat of relegation.
After a row with the board over the sale of defenders Anton Ferdinand and George McCartney to Sunderland, manager Alan Curbishley resigned on 3 September 2008.[84] His successor was former Chelsea striker Gianfranco Zola, who took over on 11 September 2008 to become the club's first non-British manager.[85] In the 2008–09 season, West Ham finished ninth, a single place improvement.
In the
West Ham had a poor season which involved a prolonged battle against relegation.[89] They finally secured their survival with two games remaining by defeating Wigan 3–2.[90] The club managed to take 35 points from 38 games, seven fewer than the total they had when relegated seven years prior.[89]
On 11 May 2010, two days after the end of the 2009–10 season, West Ham announced the termination of Zola's contract with immediate effect.
On 15 May 2011, West Ham's relegation to the Championship was confirmed after a comeback from Wigan at the DW Stadium. With West Ham leading 2–0 at half-time through two Demba Ba goals, Wigan battled back to win 3–2 thanks to an added-time strike from Charles N'Zogbia. Following the loss, West Ham announced the sacking of manager Avram Grant just one season into his tenure.[98] On 1 June 2011, Sam Allardyce was appointed as manager as Grant's replacement.[99]
The club finished third in the
West Ham, on their return to the Premier League, signed former players
In
On 9 June 2015, former West Ham player Slaven Bilić was appointed as manager on a three-year contract.[117] In Bilić's fourth game in charge, the team won at Anfield for the first time in 52 years, beating Liverpool 0–3, with goals from Manuel Lanzini, Mark Noble and Diafra Sakho.[118] At the end of the season, West Ham finished 7th in the Premier League. The team broke several records for the club in the Premier League era, including the highest number of points (62), the highest number of goals in a season (65), the fewest games lost in a season (8) and the lowest number of away defeats (5).[119] The season also marked the last season where the team played at the Boleyn Ground, with them moving to the London Stadium from next season - ending their 112-year stay at the stadium.
Move to London Stadium and European success (2016–)
Following Manchester United's win in the 2016 FA Cup final, West Ham took their Europa League place and qualified for the third qualifying round of the 2016–17 edition.[120] At the end of the first season at the London Stadium, the team finished 11th, along with having to deal with the departure of star man Dimitri Payet.[121] However, the team suffered a poor start to the following season, taking only two wins in their opening 11 games. Following a 4–1 defeat to Liverpool at home and with the team threatened by relegation, Bilić was sacked on 6 November 2017. He was replaced by former Sunderland boss David Moyes on a contract until the end of the season. The team battled inconsistent form for the rest of the season but managed to avoid relegation and finish 13th. Moyes was not offered a new contract and left the club on the expiration of it on 16 May 2018.[122]
On 22 May 2018, the club appointed former Manchester City boss Manuel Pellegrini as the new manager on a three-year deal contract.[123] In his first season in charge, the Hammers finished 10th, once again suffering from inconsistent form. However, after a poor first half to the following season, Pellegrini was sacked in December 2019 with the team only one point above the relegation zone. His last game in charge was a 2–1 home loss to Leicester City.[124] He was replaced by David Moyes, who returned for a second spell in charge a day later.[125]
On 22 July 2020, the club secured their Premier League status for another season, following a 1–1 draw away to Manchester United.[126] Ahead of the 2020–21 season, West Ham's ownership attracted criticism, including from club captain Mark Noble who publicly criticized the sale of academy graduate Grady Diangana.[127] Despite losing the opening two games of the season, West Ham's form improved and by the end of November, the club sat in fifth place.[128] The club would not drop out of a European spot for the rest of the season and went on to qualify for the 2021–22 UEFA Europa League group stages after finishing in 6th.[129] Moyes signed a new three-year contract on 12 June 2021.[130]
West Ham won their first three games of the year 2022, temporarily elevating the club to fourth place in the Premier League.[131] The team beat Sevilla 2–1 on aggregate to reach a first European quarter-final in 41 years,[132] followed by a 4–1 aggregate win over Lyon for a first such semi-final since 1976.[133] Playing the same opposition they met in their 1976 European Cup Winners' Cup semi-final, Eintracht Frankfurt, the Hammers were knocked out of the Europa League, following a 3–1 aggregate loss to the German side.[134] At the end of the 2021–22 Premier League season, West Ham confirmed a second successive season of European football, qualifying for the UEFA Europa Conference League after finishing seventh. The season was also notable for being Mark Noble's final as a West Ham player, with the midfielder retiring from football after 18 years as a first team player at the club, making 550 appearances in all competitions, scoring 62 times.[135] By finishing 7th in the 2021–22 Premier League, West Ham qualified for the 2022–23 Europa Conference League, entering at the play-off stage.[136]
The 2022–23 campaign was a mixed bag for the Hammers. The club finished 14th in the Premier League, only securing their Premier League status with two games remaining and exiting the League Cup to lower league opposition in a season that saw manager David Moyes come under pressure.[137][138] In January 2023, Mark Noble returned to the club as sporting director.[139] Despite the troubles in West Ham's domestic campaign, they excelled in the Europa Conference League. The club progressed to the final unbeaten, winning 13 games and drawing just once.[140] They went on to win the competition, defeating Fiorentina 2–1 in the final to claim their first major trophy since 1980 and their first European trophy in 58 years.[141]
Crest
Thames Ironworks FC
The Thames Ironworks Team (1895–1900) used the
Rivet Hammers
The principal element of the badge is the crossed pair of rivet hammers, tools that were used in the shipbuilding industry. The Blackwall and Canning Town neighbourhoods surrounding the Thames Ironworks echoed to the sound of hammers; steam hammers, sledge hammers and rivet hammers.[142]
Seven large mechanical steam hammers would punch small holes near the edges of the iron plates which would be joined to build the ships. The plates would be put in place and fixed together with rivets by teams of five, three inside the emerging vessel and two outside.
