Western Ghats

Coordinates: 10°10′11″N 77°03′40″E / 10.16972°N 77.06111°E / 10.16972; 77.06111
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Western Ghats
Pashchima Ghats
Chembra Peak in Western Ghats
Highest point
PeakAnamudi, Eravikulam National Park
Elevation2,695 m (8,842 ft)
Coordinates10°10′11″N 77°03′40″E / 10.16972°N 77.06111°E / 10.16972; 77.06111
Dimensions
Length1,600 km (990 mi) N–S
Width100 km (62 mi) E–W
Area160,000 km2 (62,000 sq mi)
Geography
The Western Ghats lie roughly parallel to the west coast of India.
Country
Southern India
Settlements
List
  • Perinthalmanna
  • Punalur
  • Tenkasi
  • Nedumangad
    • BiomeTropical rainforests and Marsh
    Geology
    Age of rockCenozoic
    Type of rockBasalt, Laterite and Limestone
    CriteriaNatural: ix, x
    Reference1342
    Inscription2012 (36th Session)
    Area795,315 ha

    The Western Ghats, also known as the Sahyadri mountain range, is a mountain range that covers an area of 160,000 km2 (62,000 sq mi) in a stretch of 1,600 km (990 mi) parallel to the western coast of the

    Indian peninsula, traversing the states of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu.[1] It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site[2] and one of the 36 biodiversity hotspots in the world.[3] It is sometimes called the Great Escarpment of India.[4] It contains a very large proportion of the country's flora and fauna, many of which are endemic to this region.[5] The Western Ghats are older than the Himalayas. They influence Indian monsoon weather patterns by intercepting the rain-laden monsoon winds that sweep in from the south-west during late summer.[1] The range runs north to south along the western edge of the Deccan Plateau and separates the plateau from a narrow coastal plain called the Western Coastal Plains along the Arabian Sea. A total of 39 areas in the Western Ghats, including national parks, wildlife sanctuaries and reserve forests, were designated as world heritage sites in 2012 – twenty of them in Kerala, ten in Karnataka, six in Tamil Nadu and four in Maharashtra.[6][7]

    The range starts near south of the

    southwest monsoon winds from reaching the Deccan Plateau.[8] The average elevation is around 1,200 m (3,900 ft).[9]

    The area is one of the world's ten "hottest biodiversity hotspots". It has over 7,402 species of flowering plants, 1,814 species of non-flowering plants, 139 mammal species, 508 bird species, 227 reptile species, 179 amphibian species, 290 freshwater fish species, and 6,000 insect species. It is likely that many undiscovered species live in the Western Ghats. At least 325 globally threatened species occur in the Western Ghats.[10][11][12]

    Etymology

    The Indian and the ancient name for the mountain range is Sahyadri which is one of the seven sacred mountain ranges of the ancient Indians. The word Sahyadri is derived from two words, Sahya (tolerant) and Adri (mountain). The word is mentioned in Shiva Purana as one of the places where rudraksha is grown. Sahyadri Khanda a portion ascribed to Skanda purana describes the rivers, terrain, and the mountains in detail along with other stories.

    The word Ghat is explained by numerous Dravidian etymons such as the Kannada gaati and ghatta (mountain range), Tamil gattu (hill and hill forest), Tulu gatta (hill or hillside), and ghattam in Malayalam (mountainous way, riverside and hairpin bends).[13]

    Ghat, a term used in the Indian subcontinent, depending on the context could either refer to a range of stepped-hill such as the Eastern Ghats and Western Ghats; or the series of steps leading down to a body of water or wharf, such bathing or cremation place along the banks of a river or pond, Ghats in Varanasi, Dhoby Ghat or Aapravasi Ghat.[14][15] Roads passing through ghats are called Ghat Roads.

    Geology

    The Western Ghats are the mountainous

    dolerites and anorthosites. Residual laterite and bauxite ores are also found in the southern hills.[citation needed
    ]

    Geography

    Topography: Western Ghats (southern part)
    Western Ghats form a continuous chain of mountains along the West coast of India

    The Western Ghats extend from the

    orographic winds from the sea, and releasing much of the moisture back into the air via transpiration, allowing it to later condense and fall again as rain.[citation needed
    ]

    The northern portion of the narrow coastal plain between the Western Ghats and the

    Anamala Hills, located in western Tamil Nadu and Kerala with smaller ranges further south, including the Cardamom Hills, then Aryankavu pass, and Aralvaimozhi pass near Kanyakumari. The range is known as Sahyan or Sahian in Kerala. In the southern part of the range is Anamudi (2,695 m (8,842 ft)), the highest peak in the Western Ghats. Ooty is called the Queen of the Western Ghats.[citation needed
    ]

