Surat
Surat | ||
---|---|---|
District Surat | | |
Zone | 7 | |
Named for | Surya | |
Government | ||
• Type | Mayor–Council | |
• Body | ||
• Literacy rate | 86.65%[11] | |
Gross domestic product | $60 billion[12] | |
Website | www |
Surat (
The city is located 284 km (176 mi) south of the state capital, Gandhinagar; 265 km (165 mi) south of Ahmedabad; and 289 km (180 mi) north of Mumbai. The city centre is located on the Tapti River (popularly known as Tapi), close to the Arabian Sea.[16]
Surat will be the world's fastest-growing city from 2019 to 2035, according to a study conducted by
Surat is listed as the second
Surat, famous for its diamond cutting and polishing, is known as the Diamond City of India.[1] The city has various engineering plants like Essar, Larsen and Toubro and RIL. Surat won the Netexplo Smart Cities Award 2019 with UNESCO in the resilience category. Surat's mayor received the award at the UNESCO House in Paris, France in 2020.[28]
History
Etymology
The traditional account is that Surat was built up by a wealthy Hindu merchant named Gopi around the year 1500. At first, the town had no name and was simply called "the new place". Gopi consulted with astrologers, who suggested the name "Suraj", or "Suryapur", or "city of the sun". Gopi sent a request to the unnamed king of Gujarat for this to be the new town's name, but the name smacked too much of Hinduism for the Muslim king, so he altered it to Surat after the word
Duarte Barbosa described Surat as Suratt. Jacob Peeters referred to Surat as Sourratte which is a Dutch name.[30] There are many other names of Surat in history. Surat is referred to as Surrat, Surate or Soorat in some literature.[31]
Surat before the Mughal Empire
Before the rise of Surat in the 1500s, the nearby town of Rander was the main commercial centre in the area. Rander had a prominent Arab merchant community involved in overseas trade with regions such as Burma, China, Malaya, and Sumatra. In the 1500s, Rander declined due to Portuguese raids. Surat became an important port city around the same time, and some of Rander's merchant population likely moved to Surat for economic opportunity.[29]: 82–3
Early references to Surat appear by the 10th century, but they shed little light on what type of settlement it was. As Suryapur, it is mentioned along with Bharuch as a place where an army from Anhilwara passed through in 990 en route to attack the ruler of Lata. Suryapur may also be the port called "Surabaya" mentioned by the 10th-century Arabic geographer Istakhri as being four days south of Khambhat and five days north of Sanjan. Other Arabic authors spelled the name as "Subara" or "Sufara". The identification of this place with Surat, though, is uncertain, and in any case these early mentions of Suryapur or Surabaya do not indicate whether it was a sizeable town or just a small hamlet.[29]: 82–3
Another early mention of Surat is in the 1190s, after Qutb ud-Din Aibak, then a general of Muhammad Ghuri, defeated the Chaulukya king Bhima II in battle. According to the local histories of Bakshi Mian Walad Shah Ahmad and Munshi Ghulam Mohi ud-Din, Aibak went as far south as Rander and Surat. Surat was then ruled by a Hindu chief based at nearby Kamrej. This ruler initially tried to take refuge in a garden at Surat, but then decided that he had no chance of resisting Aibak's forces and offered his submission. Aibak, in turn, confirmed him as ruler of Kamrej.[29]: 82–3
From 1297, Gujarat was gradually conquered by
As control from the Delhi Sultanate waned at the end of the 14th century, pressure grew for an independent Gujarat, culminating in Zafar Khan declaring independence in 1407. Surat was controlled directly by the nobles of the Rajput kingdom of
In 1514, the Portuguese traveler Duarte Barbosa described Surat as an important seaport, frequented by many ships from Malabar and various parts of the world. By 1520, the name of the city had become Surat. It was burned by the Portuguese (1512 and 1530), conquered by the Mughals (1573) and was twice raided by the Maratha king Shivaji (17th century).[35] Mughal Emperor Akbar placed major importance on Gujarat and successfully obtained numerous towns in Gujarat. The Mughals were able to conquer Surat due to his campaigns against Gujarat during his rule. In the 1570s, he launched two major campaigns against Gujarat—one of a much longer duration and one much shorter. The fall of Surat occurred during the former campaign and lasted one month and seventeen days.[36] Akbar implemented large military power during these conquests, fighting many battles. Notably, the conquest of Surat was an important catalyst for overseas trade during the rule of the Mughal Empire as it became the most important port city of that reign and evolved into a bustling trading hub.
During the Mughal Empire
It was the most prosperous port in the Mughal empire.