Inside the ship one member of the team would heat the rivets till they were white hot and, using Iron Fingers (blacksmith's tongs), throw them to a second person, known as a "catch-boy" or "putter-in", who would pick the rivet up and place it the hole, also using tongs. The third person was known as the "holder-on" and he would then smash the rivet home with a sixteen-pound sledgehammer and then use his sledgehammer to hold the rivet in place while the men on the other side flattened the other end of the rivet.
Outside the ship, exposed to the elements, two men with rivet hammers – one right-handed, one left-handed – would hammer the protruding and still glowing rivet flat, so securing one of the many points necessary to link each of the ship's large plates.
The crossed hammers were also incorporated into the coat of arms of the County Borough of West Ham and those of its successor, the modern London Borough of Newham.[143] The Thames Ironworks lay partly within what is now the London Borough of Tower Hamlets. However, the blacksmith's tongs in that Borough's coat of arms represent the local saint, Dunstan, the patron saint of Stepney and metalworkers,[144] rather than the Ironworks.
Tower
A yellow or white tower was added, intermittently, from the 1950s onwards.[145] The primary reason for this seems to be to represent Anne Boleyn's Tower, the most notable feature of Green Street House, an originally Tudor group of buildings which stood next to the Boleyn Ground until demolished in 1955. Green Street House was also known as Boleyn Castle through an association with Anne Boleyn. The manor was reputedly one of the sites at which Henry VIII courted his second queen, though there is no documentary evidence to support the tradition.[146]
There are a number of other factors which may have influenced the inclusion of the stylised castle feature, for instance:
- to reflect the contribution made to the club by players of Old Castle Swifts
- The imposing towers, roofs and doorway of the Engineering Department of the Thames Ironworks bore a strong resemblance[147] to the castle feature in earlier iterations of the badge.
- The first verse of the club's anthem I'm forever blowing bubblesbegins "I'm dreaming dreams, I'm scheming schemes, I'm building castles high".
- The Tower Division,[148] an area which owed military service to the Tower of London. The (originally whitewashed) White Towerwas used as insignia for the area, for instance on cap badges of local units of the army.
- In recognition of the 'West Ham Pals', the 13th Battalion of the Essex Regiment which was raised in Stratford in 1915 and saw extensive action and heavy losses on the Western Front in the World War I. The Battalion was formed from volunteers from West Ham and East London generally. Their war cry was "Up the Hammers". The cap badge of the Essex Regiment was the castle and key of Gibraltar, though the unit made an unsuccessful request to the War Office that crossed hammers could be used instead.[149]
- The adoption (in 1904) of Boleyn Castle FC[150] as the club's reserve side when they took over their grounds on the site.
Shield
A shield has been used in many iterations of the club badge, and the shape of the 2016 version matches the cross-section on the hull of HMS Warrior, the most famous ship built by the Thames Ironworks.[151] However examining draughtsman's diagrams[152] of the ship casts doubt on the resemblance between the shield and the ship.
