West India Regiments
West India Regiments | |
---|---|
Federation of the West Indies | |
Branch | British Army |
Type | Infantry |
Size | 1 to 12 battalion sized units |
Insignia | |
Abbreviation | WIR |
The West India Regiments (WIR) were infantry units of the
History
Origins and early basis of recruitment
Eight West India Regiments were commissioned between 24 April and 1 September 1795. In addition to incorporating into the 1st West India Regiment the Carolina Corps that had been in existence since 1779, the original intention was both to recruit free blacks from the West Indian population and to purchase slaves from the West Indian plantations.[1][2] Between 1795 and 1808, an estimated 13,400 slaves were purchased for service in the West India Regiments at the cost of about £925,000. This constituted about 7% of the enslaved Africans imported into the British West Indies during this period.[3] The eighth of the newly raised regiments (Skerrett's) was disbanded the following year but the quality of the new corps led to a further five West India Regiments being raised in 1798.[4]
A revolt of the 8th West India Regiment in 1802 occurred when its soldiers took over the Fort Shirley garrison on Dominica for three days in protest over working conditions, and fears over being potentially sent to work in the cane fields.[5]
All serving black soldiers recruited as slaves in the West India Regiments of the British Army were freed under the
The WIR soldiers became a valued part of the British forces garrisoning the West Indies, where losses from disease and climate were heavy amongst white troops. The black Caribbean soldiers by contrast proved better adapted to tropical service. They served against locally recruited French units that had been formed for the same reasons. Free black Caribbean soldiers played a prominent and often distinguished role in the military history of Latin America and the Caribbean.[8]
Nineteenth century
The new West India Regiments saw considerable service during the period of the Napoleonic Wars. In 1800 there were 12 battalion-sized regiments located in the British West Indies. Three companies of the First WIR repulsed a French attempt to recapture the island of Marie-Galante in August–September 1808, together with members of the first Corps of Colonial Marines recruited from local fugitive slaves.[9]
The Regiments were later involved in the War of 1812, both on the Atlantic coast and in the Gulf of Mexico, taking part in the disastrous British attack on New Orleans. After the Slave Trade Act of 1807, there was a shortfall of around five thousand members at the start of the War of 1812, and the war offered hope of new recruitment from slaves fleeing the United States. However, only eight joined the regiments from the Chesapeake Bay area in 1814, and a further thirteen on the coast of Georgia early in 1815, the great majority of refugees who offered military service preferring the newly formed Corps of Colonial Marines, whose officers later rejected government orders for transfer to the Regiments.[10]
Following the end of the War of 1812, numbers were progressively reduced. Members of two of the disbanded regiments were settled in the eastern part of Trinidad, the 6th in 1817 and the 3rd in 1819,[11] forming the main Muslim population in Trinidad before the first arrival of indentured Indian immigrants in 1845. During most of the remainder of the nineteenth century there were never less than two West India Regiments. The 1st West India Regiment from Jamaica went to the Gold Coast of Africa to fight in the Ashanti War of 1873–4.[12]
The St. Joseph Mutiny of 1837 saw 60-100 soldiers of the 1st West India Regiment rebel against their forcible conscription into the army, with 18 soldiers killed in action or committing suicide and three ringleaders executed by British authorities.[13]
Summary
Regiment | Formed | Disbanded | Re-formed | Disbanded | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st West India Regiment | 1795 (Whyte's) | 1888 | Merged to form West India Regiment in 1888 | ||
2nd West India Regiment | 1795 (Myer's) | 1888 | Merged to form West India Regiment in 1888 | ||
3rd West India Regiment | 1795 (Keppel's) | 1819 | 1837 | 1870 | |
4th West India Regiment | 1795 (Nicolls') | 1819 | 1862 | 1869 | |
5th West India Regiment | 1795 (Howe's) | 1817 | |||
6th West India Regiment | 1795 (Whitelock's) | 1817 | |||
7th West India Regiment | 1795 (Lewes's) | 1802 | |||
8th West India Regiment | 1795 (Skerrett's) | 1802 | |||
9th West India Regiment | 1798 | 1816 | Renumbered as 7th Regiment in 1802 | ||
10th West India Regiment | 1798 | 1802 | |||
11th West India Regiment | 1798 | 1803 | Renumbered as 8th Regiment in 1802 | ||
12th West India Regiment | 1798 | 1803 |
Formation of West India Regiment
On 1 October 1888[14] the 1st and 2nd West India Regiments were merged into a single regiment comprising two battalions.[15] Each battalion consisted of eight companies plus a regimental depot for recruiting and other administrative matters situated in Kingston Jamaica. There was little direct interchanging between the two battalions since one was always serving in West Africa and one in the West Indies at this time.[16]
A third battalion was raised in 1897, but was disbanded in 1904. Enlistment for the West India Regiment during this period involved a commitment for twelve years of full-time service.[17] This was in contrast with most other infantry regiments of the British regular army, where recruitment was for seven years "with the colours" followed by five years with the reserves.
