Western Cape
Western Cape
| |
---|---|
Motto: Spes Bona (Latin: Good Hope) | |
Coordinates: 34°S 20°E / 34°S 20°E | |
Country | South Africa |
Established | 27 April 1994 |
Capital | Cape Town |
Municipalities | |
Government | |
• Type | US$56.3 billion[3] |
HDI (2019) | 0.745[4] high · 1st of 9 |
Website | www |
Xhosa | iNtshona-Koloni |
---|---|
Afrikaans | Wes-Kaap |
Sepedi | Kapa Bodikela |
Sesotho | Kapa Bophirimela |
Setswana | Kapa Bophirima |
Xitsonga | Kapa Vupela-dyambu |
Venda | Kapa Vhukovhela |
The Western Cape (
Geography
The Western Cape is roughly L-shaped, extending north and east from the
are popular coastal tourism areas.The Western Cape is the southernmost region of the African continent with Cape Agulhas as its southernmost point, only 3,800 kilometres (2,400 mi) from the Antarctic coastline. The coastline varies from sandy between capes, to rocky to steep and mountainous in places. The only natural harbour is Saldanha Bay on the west coast, about 140 kilometres (90 mi) north of Cape Town. However a lack of fresh water in the region meant that it has only recently been used as a harbour.[citation needed] The province's main harbour was built in Table Bay, which in its natural state was fully exposed to the northwesterly storms that bring rain to the province in winter, as well as the almost uninterrupted dry southeasterly winds in summer. But fresh water coming off Table Mountain and Devil's Peak allowed the early European settlers to build Cape Town on the shores of this less than satisfactory anchorage.
Topography
The province is topographically exceptionally diverse. Most of the province falls within the
The far interior forms part of the Karoo. This region of the province is generally arid and hilly, with a prominent escarpment that runs close to the Province's most inland boundary.
-
A diagrammatic 400 km south–north crosssection through the Cape at approximately 21° 30' E (i.e. nearCape Fold Mountains (and their geological structure) and the geology of the Little and Great Karoo, as well as the position of the Great Escarpment. The colour code for the geological layers is the same as those used in the diagram above. The heavy black line flanked by opposing arrows is the fault that runs for nearly 300 km along the southern edge of the SwartbergMountains. The Swartberg Mountain range owes some of its great height to upliftment along this fault line. The subsurface structures are not to scale.
Escarpment
The escarpment marks the southwestern edge of South Africa's central plateau (see the middle and bottom diagrams on the left).[7][9] It runs parallel to the entire South African coastline, except in the very far northeast, where it is interrupted by the Limpopo River valley, and in the far northwest, where it is interrupted by the Orange River valley. The 1,000-kilometre-long (620 mi) northeastern stretch of the escarpment is called the Drakensberg, which is geographically and geologically quite distinct from the Cape Fold Mountains, which originated much earlier and totally independently of the origin of the escarpment.[7][8][10][11]
Rivers
The principal rivers of the province are the Berg and Olifants which drain into the Atlantic Ocean, and the Breede and Gourits which drain into the Indian Ocean.
Flora
The vegetation of the region is also extremely diverse, with one of the world's seven
The arid interior is dominated by
Climate
The Western Cape is climatologically diverse, with many distinct micro- and macroclimates created by the varied topography and the influence of the surrounding ocean currents. These are the warm
The effects of El Niño on rainfall in southern Africa differ between the summer and winter rainfall areas. Winter rainfall areas tend to get higher rainfall than normal and summer rainfall areas tend to get less rain. The effect on the summer rainfall areas is stronger and has led to severe drought in strong El Niño events.[18][19]
Sea surface temperatures off the west and south coasts of South Africa are affected by ENSO via changes in surface wind strength.[20] During El Niño the south-easterly winds driving upwelling are weaker which results in warmer coastal waters than normal, while during La Niña the same winds are stronger and cause colder coastal waters. These effects on the winds are part of large scale influences on the tropical Atlantic and the South Atlantic High-pressure system, and changes to the pattern of westerly winds further south. There are other influences not known to be related to ENSO of similar importance. Some ENSO events do not lead to the expected changes.[20]
Thunderstorms are generally rare in the province (except in the
Climate data for Cape Town International Airport, elevation: 42m, normals for 1991-2020 | |||||||||||||
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Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 27.0 (80.6) |