    Peaks

    Main article: List of peaks in the Western Ghats

    The Western Ghats have many peaks that rise above 2,000 m (6,600 ft), with Anamudi (2,695 m (8,842 ft)) being the highest peak.[19]

    Water bodies

    The Western Ghats form one of the four

    Idukki, Kerala.[citation needed
    ]

    Climate

    Munnar, a popular hillstation in the Western Ghats
    Spring blossom in Ooty, the Queen of the Western ghats

    The area including Agumbe, Hulikal and Amagaon in Karnataka, Mahabaleshwar and Tamhini in Maharashtra are often referred to as the "Cherrapunji of southwest India" or the "rain capital of southwest India". Kollur in Udupi district, Kokkali and Nilkund in Sirsi, Samse in Mudigere of Karnataka, and Neriamangalam in the Ernakulam district of Kerala are the wettest places in the Western Ghats. Heavy precipitation does occur in the surrounding regions due to the long continuity of the mountains without passes and gaps. Changes in the direction and pace of the wind do affect the average rainfall and the wettest places might vary. However, Maharashtra and the northern part of Western Ghats in Karnataka on average receive heavier rainfall than Kerala and the southern part of Western Ghats in Karnataka.

    The climate in the Western Ghats varies with altitudinal gradation and distance from the equator. The climate is humid and tropical in the lower reaches tempered by the proximity to the sea. Elevations of 1,500 m (4,921 ft) and above in the north and 2,000 m (6,562 ft) and above in the south have a more temperate climate. The average annual temperature is around 15 °C (59 °F). In some parts frost is common, and temperatures reach the freezing point during the winter months. Mean temperatures range from 20 °C (68 °F) in the south to 24 °C (75 °F) in the north. It has also been observed that the coldest periods in the South Western Ghats coincide with the wettest.[24]

    During the monsoon season between June and September, the unbroken Western Ghats chain acts as a barrier to the moisture-laden clouds. The heavy, eastward-moving rain-bearing clouds are forced to rise and in the process deposit most of their rain on the windward side. Rainfall in this region averages 300 cm (120 in) to 400 cm (160 in) with localised extremes reaching 900 cm (350 in). The eastern regions of the Western Ghats, which lie in the rain shadow, receive far less rainfall (about 100 cm (39 in)), resulting in an average rainfall of 250 cm (98 in) across all regions. The total amount of rain does not depend on the spread of the area; areas in northern Maharashtra receive heavy rainfall followed by long dry spells, while regions closer to the equator receive lower annual rainfall and have rain spells lasting several months in a year.[24]

    Rainfall

    Chorla Ghat on the Goa-Karnataka border, during late monsoon

    The Karnataka region on average receives heavier rainfall than the Kerala, Maharashtra and Goa regions. Meanwhile, the Ghats in Karnataka have fewer passes and gaps and therefore the western slopes of Karnataka receive heavy rainfall, over 400 cm more than other regional parts of the Western Ghats.

    Annual rainfall along the Western Ghat region

    Some of the wettest places in the Western Ghats are:

    Location Region Mean annual rainfall[25]
    Agumbe Thirthahalli, Karnataka 7,624 mm (300.2 in)
    Amboli Sindhudurg district, Maharashtra 7,000 mm (280 in)
    Hulikal Hosanagara, Karnataka 5,316 mm (209.3 in)
    Amagaon Khanapur, Karnataka 4,089 mm (161.0 in)
    Kakkalli Sirsi, Uttara Kannada district, Karnataka 4,921 mm (193.7 in)
    Nilkund Sirsi, Uttara Kannada district, Karnataka 4,369 mm (172.0 in)
    Mahabaleshwar Satara district, Maharashtra 5,761 mm (226.8 in)
    Devimane Sirsi, Uttara Kannada district, Karnataka 3,981 mm (156.7 in)
    Surli Hosanagara, Karnataka 4,335 mm (170.7 in)
    Lonavla
    		 Pune district, Maharashtra 4,073 mm (160.4 in)
    Charmadi
    		 Mudigere, Karnataka 4,131 mm (162.6 in)
    Samse Mudigere, Karnataka 3,914 mm (154.1 in)
    Kollur Udupi district, Karnataka 4,992 mm (196.5 in)
    Makkiyad Wayanad district, Kerala 3,714 mm (146.2 in)
    Kudremukh
    		 Chikmagalur district, Karnataka 4,158 mm (163.7 in)
    Rajamala
    Idukki, Kerala
         		4,785 mm (188.4 in)
    Igatpuri Nashik, Maharashtra 3,498 mm (137.7 in)[26]
    Nyamakad
    Idukki, Kerala
         		3,007 mm (118.4 in)
    Sholayar Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 4,000 mm (160 in)
    Vythiri Wayanad district, Kerala 4,000 mm (160 in)
    Pookode Wayanad district, Kerala 3,957 mm (155.8 in)
    Dhamanohol Mulshi taluka, Maharashtra 6,255 mm (246.3 in)
    Mulshi Pune district, Maharashtra 5,100 mm (200 in)
    Tamhini Ghat Mulshi taluka, Maharashtra 5,255 mm (206.9 in)
    Chinnakallar Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 3,947 mm (155.4 in)
    Castle Rock Uttara Kannada district, Karnataka 5,132 mm (202.0 in)