Iterations
The crest was redesigned and updated in the late 1990s, featuring a wider yellow castle with fewer cruciform "windows" along with the peaked roofs being removed; the tops of the towers had previously made the castle appear more akin to
When the club rebuilt the west stand of the Boleyn Ground (construction finished 2001–02) the "castle" from the redesigned badge was incorporated into the structure at the main entrance to the ground. A pair of towers were prominent features of the ground's appearance, both bearing large club badges.[154]
A new badge was introduced following the end of the 2015–16 season, when the club moved into the Olympic Stadium.[155] It removes the Boleyn Castle due to the club moving away, leaving just the crossed hammers, which the club says is inspired by the crest before and during the career of Bobby Moore. The word "London" was introduced below to "establish the club firmly on the international stage", and the more minimalist approach is to give a "strong statement that is instantly West Ham United". The shape of the crest is that of the hull of HMS Warrior, the first ironclad warship in the Royal Navy, which was built by Thames Ironworks.[156]
Colours
The original colours of the team were dark blue, due to Thames Ironworks chairman Arnold Hills being a former student of Oxford University (see Oxford blue). However, the team used a variety of kits including the claret and sky blue house colours of Thames Ironworks, as well as sky blue or white kit.[157][158]
The Irons permanently adopted claret and blue for home colours in 1903.[159]
One story suggests that Thames Ironworks right-half Charlie Dove received the Aston Villa kit from William Belton, who was a professional sprinter of national repute, as well as being involved with the coaching at Thames Ironworks. Belton had been at a fair in Birmingham, close to Villa Park, the home ground of Aston Villa and was challenged to a race against four Villa players, who wagered money that one of them would win. Belton defeated them and, when they were unable to pay the bet, one of the Villa players who was responsible for washing the team's kit offered a complete team's "football kits" to Belton in payment. The Aston Villa player subsequently reported to his club that the kit was "missing."[160] This, however, is often disputed.[161]
Thames Ironworks, and later West Ham United, retained the claret yoke/blue sleeves design, but also continued to use their previously favoured colours for their away kits.
Supporters, hooliganism and rivalries
Supporters
I'm forever blowing bubbles,
Pretty bubbles in the air.
They fly so high, nearly reach the sky,
Then like my dreams they fade and die.
Fortune's always hiding,
I've looked everywhere ...
I'm forever blowing bubbles,
pretty bubbles in the air.
— original lyrics to "Bubbles", from John Helliar[162]
The team's supporters are famous for their rendition of the chorus of their team's anthem, "
Beal was a friend of Paynter, while Murray was a West Ham trialist and played football at schoolboy level with a number of West Ham players such as Jim Barrett. Through this contrivance of association the club's fans took it upon themselves to begin singing the popular music hall tune before home games, sometimes reinforced by the presence of a house band requested to play the refrain by Charlie Paynter.[162]
The
Since the 1950s, fans have also sung the East London pub song Knees Up Mother Brown. The song title is also the name of an internet forum related to the club.[166]
Like other teams, the team also have a history of adopting or adapting popular songs of the day to fit particular events, themes, players or personas. These have included serious renditions of theatre and movie classics such as "
Bow Bells are ringing, for the Claret and Blue,
Bow Bells are ringing, for the Claret and Blue,
When the Hammers are scoring, and the South Bank are roaring,
And the money is pouring, for the Claret and Blue,
Claret and Blue,
No relegation for the Claret and Blue,
Just celebration for the Claret and Blue,
One day we'll win a cup or two, or three,
Or four or more, for West Ham and the Claret and Blue.
— Supporters song to the tune of 'The Bells are Ringing', circa 1960[172]
When the players come onto the pitch, and at other times of celebration, as the song I'm forever blowing bubbles is being sung, around 60 bubble machines produce copious bubbles that rise high into the stadium.[173] Fans gained national attention after giving a torrid time to
They have also displayed a particular zeal when it comes to abusing former players, particularly those who are perceived to have abandoned the club or performed some disservice. Paul Ince,[176][177] Frank Lampard,[178] Jermain Defoe,[179] Nigel Reo-Coker[180] and Jesse Lingard[181] have famously borne the brunt of verbal assaults and a guaranteed hostile reception at Upton Park. However, players such as Joe Cole, Michael Carrick, Rio Ferdinand, Bobby Zamora and Carlos Tevez receive applause and even standing ovations in honour of their contributions during their time at the club. Joe Cole subsequently rejoined West Ham from Liverpool midway through the 2012–13 season.[182]