27.3 (81.1) |
26.0 (78.8) |
23.6 (74.5) |
20.6 (69.1) |
18.2 (64.8) |
17.9 (64.2) |
18.0 (64.4) |
19.6 (67.3) |
22.2 (72.0) |
23.7 (74.7) |
25.8 (78.4) |
22.5 (72.5) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 21.8 (71.2) |
21.9 (71.4) |
20.5 (68.9) |
17.9 (64.2) |
15.4 (59.7) |
13.2 (55.8) |
12.7 (54.9) |
13.0 (55.4) |
14.5 (58.1) |
15.9 (60.6) |
18.6 (65.5) |
20.7 (69.3) |
17.2 (62.9) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 16.6 (61.9) |
16.5 (61.7) |
15.0 (59.0) |
12.2 (54.0) |
10.2 (50.4) |
8.1 (46.6) |
7.4 (45.3) |
7.9 (46.2) |
9.4 (48.9) |
11.5 (52.7) |
13.4 (56.1) |
15.6 (60.1) |
12.0 (53.6) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 9.4 (0.37) |
9.6 (0.38) |
12.5 (0.49) |
40.1 (1.58) |
61.1 (2.41) |
92.3 (3.63) |
84.8 (3.34) |
72.4 (2.85) |
44.3 (1.74) |
28.4 (1.12) |
24.3 (0.96) |
12.8 (0.50) |
492 (19.37) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 1.8 | 1.8 | 2.5 | 5.0 | 7.4 | 10.1 | 9.1 | 9.3 | 6.8 | 4.2 | 4 | 2.6 | 64.6 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 352.3 | 304 | 289.7 | 240.1 | 196.7 | 175.9 | 197 | 206.2 | 228.4 | 283.5 | 302.8 | 338.4 | 3,115 |
Source: NOAA[21]
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George, Garden Route | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Saldanha, West Coast
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Political history
This article is part of a series on the |
Cape Liberal Tradition
The Cape has had a long tradition of holding liberal values.[24] For example, the Cape Qualified Franchise before the Union of South Africa.
Cape Qualified Franchise
The Cape Qualified Franchise was the system of non-racial
This local system of multi-racial suffrage was later gradually restricted, and eventually abolished, under various
, respectively.Contribution of the Western Cape in the National Youth Uprisings
The Black Consciousness Movement (BCM) was a grassroots anti-Apartheid activist movement that emerged in South Africa in the mid-1960s out of the political vacuum created by the jailing and banning of the African National Congress and Pan Africanist Congress leadership after the Sharpeville Massacre in 1960. The BCM represented a social movement for political consciousness.[25]
In December 1968, the
In 1974, South African Minister of Bantu Education and Development MC Botha, constituted the imposition of using Afrikaans as a medium of instruction in black schools, effective with students in Grade 7 (Standard 5) upwards.[27] As early as March 1976, students began passive resistance against Afrikaans, fueling the outbreak of the Soweto Uprising on 16 June 1976. Consequently, the student protests spread to other parts of the country, and Cape Town became a pivotal site for Western Cape student revolt.[28]
Student leaders at the
On 1 September 1976, the unrest spread to the city of Cape Town itself. Approximately 2000 black students from Western Cape townships, namely Langa, Nyanga and Gugulethu, matched the Cape Town central business district (CBD). Coloured students also contributed to the protests by peacefully marching to the city, but were blockaded by the police in the CBD. The protests turned violent when coloured students started burning schools, libraries and a magistrate's court in support of the student revolt. Thereafter, 200,000 coloured workers partook in a two-day strike staying away from work in the Cape Town area.[citation needed]
According to a report by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC), the Western Cape experienced the second highest number of deaths and casualties associated with the 1976 uprising protests.[29]
1994 and the Western Cape post-apartheid
In 1994, at the introduction of the
In the 1994 election, the Western Cape was one of two provinces that did not elect an African National Congress (ANC) provincial government (the other being KwaZulu-Natal). The National Party (NP) won 53% of the votes and 23 seats in the 42-seat provincial legislature, and Hernus Kriel, a former Minister of Law and Order, was elected Premier. He resigned in 1998 and was replaced by Gerald Morkel.
The
In 2001, however, the NNP broke with the DA over the removal of Peter Marais from office as Mayor of Cape Town by DA leader Tony Leon. The NNP instead went into coalition with the ANC; Gerald Morkel, who was opposed to the split, resigned as Premier and was replaced by Peter Marais. In 2002 Marais resigned as Premier due to a sexual harassment scandal, and was replaced by NNP leader Marthinus van Schalkwyk. During the 2003 floor-crossing period four members of the provincial parliament crossed to the ANC, giving it an absolute majority of 22 seats in the 42-seat house. However, the ANC remained in coalition with the NNP and van Schalkwyk remained as Premier.