Later, Surat became the emporium of India, exporting gold and cloth. Its major industries were shipbuilding and textile manufacture.
By the middle of the 19th century, Surat had become a stagnant city with about 80,000 inhabitants. When India's railways opened, the city started becoming prosperous again. Silks, cotton, brocades, and objects of gold and silver from Surat became famous and the ancient art of manufacturing fine muslin was revived.[35]
Surat under British Raj
Under British Raj, Surat saw a period of decline from its success under the Mughal Empire. Though it remained a pivotal city for textile-based products, it was less important to the British as a port city than it was for the Mughals. Nevertheless, Surat was very interconnected with Asia and Europe, involving trade with both Europeans and Armenian merchants.[40]
Tactically, Surat involved itself in trade in fields that did not compete with existing European products, such as pearls and silver.[41] The textile industry was also a large portion of Surat’s shipping success. But despite being a primary port for textiles, Surat rarely manufactured these textiles locally.[40] Bullion was also quite important to Surat’s economy during this time. During his first-hand experience on a trip to Surat, Britisher John Ovington recalls the great ores Surat possessed, such as gold and silver.[42] He recollects the notable “abundance of Pearls” and other precious stones like diamonds that could “be purchas’d here [Surat] at very reasonable rates.”[42] As Ovington observed, this industry was imperative to Surat’s prosperity under the British Raj and allowed it to maintain its relevance as a port city.
Armenians in Surat
The Armenian community in Surat, India, flourished from the 16th to the 17th centuries, leaving a lasting impact on the city's history. The Armenian gravestones in Surat, dating back to this period, are intricate and well-preserved, showcasing the community's presence and customs.
Armenians in Surat were renowned traders, dealing in jewelry, precious stones, cotton, and silk. They established trade routes to destinations such as Egypt, the Levant, Turkey, Venice, and Leghorn, often traveling with their families.
The British recognized the Armenians' business prowess, seeking their cooperation for trading privileges in the Mughal court. Today, these gravestones serve as a poignant reminder of the Armenian community's significant contributions to Surat's history and culture.[43]
Modern period
Post Independence
After India gained independence on 15 August 1947, Surat became part of India. At that time it was a part of Bombay State. Later it became the part of Gujarat state. Along with Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Pune, Nagpur and Vadodara, Surat became one of the fast growing cities and major commercial and industrial centers of Western India. During the post-independence period, Surat has experienced considerable growth in industrial activities especially textiles and chemical along with trading activities.[44]
1994 Plague
Surat faced a major health crisis in 1994. News of a plague outbreak in Surat occurred in September 1994, and when the possibility of quarantine for the city was mentioned, many residents of Surat fled the city.[45]
About a quarter of Surat’s population fled the city, including people who were in the incubation phase of the disease. This, in turn, partly contributed to the spread of the plague throughout India.
In the media, the cause of the plague was attributed to poor garbage disposal. However, the spread was instead brought about by rodents and fleas which were inadvertently caused by garbage in Surat. The disease ran more rampant through the slum population of Surat. In order to combat the spread of this disease, Surat closed its schools, universities, and public places for an indefinite period. They also ordered the shutdown of important industrial businesses, including diamond-cutting units.[45] Eventually, antibiotics were given out and the plague was controlled. Prior to the major plague outbreak, Surat Municipal Corporation was suspended in 1993, leaving no major elected body in charge. During the plague, Suryadevara Ramachandra Rao was elected as the new administrator and launched extensive cleaning campaigns to combat the outbreak.
This was a major step towards sanitation and cleanliness in Surat. Rao’s campaigns included launching hotel and shop inspections (to address their irresponsible garbage practices) for several months and calling for the broadening of roads.[46] He enforced designated sweeping of the city as well as the regular collection of garbage. Rao also demolished many illegal constructions. However, slums would often fall subject to removal when streets were widened, but Rao ensured that the residents were given alternative residential sites with adequate facilities to accommodate them. Rao’s urban and sanitary-related actions fostered the revival of Surat in its post-plague state.
Nevertheless, the plague had long-lasting implications for Surat. It brought attention to the lack of information and the spread of misinformation that occurred in India. Incorrect death tolls and false facts about the cause of the disease were spread, leaving lots of room for post-plague city revival both in terms of information control and cleanliness. Surat’s actions pertaining to the latter eventually resulted in the Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage deeming Surat as the second cleanest city in India.[46]
Present Day Surat
On 2 October 2007, Surat district was split into two by the creation of a new Tapi district, under the Surat District Re-organisation Act 2007.