Hooliganism
The origins of West Ham's links with hooliganism starts in the 1960s with the establishment of The Mile End Mob (named after an area of the East End of London).[183] During the 1970s and 1980s (the main era for organised football-related violence), West Ham gained further notoriety for the levels of hooliganism in their fan base and antagonistic behaviour towards both their own and rival fans, and the police. During the 1970s in particular, rival groups of West Ham fans from neighbouring areas often did battle with each other at games, most often groups from the neighbouring districts of Barking and Dagenham.[184]
The Inter City Firm were one of the first "casuals", so called because they avoided police supervision by not wearing football-related clothing and travelled to away matches on regular InterCity trains, rather than on the cheap and more tightly policed "football special" charter trains. The group were an infamous West Ham-aligned gang. As the firm's moniker "inter city" suggests violent activities were not confined to local derbies – the hooligans were content to cause trouble at any game, though nearby teams often bore the brunt.[184]
Both the 1989 film The Firm (starring Gary Oldman),[185] and the 2005 film Green Street (starring Elijah Wood and Charlie Hunnam) are based upon West Ham hooligan firms.[186]
Rivalries
West Ham have strong rivalries with several other clubs. Most of these are with other London clubs, especially with Tottenham Hotspur in an East versus North London derby[187] and with Chelsea in an East versus West London rivalry. The rivalry between West Ham and Tottenham has been fuelled by players such as Michael Carrick, Martin Peters, Paul Allen, Jermain Defoe and Scott Parker leaving the Hammers to join Tottenham. The rivalry deepened with the appointment of former Hammers manager Harry Redknapp as Tottenham's manager.[188] Since the 2006–07 Premier League season, West Ham have developed a strong rivalry with Yorkshire club Sheffield United due to the dubious circumstances surrounding the transfer of Carlos Tevez, who helped West Ham avoid relegation at Sheffield United's expense.[189][190]
The oldest and fiercest
The rivalry between West Ham and Millwall has involved considerable violence and is one of the most notorious within the world of
Nicknames
The team and supporters are known as The Hammers, in part because of the club's origins as Thames Ironworks.[194] They are also known as The Irons.[194]
Stadium
Until 2016, West Ham were based at the Boleyn Ground, commonly known as Upton Park, in Newham, East London. The capacity of the Boleyn Ground was 35,016,[195] and had been West Ham's ground since 1904. Prior to this, in their previous incarnation of Thames Ironworks, they played at Hermit Road in Canning Town and briefly at Browning Road in East Ham, before moving to the Memorial Grounds in Plaistow in 1897. They retained the stadium during their transition to becoming West Ham United and were there for a further four seasons before moving to the Boleyn Ground in 1904.
Former chairman
In February 2010, however, the British Olympic Minister stated that West Ham would not get the stadium, and it would instead be used for track and field.[196] On 17 May 2010, West Ham and Newham London Borough Council submitted a formal plan to the Olympic Park Legacy Company for the use of the Olympic Stadium following the 2012 Summer Olympics. The proposal was for a stadium with a capacity of 60,000 which would retain a competition athletics track. The proposal was welcomed by the chairman of UK athletics, Ed Warner, who said, "I think it will feel great as a football stadium and I speak as a football fan as well the chairman of UK Athletics. I think you'd find West Ham would cover the track in the winter season so it wouldn't look like you had a track between you and the pitch."[197][198]
On 30 September 2010, the club formally submitted its bid for the Olympic Stadium with a presentation at
The decision in favour of West Ham's bid was unanimous,[205] although controversial as local Premier League rivals Tottenham Hotspur had also been bidding for the venue.[206] Hopes of moving to the stadium, however, were since placed under doubt following a legal challenge by Tottenham and Leyton Orient, with Leyton Orient – a perennial (since 1980) tier 3 to tier 5 club – fearful that having West Ham playing less than a mile away from their Brisbane Road ground could steal support from the club and put them out of business.[207] Both clubs' appeals for a judicial review, however, were rejected on 23 June 2011.[208] On 3 March 2011, West Ham's proposed move to the Olympic Stadium was formally approved by the British government and then-Mayor of London Boris Johnson.