In the
The
In the 2019 election, the DA retained their majority in the province, but with a reduction in support. It had won 24 seats with 55%. Helen Zille was term-limited and the DA premier candidate Alan Winde succeeded her. The ANC also lost support. It had received 12 seats with 28% support, its lowest showing since 1994. Veteran politician Peter Marais returned to the provincial parliament as the sole representative of the Freedom Front Plus. Patricia de Lille formed another party, Good, and it achieved a seat.[32]
Cape Independence Movement
Since the late 2000s there has been growing support for Western Cape, or Greater Cape, independence from South Africa.[
The party claims substantial support for the idea, with CapeXit claiming over 800,000 signed mandates in May 2021. However, independent researchers noted that it was possible to register and vote on this poll without any verification.[35] Additionally, a poll conducted in 2023 by Victory Research and published on the Cape Independence website claimed that 58% of the Western Cape's registered voters would support independence, while 68% would support a referendum on the issue.[38]
Law and government
The provincial government is established under the
The provincial parliament also elects the Premier of the Western Cape to lead the provincial executive. Since 2019 the Premiership has been held by Alan Winde, former Provincial Minister of Community Safety. The Premier appoints ten members of the provincial legislature to serve as a cabinet of ministers, overseeing the departments of the provincial government. These departments are Agriculture, Community Safety, Cultural Affairs and Sport, Economic Development and Tourism, Education, Environmental Affairs and Development Planning, Health, Human Settlements, Local Government, Social Development, Transport and Public Works, and the Provincial Treasury.
Municipalities
The Western Cape Province is divided into one
In the following interactive map, the district and metropolitan municipalities are labelled in capital letters and shaded in various different colours. Clicking on the district on the map loads the appropriate article:
District and metropolitan municipalities
Name | Code | Seat | Area (km2)[39] |
Population (2016)[40] |
Pop. density (per km2) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cape Winelands District Municipality | DC2 | Worcester
|
21,473 | 866,001 | 40.3 | |
Central Karoo District Municipality | DC5 | Beaufort West | 38,854 | 74,247 | 1.9 | |
City of Cape Town Metropolitan Municipality
|
CPT | Cape Town | 2,446 | 4,005,016 | 1,637.6 | |
Garden Route District Municipality | DC4 | George
|
23,331 | 611,278 | 26.2 | |
Overberg District Municipality | DC3 | Bredasdorp | 12,239 | 286,786 | 23.4 | |
West Coast District Municipality | DC1 | Moorreesburg | 31,119 | 436,403 | 14.0 |
Local and metropolitan municipalities
Name | Code | District | Seat | Area (km2)[39] |
Population (2016)[40] |
Pop. density (per km2) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Beaufort West Local Municipality | WC053 | Central Karoo | Beaufort West | 21,917 | 51,080 | 2.3 | |
Bergrivier Local Municipality | WC013 | West Coast | Piketberg | 4,407 | 67,474 | 15.3 | |
Bitou Local Municipality | WC047 | Garden Route | Plettenberg Bay | 992 | 59,157 | 59.6 | |
Breede Valley Local Municipality | WC025 | Cape Winelands | Worcester
|
3,834 | 176,578 | 46.1 | |
Cape Agulhas Local Municipality | WC033 | Overberg | Bredasdorp | 3,471 | 36,000 | 10.4 | |
Cederberg Local Municipality | WC012 | West Coast | Clanwilliam
|
8,007 | 52,949 | 6.6 | |
City of Cape Town Metropolitan Municipality
|
CPT | Cape Town | 2,446 | 4,005,016 | 1,637.6 | ||
Drakenstein Local Municipality | WC023 | Cape Winelands | Paarl | 1,538 | 280,195 | 182.2 | |
George Local Municipality | WC044 | Garden Route | George
|
5,191 | 208,237 | 40.1 | |
Hessequa Local Municipality | WC042 | Garden Route | Riversdale
|
5,733 | 54,237 | 9.5 | |
Kannaland Local Municipality | WC041 | Garden Route | Ladismith | 4,765 | 24,168 | 5.1 | |
Knysna Local Municipality | WC048 | Garden Route | Knysna | 1,109 | 73,835 | 66.6 | |
Laingsburg Local Municipality | WC051 | Central Karoo | Laingsburg
|
8,784 | 8,895 | 1.0 | |
Langeberg Local Municipality | WC026 | Cape Winelands | Ashton
|
4,518 | 105,483 | 23.3 | |
Matzikama Local Municipality | WC011 | West Coast | Vredendal | 12,981 | 71,045 | 5.5 | |
Mossel Bay Local Municipality | WC043 | Garden Route | Mossel Bay | 2,001 | 94,135 | 47.0 | |
Oudtshoorn Local Municipality | WC045 | Garden Route | Oudtshoorn | 3,540 | 97,509 | 27.5 | |
Overstrand Local Municipality | WC032 | Overberg | Hermanus | 1,675 | 93,407 | 55.8 | |
Prince Albert Local Municipality | WC052 | Central Karoo | Prince Albert
|
8,153 | 14,272 | 1.8 | |
Saldanha Bay Local Municipality | WC014 | West Coast | Vredenburg | 2,015 | 111,173 | 55.2 | |
Stellenbosch Local Municipality | WC024 | Cape Winelands | Stellenbosch | 831 | 173,197 | 208.4 | |
Swartland Local Municipality | WC015 | West Coast | Malmesbury