Later years
The regiment served in West Africa throughout the 19th century. In the early part of the twentieth century one battalion was stationed in
World War I
On the outbreak of war in August 1914, the 1st Battalion of the WIR was stationed in
The 2nd Battalion was sent from Kingston to West Africa in the second half of 1915. They took part in the capture of
The five hundred and fifteen officers and men of the 2nd Battalion formed part of a column that took Dar es Salaam on 4 September 1916. After garrison duty, the battalion subsequently played a distinguished part in the Battle of Nyangao (German East Africa) in October 1917. For their service in East Africa the WIR earned eight Distinguished Conduct Medals, as well as the battle honour "East Africa 1914-18".
Following their active service in German Africa the 2nd Battalion of the West India Regiment was shipped to Suez in September 1918. It was then transferred to Lydda in Palestine where it spent the two remaining months of the War.[21] Two battalions of a newly raised regiment also recruited from black Caribbean soldiers: the similarly named British West Indies Regiment (see below), saw front line service against the Turkish Army during the Palestine Campaign. General Allenby sent the following telegram to the Governor of Jamaica: "I have great pleasure in informing you of the gallant conduct of the machine-gun section of the 1st British West Indies Regiment during two successful raids on the Turkish trenches. All ranks behaved with great gallantry under heavy rifle and shell fire and contributed in no small measure to the success of the operations".[22][23]
Post war
After the war, the 1st and 2nd Battalions of the West India Regiment were amalgamated into a single 1st Battalion in 1920. This was disbanded in 1927. The reasons for disbandment were primarily economic. The West Indies had long been a peaceful military backwater with limited defence requirements and the substitute role under which the WIR had provided a single battalion as part of the garrison in Britain's West African possessions had become redundant as local forces were raised and expanded there. During the final post-war period only the regimental band served outside Jamaica, attending ceremonial functions in Toronto and London.[24]
The actual disbandment of the reduced West India Regiment took place at the Up Park military camp in Jamaica on 31 January 1927, in a ceremony attended by the Governor and a large crowd. A smaller event took place two weeks later at Buckingham Palace when eight officers who had served with the WIR handed over the regimental colours to King George V.[25]
Revival in 1958
As the push for a federation of the British West Indies gathered steam in the 1950s, the question of defence was among the issues debated and it was decided to raise the West India Regiment (WIR) once again as the British Caribbean's single significant military unit.[26]
The recreated regiment would take on the traditions of not only the previous regular army units (including the military band which had continued to exist when the WIR had been stood down in 1927) but also of the islands' local units. It would wear the old cap-badge and play the regimental march and its officers would dine using the old mess silver.[26]
In preparation for the formation of the revived WIR, the West Indian federal government began to maintain the local units of the various islands from April 1, 1958, including the
The West India Regiment then came into existence again on 1 January 1959, absorbing the greater part of the Jamaica Regiment[26] (which simultaneously ceased to exist) with the officers and men of the Jamaica Regiment being transferred to the new WIR.[27] The new WIR was headquartered in Jamaica[29] at Harman Barracks in Kingston.[30] In September 1960, plans were announced to raise two full battalions for the WIR, the 1st Battalion to be based in Jamaica and the 2nd Battalion in Trinidad and Tobago. The total strength of the regiment was to be 1,640, giving a total of 730 soldiers for each battalion.[31]
The WIR was intended (like other regional institutions) to promote a sense of common pride and shared heritage and would be recruited from the various islands and serve throughout the region. It would be a means of introducing the troops to islands other than their own and to build friendships between the Caribbean public and their soldiers. The recruiting for the Regiment, which was the main fighting component of the Federal Defence Force, had been carried out on a federal basis with men from all the islands being recruited on a percentage basis related to the population of each territory. By September 1961, some 200 Trinidadians were serving in the Regiment.[26] A total of 14 Antiguans[32] and 12 Kittitians served, though none emerged as officers.[33]
In 1960, the 1st Battalion of the WIR was organized into four companies, one of which was a Headquarters Company, and had a depot with administrative staff. Its strength was about 500 men, half of whom were Jamaican, and about 40 seconded British officers and men. The proportion of non-Jamaicans in the battalion increased to two-thirds during 1960 and 1961 although the majority of the officers remained Jamaicans.