On 8 June 2011, it was confirmed that the Westfield Shopping Centre had been in detailed talks with West Ham for naming rights of the new Olympic stadium which could be called the Westfield Stadium.[209] West Ham announced plans to move from the Boleyn Ground from the 2014–15 season.[210] In August 2011, an independent investigation initiated by the Olympic Park Legacy Company upheld the decision to award West Ham the Olympic Stadium after the 2012 Games.[211] On 29 June 2011, however, Tottenham announced that they were returning to the High Court again to fight the decision to award West Ham the stadium, in an oral hearing, to try to overturn the original High Court appeal being rejected.[212] On 25 August 2011, Tottenham and Leyton Orient were in fact granted a judicial review by the High Court into the Olympic Stadium bidding process.[213] On 11 October 2011, the deal to award West Ham the Olympic Stadium collapsed over concerns of legal pressure, with the government deciding that the stadium will stay in public ownership.[214] Six days later, Tottenham and Leyton Orient announced they had ended their legal challenge after the deal collapsed.[215]
Once the original deal collapsed, a new process to select a tenant was begun. West Ham immediately announced plans to become tenants of the stadium.[216] By March 2012, West Ham was one of the four bidders for the stadium. With a decision due by the Olympic Park Legacy Company in May 2012, Mayor of London Boris Johnson delayed the final selection of future tenants until completion of the 2012 Summer Olympics, stating that it was "overwhelmingly likely" that the tenants would be West Ham.[217][218]
It was announced on 22 March 2013 that West Ham had signed a 99-year lease for the Olympic Stadium after the government agreed to put in an extra £1 million towards the costs of converting the site. The club's plan was to move into the stadium prior to the start of the 2016–17 season.[219] Supporters of rival clubs had pressed for an inquiry into the granting of West Ham's tenancy, arguing that West Ham were being given an unfair advantage by the arrangement. In September 2015, however, the government rejected holding such an inquiry.[220]
The Academy of Football
The club promotes the popular idea of West Ham being "The Academy of Football", with the moniker adorning the ground's new stadium façade. The comment predominantly refers to the club's youth development system which was established by manager Ted Fenton during the 1950s, that has seen a number of international players emerge through the ranks.[221] Most notably, the club contributed three players to the World Cup-winning England side of 1966, including club icon Bobby Moore, as well as Martin Peters and Geoff Hurst who between them scored all of England's goals in the eventual 4–2 victory. Other academy players that have gone on to play for England have included Trevor Brooking, Alvin Martin, Tony Cottee, Paul Ince, and Declan Rice.
Since the late 1990s,
Players
Current squad
- As of 2 February 2024[227]
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
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Other players under contract
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
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Out on loan
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
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Under-21s
Former players
Retired numbers
- 6 Bobby Moore, Defender (1958–74) – posthumous honour[228]
- 38 Striker (2010–14) – posthumous honour[229]
Club captains
Dates | Name | Notes |
---|---|---|
1895–97 | Bob Stevenson | |
1897–99 | Walter Tranter | |
1899 | Tom Bradshaw | Bradshaw died on Christmas Day 1899. |
1899–01 | Charlie Dove | |
1901–03 | Unknown | |
c.1903–04 | Ernest Watts | |
1904–07 | David Gardner | |
1907–11 | Frank Piercy | |
1911–14 | Tommy Randall | |
1914–15 | Dick Leafe | |
1915–22 | Billy Cope | Also captained fixtures during World War I. |
1922–25 | George Kay | |
1925–26 | Billy Moore
| |
1926–28 | Jack Hebden | |
1928–32 | Stanley Earle | |
1932–37 | Jim Barrett | |
1937–46 | Charles Bicknell | Remained captain for fixtures during World War II. |
1946–51 | Dick Walker | Following his retirement, he helped to clean the boots of younger players |
1951–57 | Malcolm Allison | Fell ill with tuberculosis after a game in 1957 and consequently had a lung removed |
1957–60 | Noel Cantwell | First captain not from the United Kingdom |
1960–62 | Phil Woosnam | |
1962–74 | Bobby Moore | |
1974–84 | Billy Bonds | |
1984–90 | Alvin Martin | |
1990–92 | Ian Bishop | |
1992–93 | Julian Dicks | |
1993–96 | Steve Potts | |
1996–97 | Julian Dicks | |
1997–2001 | Steve Lomas | |
2001–03 | Paolo Di Canio | First captain not from the British Isles |
2003 | Joe Cole | |
2003–05 | Christian Dailly | |
2005–07 | Nigel Reo-Coker | |
2007–09 | Lucas Neill | First captain from outside Europe |
2009–11 | Matthew Upson | |
2011–15 | Kevin Nolan | |
2015–22 | Mark Noble | |
2022–23 | Declan Rice | |
2023– | Kurt Zouma |
West Ham dream team
In the 2003 book The Official West Ham United Dream Team, 500 fans were quizzed for who would be in their all time Hammers Eleven. The voting was restricted to players from the modern era.
1 | GK | ENG | Phil Parkes |
2 | DF | SCO | Ray Stewart |
3 | DF | ENG | Julian Dicks |
4 | MF | ENG | Billy Bonds |
5 | DF | ENG | Alvin Martin |
6 | DF | ENG | Bobby Moore (captain) |
7 | MF | ENG | Martin Peters |
8 | MF | ENG | Trevor Brooking |
9 | FW | ENG | Geoff Hurst |
10 | FW | ITA | Paolo Di Canio |
11 | MF | ENG | Alan Devonshire |
Hammer of the Year
This section needs additional citations for verification. (May 2017) |
The following is a list of recipients of the 'Hammer of the Year' award.[230] The first award, to Andy Malcolm in 1957–58, was nominated by a journalist at The Stratford Express. Subsequent recipients would be awarded the title after a vote by supporters.[231] Trevor Brooking was the first player for West Ham United to have been honoured with the title of Hammer of the Year three times in a row in 1976, 1977 and 1978. Scott Parker repeated this feat between 2009 and 2011.[232] Brooking has won the award the most times, on five occasions: 1972, 1976, 1977, 1978 and 1984. Bobby Moore, Billy Bonds and Julian Dicks have each won it four times.