Geography
Surat is a port city situated on the banks of the
Climate
Surat has a
Since the 20th century, Surat has experienced some 20 floods.[49] In 1968, most parts of the city were flooded and in 1994 a flood caused a country-wide plague outbreak, Surat being the epicenter. In 1998, 30 per cent of Surat had gone under water due to flooding in Tapti river following release of water from Ukai dam located 90 km from Surat and in Aug 2006 flood more than 95 per cent of the city was under Tapti river waters, killing more than 120 people, stranding tens of thousands in their homes without food or electricity and closing businesses and schools for weeks.[49][50] The city is expected to experience more flooding and extreme weather as climate change becomes worse, so has invested in flood protection and climate resilience infrastructure.[51]
Climate data for Surat (1991–2020, extremes 1877–2012) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 38.3 (100.9) |
41.7 (107.1) |
44.0 (111.2) |
45.6 (114.1) |
45.6 (114.1) |
45.6 (114.1) |
38.9 (102.0) |
37.2 (99.0) |
41.1 (106.0) |
41.4 (106.5) |
39.4 (102.9) |
38.9 (102.0) |
45.6 (114.1) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 30.2 (86.4) |
32.2 (90.0) |
35.4 (95.7) |
36.6 (97.9) |
35.7 (96.3) |
33.8 (92.8) |
31.1 (88.0) |
30.8 (87.4) |
32.0 (89.6) |
34.9 (94.8) |
34.1 (93.4) |
31.6 (88.9) |
33.2 (91.8) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 22.6 (72.7) |
24.7 (76.5) |
28.0 (82.4) |
30.3 (86.5) |
31.4 (88.5) |
30.3 (86.5) |
28.7 (83.7) |
28.1 (82.6) |
28.6 (83.5) |
29.0 (84.2) |
26.8 (80.2) |
23.7 (74.7) |
27.7 (81.8) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 15.2 (59.4) |
17.2 (63.0) |
20.9 (69.6) |
24.4 (75.9) |
27.4 (81.3) |
27.3 (81.1) |
26.2 (79.2) |
25.9 (78.6) |
25.6 (78.1) |
23.5 (74.3) |
19.9 (67.8) |
16.6 (61.9) |
22.5 (72.5) |
Record low °C (°F) | 4.4 (39.9) |
5.6 (42.1) |
8.9 (48.0) |
15.0 (59.0) |
19.4 (66.9) |
20.2 (68.4) |
19.9 (67.8) |
20.2 (68.4) |
20.6 (69.1) |
14.4 (57.9) |
10.6 (51.1) |
6.7 (44.1) |
4.4 (39.9) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 1.9 (0.07) |
0.3 (0.01) |
0.7 (0.03) |
0.5 (0.02) |
2.4 (0.09) |
255.9 (10.07) |
466.3 (18.36) |
281.7 (11.09) |
186.7 (7.35) |
40.7 (1.60) |
5.1 (0.20) |
1.1 (0.04) |
1,243.4 (48.95) |
Average rainy days | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 8.0 | 15.0 | 12.3 | 8.1 | 2.0 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 46.5 |
Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST )
|
41 | 35 | 32 | 43 | 61 | 72 | 81 | 80 | 72 | 54 | 46 | 45 | 55 |
Average dew point °C (°F) | 9 (48) |
10 (50) |
10 (50) |
14 (57) |
19 (66) |
23 (73) |
25 (77) |
25 (77) |
24 (75) |
19 (66) |
14 (57) |
11 (52) |
17 (62) |
Average ultraviolet index | 6 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 7 |
Source 1: India Meteorological Department[52][53] Time and Date (dewpoints, 2005-2015)[54] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1991–2020);[55] Weather Atlas[56] |
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1810 | 73,000 | — |
1871 | 107,100 | +46.7% |
1881 | 109,800 | +2.5% |
1891 | 109,200 | −0.5% |
1901 | 119,300 | +9.2% |
1911 | 114,900 | −3.7% |
1921 | 117,400 | +2.2% |
1931 | 98,900 | −15.8% |
1941 | 171,400 | +73.3% |
1951 | 223,200 | +30.2% |
1961 | 288,000 | +29.0% |
1968 | 368,900 | +28.1% |
1971 | 492,700 | +33.6% |
1981 | 912,600 | +85.2% |
1991 | 1,519,000 | +66.4% |
2001 | 2,811,614 | +85.1% |
2011 | 4,591,246 | +63.3% |
2013 | 5,300,000 | +15.4% |
Source: [57] |
A resident of Surat is called Surati. According to the 2011 India census, the population of Surat is 4,467,797. Surat has an average literacy rate of 89%, higher than the national average of 79.5%, male literacy is 93%, and female literacy is 84%.[58] Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. In Surat, 13% of the population is under 6 years of age.