The presence of a federal military force in Jamaica presented the Jamaican government with constitutional difficulties regarding the use of WIR troops for internal security operations. As a result, a territorial auxiliary called the Jamaica Territorial Regiment was set up alongside the 1st Battalion WIR in February 1961 (the Jamaica Territorial Regiment would be renamed the Jamaican National Reserve in January 1962 and would later become a component of the Jamaica Defence Force). The 1st Battalion WIR was used in a variety of internal security roles prior to the enacting of Federal legislation (in May 1960) and Jamaican legislation (in December 1960) to resolve these difficulties. It was also used for internal security purposes between April 1960 and mid-1962. Ironically, one such operation was to supervise the referendum in Jamaica that resulted in the dissolution of the West Indies Federation and the WIR along with it and in the creation of the Jamaica Defence Force.[31]
The collapse of the federation resulted in the West India Regiment again being disbanded, on July 30, 1962,[30] the constituent battalions becoming the infantry regiments of the two largest islands:
- 1st Battalion — 1st Battalion, Jamaica Regiment
- 2nd Battalion — 1st Battalion, Trinidad and Tobago Regiment
- 3rd Battalion — disbanded.
Officers
Overall the WIR had a good record for discipline and effectiveness, although there were three mutinies between 1802 and 1837. A factor in these (and a weakness in the WIR during its earlier history) was that it did not always attract a high calibre of officer. Prevailing social attitudes meant that service with these regiments was not a popular option during much of the nineteenth century and many of the more capable officers saw their time with the WIR as simply a stepping stone to more sought after staff or other assignments.[36] The attraction of colonial service was a matter of extra monetary allowances and sometimes better promotion prospects. Prior to 1914 officers had been commissioned into the WIR (as part of the British regular army) on a permanent basis. This was in contrast to colonial units such as the King's African Rifles where attachments for fixed terms were made from other regiments. However, by the end of World War I long-serving officers and non-commissioned officers, who had built up ties of mutual respect with their men, had mostly dispersed or retired and in its final years of service the WIR was also led by officers seconded from other British regiments for relatively short assignments.[37]
Battle honours
- Dominica, Martinique 1809, Guadeloupe 1810, Ashantee 1873–74, West Africa 1887, West Africa 1892–93 & 94, Sierra Leone 1898
- The Great War (2 battalions): E. Africa 1916–18, Cameroons 1915–16.
In June 2017 a memorial to the African and Caribbean soldiers of World War one and World War Two was unveiled at Windrush Square, Brixton, London.[38]
Victoria Crosses
Private
In 1891, Lance Corporal William Gordon of the 1st Battalion WIR received a VC for gallantry during a further campaign in the Gambia. Promoted to sergeant, Jamaican-born William Gordon remained in employment at regimental headquarters in Kingston until his death in 1922.