Bobby Moore has been runner-up four times, while Billy Bonds and Tony Cottee have both been runners-up three times.
Billy Bonds and Trevor Brooking's wins are notable in the amount of time between first and last Hammer of the Year award. Bonds has 16 years separating his wins whilst Brooking has 12.
Lifetime Achievement Award
In 2013, West Ham United introduced a new annual award, the West Ham United Lifetime Achievement Award.
The first award was presented to club-record appearance maker Billy Bonds, who picked up the award on the pitch at Upton Park before kick-off against Cardiff City on the opening day of the 2013–14 season.[233]
The 2014 award was presented to Sir Trevor Brooking, a record five-time winner of the Hammer of the Year award. Brooking received the award before the 2014–15 season curtain-raiser against Tottenham Hotspur on 16 August 2014.[234] Brooking had already had the Centenary Stand at the Boleyn ground named after him in 2009.
The 2015 award was awarded to Martin Peters.[235]
On 3 May 2016, it was announced via the club's official website that the fourth recipient of the award would be Sir Geoff Hurst, the club's second all-time leading goalscorer, and scorer of a hat-trick in the 1966 World Cup Final. Hurst would be honoured at the club's 2015/16 Player Awards Ceremony.[236] Ken Brown became the sixth recipient of the award, in April 2018.[237] The 2019 honour was awarded to midfielder Ronnie Boyce who made his debut for West Ham in 1960.[238]
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Mark Noble Young Hammer of the Year Award
In honour of Mark Noble, who was also the award winner in 2004, and had been serving the club since 2000 and retired in 2022, the Young Hammer of the Year award was renamed to Mark Noble Young Hammer of the Year Award on 9 May 2022.[239]
Year | Winner |
---|---|
2003 | Glen Johnson |
2004 | Mark Noble |
2005 | Mark Noble (2) |
2006 | Anton Ferdinand |
2007 | Junior Stanislas |
2008 | James Tomkins |
2009 | Jack Collison |
2010 | Zavon Hines |
2011 | Freddie Sears |
2012 | Dan Potts |
2013 | George Moncur |
2014 | Sam Howes |
2015 | Reece Burke |
2016 | Reece Oxford |
2017 | / Declan Rice |
2018 | / Declan Rice (2) |
2019 | / Declan Rice (3) |
2020 | Nathan Holland |
2021 | Ben Johnson |
2022 | Ben Johnson (2) |
2023 | Divin Mubama |
Current staff
- As of 5 September 2023
Position | Name |
---|---|
Co-chairman | David Sullivan |
Co-chairman | Vanessa Gold |
Vice-chairman | Karren Brady CBE |
Director | Daniel Křetínský |
Director | Pavel Horský |
Director | Peter Mitka |
Director | Jiří Švarc |
Director | Jack Sullivan |
Director | David Sullivan Jr. |
Director | Daniel Cunningham |
Non-executive director | Daniel Harris |
Non-executive director | J. Albert "Tripp" Smith
|
Honorary life president | Terry Brown |
Club secretary | Andrew Pincher |
Chief finance officer | Andy Mollett |
Projects & stadium operations director | Philippa Cartwright |
Executive director, marketing & communications | Tara Warren |
Club ambassador | Tony Carr MBE |
Sporting director | Mark Noble |
Technical director | Tim Steidten |
Position | Name |
---|---|
Manager | David Moyes |
Assistant manager | Billy McKinlay |
Consultant | Alan Irvine |
First team coaches | Kevin Nolan John Heitinga[244] Henry Newman Mark Robson |
First Team goalkeeper coach | Xavi Valero |
Fitness coach | Josh Ewens[245] |
Academy manager & head of coaching and player development | Terry Westley |
Academy operations and player development manager | Ricky Martin[246] |
Head of medical services | Richard Collinge[247] |
First team rehabilitation fitness coach | Eamon Swift |
First team physiotherapist | Dominic Rogan |
Managers
West Ham United have had 17 permanent managers in their history and an additional three caretaker managers.
