Western Lombard dialects

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
(Redirected from
Western Lombard dialect
)
Western Lombard
Milanes/Milanées, Insubrigh/Insübrich, lumbard ucidental
Native toItaly, Switzerland
RegionItaly

Switzerland

Native speakers
unknown[1]
Dialects
Language codes
ISO 639-3–
Glottologwest2343
Linguasphere51-AAA-odd ... 51-AAA-odj
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Western Lombard is a group of dialects of

Graubünden). After the name of the region involved, land of the former Duchy of Milan, this language is often referred to as Insubric (see Insubria and Insubres) or Milanese, or, after Clemente Merlo, Cisabduano (literally "of this side of Adda River").[2]

Western Lombard and Italian

In Italian-speaking contexts, Western Lombard is often incorrectly called a

Eastern Lombard), but it has a number of variations,[4] mainly in relation to the vowels
/o/, /ɔ/ and the development of /ts/ into /s/.

Western Lombard has no official status in Lombardy or anywhere else. The only official language in Lombardy is Italian.

Grammar

Main article: Western Lombard grammar

The general lines of diachronics of Western Lombard plural declension are drawn here, with reference to

Milanese
orthography:

Feminine

Most feminine words end with the inflection -a; the feminine

Milanese
sing. scendra, plur. scendr > scender). For adjectives, the plural form and masculine form are often the same.

Masculine

Most masculine nouns lack inflections, and the plural masculine is always non-inflected (el tramvaj/i tramvaj; el lett/i lett ). When the word stem ends with a particular group of consonants, both singular and plural forms can add a schwa between consonants; otherwise, a final -o (pron. /u/) is added to singular nouns, -i for plurals.

Masculine words ending in -in or, less commonly, in -ett, have plurals in -itt (fiolin/fiolitt). Those ending in -ll have plurals in -j, (el sidell/i sidej ; el porscell/i porscej ; el cavall / i cavaj). The same occurs in the determinate article: singular ell > el, plural elli > ej > i.

Masculine words ending in -a are invariable and are proper nouns, words from Ancient Greek or idiomatic words such as pirla, a derogatory term for a person.

Varieties

Western Lombard can be divided into four main varieties: lombardo alpino (spoken in the provinces of Sondrio and of Verbania,

Canton Ticino
and Grigioni in Switzerland), lombardo-prealpino occidentale (spoken in the provinces of Como, Varese and Lecco, Lugano and its neighbors in Canton Ticino), basso-lombardo occidentale (Pavia and Lodi), and macromilanese (provinces of Milan, Monza, Novara and Valsesia of Vercelli). The boundaries are obviously schematic, since the political division in provinces and municipalities are usually independent from languages spoken.

Examples of Western Lombard language are:[citation needed]

  • Milanese or Meneghin
     (macromilanese)
  • Bustocco and Legnanese
  • Brianzöö
     (lombardo-prealpino occidentale - macromilanese)
  • Monzese
  • Comasco-Lecchese
     (lombardo-prealpino occidentale)
    • Comasco
    • Laghée
    • Intelvese
    • Vallassinese
    • Lecchese
    • Valsassinese
    • Ossolano
  • Varesino or Bosin
     (lombardo-prealpino occidentale)
  • Alpine Lombard (lombardo alpino, influence from Ladin)[5]
    • Valtellinese
    • Chiavennasco
  • Ticinese (lombardo alpino) (influence from Ladin)[6]
  • Southwestern Lombard (basso-lombardo occidentale)
  • Slangs

Phonology

The following information is based on the Milanese dialect:[11]

Consonants

Labial Dental/
Alveolar 		Post-
alveolar 		Palatal Velar
Affricate
 voiceless p
t
 		t͡ʃ k
voiced b
d
 		d͡ʒ ɡ
Fricative
 voiceless f s ʃ
voiced v z ʒ
Nasal m
n
 		ɲ (ŋ)
Rhotic
r
Approximant lateral
l
 		(ʎ)
central j w
  • [ŋ] occurs only as a nasal sound before velar stops.
  • The central approximant sounds /j w/ are mainly heard as allophones of /i u/ when preceding vowels.
  • [ʎ] is not typically pronounced, and only occurs in a few words from Italian.

Vowels

Front Central Back
Close i ĩ y ỹ u ũ
Close-mid e ẽ
Open-mid ɛ œ ɔ
Open a ã ɑ (ɒ)
  • A double vowel aa is pronounced as [ɑː] or [ɒː]. /a/ may also be pronounced as [ɑ].

Orthography

The most important orthography in Western Lombard literature is the Classical Milanese orthography. It was used by Carlo Porta (1775–1821) and Delio Tessa (1886–1939). It was perfected by the Circolo Filologico di Milano. Other orthographies are the Ticinese, the Comasca, the Bosina, the Nuaresat, and the Lecchese.[citation needed]

Literature

An extensive

Gospels arranged into an account of the life of Christ.[12]

See also

References

  1. ^ Although the upper bound to the number of speakers is around 2,500,000,[citation needed] this figure represents more closely the number of people who can understand Western Lombard. Because of immigration (mostly to Milan) from other parts of Italy, the use of Western Lombard is very rare in western Lombardy and most people are not able to speak it fluently.[citation needed]
  2. ^ Merlo, Clemente (1960). "I dialetti lombardi". Storia di Milano (in Italian). 13: L'età napoleonica, 1796–1814. Milan: Fondazione Treccani degli Alfieri: 466–475.
  3. ^ a b "Lombard". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2022-03-08.
  4. ^ Gian Battista Pellegrini, Carta dei dialetti d'Italia, Pacini, Pisa, 1977.
  5. ^ Sanga, Glauco (1984). Dialettologia Lombarda Lingue e Cultura Popolari. Aurora Edizioni. p. 8.
  6. ^ Sanga, Glauco (1984). Dialettologia Lombarda Lingue e Cultura Popolari. Aurora Edizioni. p. 8.
  7. ^ Sanga, Glauco (1984). Dialettologia Lombarda Lingue e Cultura Popolari. Aurora Edizioni. p. 8.
  8. ^ Maiden, Martin; Mair Perry, M (1997). Dialects of Italy. Psychology Press. p. 256.
  9. ^ Sanga, Glauco (1984). Dialettologia Lombarda Lingue e Cultura Popolari. Aurora Edizioni. p. 8.
  10. ^ Sanga, Glauco (1984). Dialettologia Lombarda Lingue e Cultura Popolari. Aurora Edizioni. p. 8.
  11. ^ Nicoli, Franco (1983). Grammatica Milanese. Busto Arsizio: Bramante editrice. pp. 31–74.
  12. ISBN 9788894518320
    .

Bibliography

  • Andrea Rognoni, Grammatica dei dialetti della Lombardia,
    Oscar Mondadori
    , 2005.
  • AA. VV., Parlate e dialetti della Lombardia. Lessico comparato, Mondadori, Milano 2003.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Western_Lombard_dialects&oldid=1217295456"