Regimental Colonels
Colonels of the regiment were:[39]
- 1st West India Regiment (1795–1888)
- 1795–1804: Gen. John Whyte
- 1804–1830: Gen. Lord Charles Henry Somerset
- 1830–1834: Gen. Sir Peregrine Maitland, GCB
- 1834–1839: Lt-Gen. Hon. Sir Henry King, KCB
- 1839–1842: Lt-Gen. Sir William Nicolay, KCH
- 1842–1843: Lt-Gen. Sir Henry Frederick Bouverie, GCB, GCMG
- 1843–1844: Lt-Gen. Sir Gregory Holman Bromley Way
- 1844–1855: Gen. Sir George Thomas Napier, KCB
- 1855–1876: Gen. Sir George Bowles, GCB
- 1876–1888: Gen. Sir Arthur Borton, GCB, GCMG
- 1888: Regiment amalgamated with 2nd West India Regiment to form the West India Regiment
- 2nd West India Regiment (1795–1888)
- 1795–1805: Lt-Gen. Sir William Myers, 1st Baronet
- 1805–1808: Gen. Richard Lambart, 7th Earl of Cavan, KC
- 1808: Lt-Gen. Eyre Power Trench
- 1808–1809: Gen. Sir Brent Spencer
- 1809–1818: Gen. Sir George Beckwith, GCB
- 1818–1822: Maj-Gen. Sir Henry Torrens, KCB
- 1822–1828: F.M. Sir John Byng, 1st Earl of Strafford, GCB, GCH
- 1828–1841: Gen. Francis Fuller
- 1841–1843: Gen. John Maister
- 1843–1848: Lt-Gen. Effingham Lindsay
- 1848–1860: Gen. Sir Robert John Harvey, CB
- 1860–1863: Lt-Gen. John Wharton Frith
- 1863–1864: Maj-Gen. Botet Trydell
- 1864–1870: Lt-Gen. Robert Law, KH
- 1870–1881: Gen. Brooke John Taylor
- 1881–1888: Gen. Sir Patrick Leonard Macdougall, KCMG (continued in West India Regiment)
- 1888: Regiment amalgamated with 1st West India Regiment to form the West India Regiment
- The West India Regiment (1888–1962)
- 1888–1891: Lt-Gen. Sir Patrick Leonard MacDougall, KCMG
- 1891–1910: Gen. William John Chamberlayne
- 1910–1927: Maj-Gen. Henry Jardine Hallowes
- 1927: Regiment disbanded
- 1959: Regiment re-formed
- 1959–1962: Gen. Sir Jamaica Regiment)
- 1962: Regiment disbanded
- 3rd West India Regiment (1795–1819, 1840–1870)
- 1795–1806: Gen. Sir William Keppel, GCB
- 1806–1809: Lt-Gen. Sir Hildebrand Oakes, Bt, GCB
- 1809: Gen. Sir John Coape Sherbrooke, GCB
- 1809–1818: Gen. Sir John Murray, Bt, GCH
- 1818–1819: Gen. Sir James Kempt, GCB, GCH
- 1819: Regiment disbanded
- 1840: Regiment reconstituted
- 1843–1848: Lt-Gen. Sir Charles William Maxwell, CB
- 1848–1849: Maj-Gen. Sir Guy Campbwell, Bt, CB
- 1849–1862: Gen. Sir William Wood, KCB, KH
- 1862–1863: Maj-Gen. John Napper Jackson
- 1863–1870: Gen. Maurice Barlow, CB
- 1870: Regiment disbanded
- 4th West India Regiment (1795–1819, 1862–1869)
- 1795–1807: Gen. Oliver Nicolls
- 1807–1811: Lt-Gen. Sir Thomas Maitland, GCB, GCH
- 1811–1816: Lt-Gen. Sir James Leith, GCB
- 1816–1819: F.M. John Byng, 1st Earl of Strafford, GCB, GCH
- 1819: Regiment disbanded
- 1862: Regiment reconstituted
- 1862–1866: Lt-Gen. Sir Robert Garrett, KCB, KH
- 1866: Lt-Gen. John Julius Angerstein
- 1866–1869: Gen. George Thomas Colomb
- 1869: Regiment disbanded
- 5th West India Regiment (1795–1817, 1863–1865)
- 1795–1796: Col. Stephens Howe
- 1796–1800: Maj-Gen. Charles Graham
- 1800–1806: Gen. Sir Henry Calvert, Bt, GCB, GCH
- 1806: Gen. Sir Charles Asgill, Bt, GCH
- 1806–1817: Gen. Sir Alexander Hope, GCB
- 1817: Regiment disbanded
- 1863: Regiment reformed
- 1863–1865: Lt-Gen. William Forbes Macbean
- 1865: Regiment disbanded
- 6th West India Regiment (1795–1817)
- 1795–1806: Lt-Gen. John Whitelocke
- 1806–1813: Lt-Gen. Simon Fraser
- 1813–1815: Maj-Gen. Sir Edward Pakenham, GCB
- 1815–1817: Lt-Gen. Sir Miles Nightingall, KCB
- 1817: Regiment disbanded
- 7th West India Regiment (1795–1802)
- 1795–1796: Col. John Lewes
- 1796–1802: Gen. Alexander Campbell
- 1802: Regiment disbanded
- 8th West India Regiment (1798–1802)
- 1798–1802: Lt-Gen. Alexander Cochrane Johnstone
- 1802: Mutinied and reduced