Manager | Caretaker Manager | Period | G | W | D | L | Win % | Honours/Notes (major honours shown in bold) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Syd King | 1901–32 | 638 | 248 | 146 | 244 | 38.87 | Club's longest serving manager (31 years). FA Cup runners-up 1923 | |
Charlie Paynter | 1932–50 | 480 | 198 | 116 | 166 | 41.25 | ||
Ted Fenton | 1950–61 | 484 | 193 | 107 | 184 | 39.87 | Division Two Champions 1957–58 | |
Ron Greenwood | 1961–74 | 613 | 215 | 165 | 233 | 35.07 | League Cup runners-up 1966.
| |
John Lyall | 1974–89 | 708 | 277 | 176 | 255 | 39.12 | League Cup runners-up 1981.
| |
Lou Macari | 1989–90 | 38 | 14 | 12 | 12 | 36.84 | ||
Ronnie Boyce | 1990 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0.00 | ||
Billy Bonds | 1990–94 | 227 | 99 | 61 | 67 | 43.61 | ||
Harry Redknapp | 1994–01 | 327 | 121 | 85 | 121 | 37.00 | UEFA Intertoto Cup joint winners 1999 (European qualification). Club's highest Premier League finish (5th, 1998–99) | |
Glenn Roeder | 2001–03 | 86 | 27 | 23 | 36 | 31.40 | ||
Trevor Brooking | 2003 | 14 | 9 | 4 | 1 | 64.29 | ||
Alan Pardew | 2003–06 | 163 | 67 | 38 | 58 | 41.10 | Championship Play-off Winners 2005, FA Cup runners-up 2006 (UEFA Cup qualification)
| |
Alan Curbishley | 2006–08 | 71 | 28 | 14 | 29 | 39.44 | ||
Kevin Keen | 2008 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.00 | ||
Gianfranco Zola | 2008–10 | 80 | 23 | 21 | 36 | 28.75 | Club's first non-British manager. | |
Avram Grant | 2010–11 | 47 | 15 | 12 | 20 | 31.91 | Club's first non EU manager. | |
Kevin Keen | 2011 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.00 | ||
Sam Allardyce | 2011–15 | 181 | 68 | 46 | 67 | 37.57 | Championship Play-off Winners 2012.
| |
Slaven Bilić[248] | 2015–17 | 111 | 42 | 30 | 39 | 37.84 | ||
David Moyes | 2017–18 | 31 | 9 | 10 | 12 | 29.03 | ||
Manuel Pellegrini | 2018–19 | 64 | 24 | 11 | 29 | 37.50 | ||
David Moyes | 2019– | 223 | 102 | 43 | 78 | 45.74 |
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Ownership and chairmen
In January 2010,
On 2 July 2013, Sullivan acquired a further 25% of shares after restructuring the debt of the club, leaving Straumur Bank with just 10%.[252] In order to clear club debts before a move to the Olympic Stadium in 2016, in December 2014 Sullivan announced the availability for sale of 20% of the club.[253] The clearing of club debts, given in July 2013 as £70 million, was given as a pre-condition to a move to the Olympic Stadium.[254]
In September 2017, American billionaire
Co-chairman David Gold died on 4 January 2023, leaving Sullivan as the sole chairman.[257] Seven months later, Gold's daughter Vanessa became joint-chair with Sullivan.[258]
European record
Honours
Domestic
League
Cups
European
- European Cup Winners' Cup
- UEFA Europa Conference League
- Winners: 2022–23
- UEFA Intertoto Cup
- Winners: 1999
- Anglo-Italian League Cup
- Runners-up: 1975
International
- International Soccer League
- Winners: 1963
- American Challenge Cup
- Runners-up: 1963
Minor titles
- Southern League Division One: Highest placing: 3rd, 1912–13
- Southern League Division Two: 1898–99
- London champions: 1898–99
- Western League: 1906–07
- Section B champions: 1906–07
- London League: 1897–98, 1901–02[262]
- London Challenge Cup
- Winners: (9): 1924–25, 1925–26, 1929–30, 1946–47, 1948–49, 1952–53, 1956–57, 1967–68, 1968–69
- Runners-up (5): 1912–13, 1932–33, 1954–55, 1957–58, 1958–59
- Winners: (9): 1924–25, 1925–26, 1929–30, 1946–47, 1948–49, 1952–53, 1956–57, 1967–68, 1968–69
- Southern Floodlit Cup: 1956
- Essex Professional Cup: 1951, 1955 (shared), 1959
- West Ham Charity Cup: 1896
- London Combination: 1916–17, runners-up: 1915–16 (Supplementary Tournament), 1917–18
- League South A runners-up: 1939–40
- League South C: runners-up: 1939–40
- Regional League South runners-up: 1940–41
- League South runners-up: 1943–44, 1944–45
Other awards
- BBC Sports Personality of the Year Team Award: 1965[263]
- 1860 Munich)[264]
- Honorary Degree (awarded to the club) in 2009 by the University of East London[265]
Statistics and records
Attendance