    Ecoregions

    Sholas
    , part of the rainforests

    The Western Ghats are home to four

    ecoregions – the North Western Ghats moist deciduous forests, North Western Ghats montane rain forests, South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests, and South Western Ghats montane rain forests. The northern portion of the range is generally drier than the southern portion, and at lower elevations makes up the North Western Ghats moist deciduous forests ecoregion, with mostly deciduous forests made up predominantly of teak. Above 1,000 meters elevation are the cooler and wetter North Western Ghats montane rain forests, whose evergreen forests are characterised by trees of the family Lauraceae.[citation needed
    ]

    The evergreen forests in

    montane grasslands and stunted forests can be found at the highest elevations. The South Western Ghats montane rain forests are the most species-rich ecoregion in peninsular India; eighty percent of the flowering plant species of the entire Western Ghats range are found in this ecoregion.[citation needed
    ]

    Biodiversity protection

    Dense rainforests cover the Western Ghats
    Moist broadleaf forest in Mudumalai National Park

    Historically the Western Ghats were covered in dense forests that provided wild foods and natural habitats for native

    clear-felling for tea, coffee, and teak plantations[27] from 1860 to 1950. Species that are rare, endemic and habitat specialists are more adversely affected and tend to be lost faster than other species. Complex and species rich habitats like the tropical rainforest are much more adversely affected than other habitats.[28]

    The area is ecologically sensitive to development and was declared an ecological hotspot in 1988 through the efforts of ecologist

    Sathyamangalam in Tamil Nadu, forms the largest contiguous protected area in the Western Ghats.[29] Silent Valley in Kerala is among the last tracts of virgin tropical evergreen forest in India.[30][31]

    In August 2011, the Western Ghats Ecology Expert Panel (WGEEP) designated the entire Western Ghats as an Ecologically Sensitive Area (ESA) and assigned three levels of Ecological Sensitivity to its different regions.

    Gadgil Committee and its successor, the Kasturirangan Committee, recommended suggestions to protect the Western Ghats. The Gadgil report was criticised as being too environment-friendly and the Kasturirangan report was labelled as being anti-environmental.[34][35][36]

    The Western Ghats are a UNESCO heritage site.

    In 2006, India applied to the UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Programme (MAB) for the Western Ghats to be listed as a protected World Heritage Site.[37] In 2012, the following places were declared as World Heritage Sites:[38][39]

    Indian Leopard
    in Mudumalai National Park, Tamil Nadu
    A gaur or Indian Bison herd in Periyar National Park
    Dholes feeding on a chital carcass, Bandipur National Park

    Fauna

    The Western Ghats are home to thousands of animal species including at least 325 globally threatened species.[40]

    Mammals

    A Bengal tiger in Bandipur National Park.

    There are at least 139 mammal species. Of the 16 endemic mammals, 13 are threatened. Among the 32 threatened species are the tiger, leopard, lion-tailed macaque, Nilgiri tahr, Asian elephant, Nilgiri langur, dhole and gaur.[41][42][43] The endemic Malabar large-spotted civet is estimated to number fewer than 250 mature individuals, with no sub-population greater than 50 individuals.[44] The Nilgiri marten, brown palm civet, stripe-necked mongoose, Indian brown mongoose, small Indian civet, and leopard cat are the small carnivores living in the forests of the Western Ghats.[45]

    The hill ranges constitute important wildlife corridors and form an important part of Project Elephant and Project Tiger reserves. The largest tiger population lives in the Western Ghats, where there are seven populations with an estimated population size of 1200 individuals occupying 21,435 km2 (8,276 sq mi) of forest in three major landscape units spread across Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala.[46] The Western Ghats ecoregion has the largest Indian elephant population in the wild with an estimated 11,000 individuals across eight distinct populations.[47][48] The endemic Nilgiri tahr, which was on the brink of extinction, has recovered and has an estimated 3,122 individuals in the wild.[49] About 3500 lion-tailed macaques live scattered over several areas in the Western Ghats.[50]

    Reptiles

    Different Color morphs of Malabar pit vipers, endemic to the Western Ghats.