- 9th West India Regiment (1798–1805)
- 1798–1799: Lt-Gen. Sir John Moore, KB
- 1799–1802: Gen. Sir George Don, GCB, GCH
- 1802: Renumbered 7th West India Regiment
- 1802–1805: Gen. Sir George Don, GCB, GCH
- 1805–1816: Gen. Isaac Gascoyne
- 1816: Regiment disbanded
- 10th West India Regiment (1798–1802)
- 1798–1802: Lt-Gen. Sir Thomas Maitland, GCB, GCH
- 1802: Regiment disbanded
- 11th West India Regiment (1798–1803)
- 1798–1802: Gen. Sir Thomas Hislop, Bt, GCB
- 1802: Renumbered 8th West India Regiment
- 1802–1803: Gen. Sir Thomas Hislop, Bt, GCB
- 1803: Regiment disbanded
- 12th West India Regiment (1798–1803)
- 1798–1803: Maj-Gen. Daniel O'Meara
- 1803: Regiment disbanded
Uniform and traditions
For the first half century of its existence the WIR wore the standard uniform (
The distinctive uniform described was retained for full dress throughout the regiment until 1914[43] and by the band alone until disbandment in 1927. It survives as the full dress of the band of the modern Barbados Defence Force.
Members
- Henry Hadley, Said to be, as a civilian, the first British casualty of World War I.[44]
- Leslie Thompson, member of the Band of the West India Regiment in the 1920s.
Other West Indian Regiments
British West Indies Regiment
Surprisingly limited use was made of the well trained and long serving regulars of the West India Regiment during World War I.[45] However, in 1915 a second West Indies regiment was formed from Caribbean volunteers who had made their way to Britain. Initially, these volunteers were drafted into a variety of units within the British Army, but in 1915 it was decided to group them together into a single regiment, named the British West Indies Regiment. The similarity of titles has sometimes led to confusion between this war-time unit and the long established West India Regiment. Both were recruited from black Caribbean recruits and a number of officers from the WIR were transferred to the BWIR.
The regiment played a significant role in the First World War, especially in Palestine and Jordan where they were employed in military operations against the Turkish Army.[46] A total of 15,600 men of the British West Indies Regiment served with the Allied forces. Jamaica contributed two-thirds of these volunteers, while others came from Trinidad and Tobago, Barbados, the Bahamas, British Honduras, Grenada, British Guiana (now Guyana), the Leeward Islands, St Lucia and St Vincent. Nearly 5,000 more subsequently volunteered.[47]
Caribbean Regiment
Another West Indies regiment was formed in 1944, this time called the
Sierra Leone Creoles
As noted above, the West India Regiment provided detachments for service in West Africa for over a hundred years. This began when the 2nd WIR was sent to Sierra Leone to quell a rebellion of West Indian settlers in 1819. Upon completion of their service, some soldiers of this and subsequent WIR regiments remained in West Africa and intermarried with other Sierra Leone Creole Settlers, whose descendants today are the Sierra Leone Creole people.[citation needed]
See also
- Corps of Colonial Marines
- Arthur Andrew Cipriani
- British and Commonwealth protectorates
- Garrison Historic Area, Barbados
References
Citations
- ^ The History of the First West India Regiment, Alfred Burdon Ellis, 1885, p. 26.
- ^ ISBN 976-8163-09-7, p. 22.
- ^ Buckley, Roger N. (2008). "The British Army 's African Recruitment Policy, 1790-1807". Contributions in Black Studies. 5 (Article 2): 5–12. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
- ISBN 1-85532-600-0.
- ^ "UNESCO World Heritage".
- ^ "Slavery reparations: An historian's view". BBC Caribbean Service. 30 March 2007. Retrieved 1 April 2007.