- Record attendance: 64,472 vs Manchester United, Premier League, 23 December 2023[266][267]
- At the Boleyn Ground: 42,322 v Tottenham Hotspur, Division One, 17 October 1970[268]
- Lowest league attendance: 4,373 v Doncaster Rovers, Division Two, 24 February 1955
Transfers
- Biggest transfer fee paid: £51.2 million to Lyon for Lucas Paquetá, 29 August 2022[269][270]
- Biggest transfer fee received: £100 million from Arsenal for Declan Rice, 15 July 2023[271][a]
Record results and performances
Victories
- League:
- Premier League:
- Home: 6–0 v Barnsley, 10 January 1998
- Away: 5–0 v Derby County, 10 November 2007
- Division One:
- Home: 8–0 v Sunderland, 19 October 1968
- Away: 6–1 v Manchester City, 8 September 1962
- Division Two:
- Home: 8–0 v Rotherham United, 8 March 1958
- Away: 6–0 v Leicester City, 15 February 1923
- FA Cup:
- Home: 8–1 v Chesterfield (round one), 10 January 1914
- Away: 5–0 v Chatham Town (fifth qualifying round), 28 November 1903
- League Cup:
- Home: 10–0 v Bury (round two second leg) (12–1 aggregate scoreline), 25 October 1983
- Away: 5–1 v Cardiff City (semi-final second leg) (10–3 aggregate scoreline), 2 February 1966
- Away: 5–1 v Walsall (round two), 13 September 1967
- European Cup Winners' Cup:
- Home: 5–1 v Castilla CF (round one second leg) (6–4 aggregate scoreline), 1 October 1980
- Away: 2–1 v Lausanne (quarter final second leg), (6–4 aggregate scoreline) 16 March 1965
- UEFA Cup/Europa League:
Defeats
- League:
- Premier League:
- Division One:
- Home: 2–8 v Blackburn Rovers, 26 December 1963[272]
- Away: 0–7 v Sheffield Wednesday, 28 November 1959
- Division Two:
- Away: 0–7 v Barnsley, 1 September 1919
- FA Cup:
- Away: 0–6 v Manchester United (fourth round), 26 January 2003
- League Cup:
- Away: 0–6 v Oldham Athletic (semi-final first leg), 14 February 1990
- Away: 0–6 v Manchester City (semi-final first leg), 8 January 2014
- European Cup Winners' Cup:
- Home: 1–4 v Dinamo Tbilisi (quarter final first leg) (2–4 aggregate scoreline), 4 March 1981
- Away: 2–4 v FC Den Haag (quarter final first leg) (5–5 aggregate scoreline, West Ham won on away goals), 3 March 1976
- Neutral: 2–4 v Anderlecht (Final), 5 May 1976
- UEFA Cup:
- Home: 0–1 v Palermo(round one first leg), 14 September 2006
- Away: 0–3 v Palermo(round one second leg), 28 September 2006
- Home: 0–1 v
Club league highs and lows
Highest league finish
- 3rd in First Division (level 1),[261] 1985–86
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Club goal records
- Most league goals in a season:
- 101, Division Two (1957–58)
- Top league scorer in a season:
- Vic Watson (42) Div. One (1929–30)
- Top scorer in a season:
- Vic Watson (50) Div. One (1929–30)
- Most goals in one match:
- Vic Watson (6) v Leeds United (h) 9 February 1929
- Geoff Hurst (6) v Sunderland (h) 19 October 1968
Follow link to Official West Ham United Records Page[273]
Player records
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In popular culture
- In the sitcom Till Death Us Do Part and its follow-on and spin-off series Till Death... and In Sickness and in Health the character Alf Garnett's biggest passion in life was his local football team West Ham United and featured throughout the run of the show. There were a number of episodes that focused on Alfs support of West Ham such as Season 4's Episode 5 "Up The Hammers", and in particular his idolising of club heroes such as Bobby Moore and Martin Peters who both feature in the same episode.[274]
See also
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Bibliography
- Belton, Brian (2007). "BROWN OUT": The Biography of West Ham Chairmen, Terence Brown. Pennant Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-1-906015-11-4.
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Notes
- ^ Arsenal's transfer fee for Declan Rice may rise to £105 million depending on if performance-based criteria are met.
External links
- Official website
- West Ham United F.C. on BBC Sport: Club news – Recent results and fixtures
- West Ham United News – Sky Sports
- Knees up Mother Brown (KUMB.com) – the supporters' website