|
3,707 | 133,762 | 36.1 | |
Swellendam Local Municipality | WC034 | Overberg | Swellendam | 3,835 | 40,211 | 10.5 | |
Theewaterskloof Local Municipality | WC031 | Overberg | Caledon
|
3,259 | 117,167 | 36.0 | |
Witzenberg Local Municipality | WC022 | Cape Winelands | Ceres
|
10,753 | 130,548 | 12.1 |
Economy
The Western Cape's total GDP for 2008 was
The biggest sector in the Western Cape's economy is the financial, business services and real estate sectors contributing approximately R77 billion in 2008. Manufacturing was the second largest contributor valued at R43.7 billion in 2008 with the agricultural sector being the fastest growing at 10.6% in the same year.[42] High-tech industries, international call centres, fashion design, advertising and TV production are niche industries rapidly gaining in importance.[45]
The city of Cape Town accounts for roughly 80% of the Western Cape's GDP.[46]
95% of wine produced in South Africa is produced in the Western Cape. South Africa is the 7th largest wine producing region in the world.[47]
Transport
The Western Cape has an excellent network of highways comparable with any first-world country. The primary highways are the
Demographics
The
The age distribution of the province was as follows: 25.1% were under the age of 15, 18.3% from 15 to 24, 32.7% from 25 to 44, 18.0% from 45 to 64, and 5.9% who are 65 years of age or older.[1]: 28 The median age is 28 years.[48]: 20 For every 100 women there are 96 men.[48]: 18
In the 2022 Census, 42% of the people of the Western Cape described themselves as "
People born outside of South Africa amounted to 4% of the province's population or 260,952 people. Roughly 16%(894,289 people) of the Western Cape's population in 2011 were born in the Eastern Cape, 3% (167,524) in Gauteng and 1% (61,945) in KwaZulu-Natal. [50] Between 2001 and 2007 the Western Cape received the second-highest number of all internal flows within South Africa after Gauteng, with a large majority of these Western Cape residents coming from the former Transkei region of the Eastern Cape, which served as the historic native reserve of the Cape Colony and the political banishment site for native "troublemakers".[51]
Economic status
90% of households in the province have a flush toilet[1]: 84 and 90% have refuse removed by the local council at least once a week.[1]: 96 75% of households have piped tap water inside the dwelling, while a further 13% have piped water on their property; 11% receive piped water at a community tap, while 1% have no access to piped water.[1]: 77 One in seven people live in an informal dwelling.[50] 86.9% of households use electricity for cooking,[1]: 84 and 93% use it for lighting.[1]: 93 89% of households have a cellphone and 31% have a landline telephone, while 86% own a television, 81% own a refrigerator, and 34% own a computer.[1]: 99 44% of households have access to the Internet.[1]: 101
The average annual household income was R143,460, the second-highest in the country after Gauteng.[48]: 37 As of September 2012[update], 69% of the population aged 15–64 are economically active, and of these 25% are unemployed. Overall, 52% of the working-age population are employed.[52] Around 2 million people in the Western Cape labour market (those aged 16 to 64) are employed, 1.3 million are not economically active, 552,733 are unemployed with an additional 122,753 who are discouraged work seekers who want to work but have given up looking for it.[50]
Education
2.7% of residents aged 20 and over have received no schooling, 10.7% have had only some primary, 5.6% have completed primary school but gone no further, 38% have had some secondary education without finishing Grade 12, 28% have finished Grade 12 but gone no further, and 14% have higher education beyond the secondary level. Overall, 43% of residents have completed high school.[1]: 49
Cities and towns
Education
The Western Cape province has the most highly educated residents with a very skilled workforce in comparison to any other African region.[53] The high school graduation rate is consistently around 80%, higher than any other province. The proportion of adults with a degree or higher was 4.8% (2005),[45] the highest in the country.
The province also boasts four universities:
- Cape Peninsula University of Technology
- Stellenbosch University
- University of Cape Town
- University of the Western Cape
The province is also home to the South African Military Academy.
Culture
Cuisine
Types of cuisine originating from the Western Cape include Dutch and Malay cuisines. Other types of South African cuisine are also found and commonly enjoyed in the province. Over 50% of all cheese in South Africa is produced in the Western Cape.[54] Four of the top ten entries in Trip Advisor's Best Fine Dining Restaurants – Africa list for 2021 are in the Western Cape.[55]
Winelands
The Western Cape is known for its wine production and vineyards.
See also
References
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