- ^ Dyde (1997), The Empty Sleeve, 1997, p. 32.
- ^ "West India Regiment: Spoken Tails of History". The Ex West Indian Servicemen Association. Retrieved 25 May 2010.
- ^ "No. 16201". The London Gazette. 15 November 1808. p. 1556.
- ^ United Kingdom National Archives, WO 25/64,65 Commission Books 1811–16, 1815–18.
- ^ United Kingdom National Archives, CO 714/157, Colonial Office correspondence from Trinidad.
- ^ "The History of the First West India Regiment, by A. B. Ellis (EBook #29984)". CHAPMAN AND HALL plus Project Gutenberg EBook.
- .
- ^ Dyde (1997), The Empty Sleeve, p. 213.
- ISBN 0-89141-292-1.
- ^ Dyde (1997), The Empty Sleeve, p. 213.
- ISBN 978-1-78331-175-0.
- ^ Dyde (1997), The Empty Sleeve, p.250.
- ^ Dyde (1997), The Empty Sleeve, p. 253.
- ^ Dyde (1997), The Empty Sleeve, p. 254.
- ^ Dyde (1997), The Empty Sleeve, pp. 260–61.
- ^ PThe Times History of the War, Part 198, p. 88.
- ^ Spencer Tucker, Priscilla Mary Roberts, Encyclopedia of World War I.
- ^ Dyde (1997), The Empty Sleeve, p. 263.
- ^ Dyde (1997), The Empty Sleeve, pp. 266–67.
- ^ ISBN 9766402035, 9789766402037
- ^ a b Commonwealth Survey, Volume 5, Central Office of Information, 1959, p. 83.
- ^ West Indies Gazette, Volume 2, Issue 3.
- ISBN 0975352903, 9780975352908, p. 466.
- ^ a b Right call to keep army base in Kingston
- ^ ISBN 0719006333, 9780719006333, p. 107.
- ^ Antigua and Barbuda Defence Force: A preliminary look
- ^ In the matter of the St Kitts and Nevis Defence Force
- ^ WIR & BWIR - British and Caribbean Veterans Association
- ^ History of Newcastle
- ^ Dyde (1997), The Empty Sleeve, p. 263.
- ^ Dyde (1997), The Empty Sleeve, p. 264.
- ^ "War memorial to African-Caribbean soldiers unveiled in London". British Broadcasting Corporation. 27 June 2017. Retrieved 24 June 2017.
- ^ "West India Regiment". regiments.org. Archived from the original on 17 January 2006. Retrieved 9 March 2017.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ Major R. M. Barnes, Military Uniforms of Britain & the Empire, London: Sphere Books Ltd, 1968, p. 96.
- ISBN 0-89141-292-1.
- ^ Dyde (1997), The Empty Sleeve, p. 213.
- ISBN 978-0-297-85266-7.
- ISBN 9781408821640.
- ^ Dyde (1997), The Empty Sleeve, pp. 260–61.
- ^ Spencer Tucker, Priscilla Mary Roberts, Encyclopedia of World War I, p. 508.
- ^ "Caribbean participants in the First World War". Memorial Gates Trust. Retrieved 25 May 2010.
Sources
- Buckley, Roger Norman (1979). Slaves in Red Coats: The British West India Regiments, 1795–1815. New Haven: Yale University Press.
- Dyde, Brian (1997). The Empty Sleeve: The Story of the West India Regiments of the British Army. Hansib Caribbean. ISBN 978-976-8163-09-7.
- Ellis, A.B. (1885). The History of the First West India Regiment. Chapman and Hall plus Project Gutenberg EBook (EBook #29984).
- Griffith, Ivelaw (2004). Caribbean Security in the Age of Terror: Challenge and Change. Ian Randle Publishers. ISBN 978-097-5352-90-8.
- Lacey, Terry (1977). Violence and Politics in Jamaica 1960–1970: Internal security in developing country. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-071-9006-33-3.
- Metzgen, Humphrey (2007). Caribbean Wars Untold: A Salute to the British West Indies. University of West Indies Press. ISBN 978-976-6402-03-7.
- Voelz, Peter (1993). Slave and Soldier: The Military Impact of Blacks in the Colonial Americas. New York: Garland. ISBN 9780815310099.