    At least 227 species of reptiles are found in the Western Ghats.

    horseshoe pitviper. The region has a significant population of the mugger crocodile.[53]

    Amphibians

    Micrixalus nelliyampathi
    Melanobatrachus
    Bicolored frog
    Beddomixalus
    Some of the rare frog species endemic to the Western Ghats

    The

    Mysticellus was discovered.[56]

    Fish

    Denison barb is endemic to only three rivers in the Western Ghats

    As of 2004, 288 freshwater fish species were listed for the Western Ghats, including 35 also known from

    Rohtee and Travancoria).[59]

    There is a higher fish

    Kryptoglanis.[65]

    Ninetyseven freshwater fish species from the Western Ghats were considered

    habitat loss, but also from overexploitation and introduced species.[59]

    Birds

    The Blue-winged parakeet

    There are at least 508 bird species. Most of Karnataka's five hundred species of birds are from the Western Ghats region.

    white-bellied blue-flycatcher and the crimson-backed sunbird.[68]

    Insects

    Pachliopta hector
    Papilio polymnestor
    Troides minos
    Cethosia nietneri
    Some of the butterflies endemic to the Western Ghats

    There are roughly 6,000 insect species.

    damselflies), including 69 endemics.[59] Most of the endemic odonate are closely associated with rivers and streams, while the non-endemics typically are generalists.[59]
    There are several species of leeches found all along the Western Ghats.[71]

    Mollusks

    Seasonal rainfall patterns of the Western Ghats necessitate a period of

    Pseudomulleria dalyi, which is a Gondwanan relict, and the snail Cremnoconchus, which is restricted to the spray zone of waterfalls.[59] According to the IUCN, 4 species of freshwater molluscs are considered endangered and 3 are vulnerable. An additional 19 species are considered data deficient.[59]

    Flora

    Tropical rainforest, Agumbe

    The dominant forest type here is

    tropical moist forests are also found here. Of the 7,402 species of flowering plants occurring in the Western Ghats, 5,588 species are native or indigenous and 376 are exotics naturalised; 1,438 species are cultivated or planted as ornamentals. Among the indigenous species, 2,253 species are endemic to India and of them, 1,273 species are exclusively confined to the Western Ghats. Apart from 593 confirmed subspecies and varieties; 66 species, 5 subspecies and 14 varieties of doubtful occurrence are also reported, amounting to 8,080 taxa of flowering plants.[73]
    Various plant species are endemic to the Western Ghats, including the palm tree Bentinckia condapanna and the flower Strobilanthes kunthiana.[74] A number of plant species are also Critically Endangered, such as Dipterocarpus bourdillonii and Phyllanthus anamalayanus.

    specific epithet sahyadricus is refers to them.[75]

    Threats

    Forest fires 2019

    The Western Ghats face a lot of issues. Poaching, deforestation, forest fires, extra hunting and dangers to native tribes are the main threats. Despite the 1972 Indian law of that banned poaching, people still tend to illegally hunt down animals such as tigers, elephants and chital for skin, fur or tusks. Forests here are being destroyed for farming or livestock. Animals that eat livestock are also being killed by farmers. Forest fires take place annually during the dry summer season, especially in the Nagarhole-Bandipur-Wayanad-Mudumalai-Satyamangalam-BRT block which has the most biodiverse locations in the Western Ghats with the largest populations of tigers and elephants residing there.

    Native tribes of the Western Ghats are being evicted from their homelands. This results in degradation of the tribal culture. The rich biodiversity in both flora and fauna have made the Western Ghats a target for many corporate companies to gain resources. This however is checked by the Government of India and the State Governments to protect the Western Ghats.

    See also

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    73. ^ Nayar, T.S., Rasiya Beegam A., and M. Sibi. (2014). Flowering Plants of the Western Ghats, India (2 Volumes), Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute, Palode, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India. p.1700
    74. ISBN 978-1-84246-182-2
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    75. S2CID 226368463
      . Retrieved 18 April 2022.

    References

    External links

    Media related to Western Ghats at Wikimedia Commons

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