Religion
Politics
Darshana Jardosh, of BJP is the MP from the Surat Lok Sabha constituency.
Govind Dholakia he was nominated by the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) to the Rajya Sabha, elected unopposed for the term spanning from 2024 to 2030.
The Assembly constituencies of Surat district are
District | No. | Constituency | Name | Party | Remarks | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Surat | 155 | Olpad | Mukesh Patel | Bharatiya Janata Party | MoS | |
156 | Mangrol (Surat) (ST) | Ganpat Vasava | Bharatiya Janata Party | |||
157 | Mandvi (Surat) (ST) | Kunvarjibhai Halpati | Bharatiya Janata Party | MoS | ||
158 | Kamrej | Prafulbhai Pansheriya | Bharatiya Janata Party | MoS | ||
159 | Surat East | Arvind Rana | Bharatiya Janata Party | |||
160 | Surat North | Kantibhai Balar | Bharatiya Janata Party | |||
161 | Varachha Road | Kishore Kanani | Bharatiya Janata Party | |||
162 | Karanj | Pravinbhai Ghoghari | Bharatiya Janata Party | |||
163 | Limbayat | Sangita Patil | Bharatiya Janata Party | |||
164 | Udhana | Manubhai Patel | Bharatiya Janata Party | |||
165 | Majura | Harsh Sanghavi | Bharatiya Janata Party | MoS(I/C) | ||
166 | Katargam | Vinodbhai Moradiya | Bharatiya Janata Party | |||
167 | Surat West | Purnesh Modi | Bharatiya Janata Party | |||
168 | Choryasi | Sandip Desai | Bharatiya Janata Party | |||
169 | Bardoli (SC) | Ishwarbhai Parmar | Bharatiya Janata Party | |||
170 | Mahuva (Surat) (ST) | Mohanbhai Dhodia | Bharatiya Janata Party |
Civic institutions
The Surat Municipal Corporation is responsible for maintaining the city's civic infrastructure as well as carrying out associated administrative duties. At present, BJP is the ruling party with a majority. Under the Provisions of Bombay Provincial Municipal Corporations Act, 1949, Section – 4, the powers have been vested in three Distinct Statutory Authorities: the General Board, the Standing Committee, and the Municipal Commissioner. It ranked 7 out of 21 cities for best administrative practices in India in 2014. It scored 3.5 on 10 compared to the national average of 3.3. It is the only city in India to disclose municipal budgets on a weekly basis.[59]
Public Safety
Surat began the 'Safe City Project' in 2011 aimed at keeping the city safe using surveillance cameras. The project was headed by Sanjay Srivastava (IPS) who was then the Joint-Commissioner of Surat Police. The 280-square-foot video wall claimed to be the largest surveillance screen in the country, is being installed in the control room of Police Commissioner Mr. Rakesh Asthana (IPS). This will help the police view the entire city live through 10,000 CCTV cameras across the city. Surat police have decided to install 5,000 CCTV cameras at sensitive points across the city. While 1,000 cameras will be night vision cameras, 4,000 others will be simple CCTV cameras. This has been installed on PPP base with the help of the city's businessmen, the city's social persons, Surat Municipal Corporation, and the Surat City Police. [60]
Hospitals
- Government Medical College
- Surat Municipal Institute of Medical Education and Research[61]
- Kiran Hospital
Economy
Surat ranked 9th in India with a GDP of $40 billion in the fiscal year 2016. The GDP of Surat in 2020 will be around $57 billion estimated by The City Mayors Foundation, an international think tank on urban affairs. Since it is known for producing textiles, including silk, Surat is known as the textile hub of the nation or the Silk City of India. It is very famous for its cotton mills and Surat Zari Craft. Surat is the biggest center of MMF (man-made fiber) in India. It has a total of 381 dyeing and printing mills and 41,100 power loom units. There are over a hundred thousand units and mills in total. The overall annual turnover is around 5 billion rupees. There are over 800 cloth wholesalers in Surat.[68] It is the largest manufacturer of clothes in India, and Surti dress material can be found in any state of India. Surat produces 9 million meters of fabric annually, which accounts for 60% of the total polyester cloth production in India. Now the city is focusing on increasing the exports of its textile.[69]
There are many SME Domestic IT Companies present in Surat. MNC IT companies like IBM, Surat is being a port city, it has turned as a major commercial and industrial hub in India. It is home for many companies such as
The government of Gujarat plans another project near Surat similar to
Transport
Built in 1860,
The
Surat Metro is an under construction rapid transit rail system for the city.[81]
Culture
Food
Surat is known for its food and has its own list of cherished street foods. There is a famous saying in Gujarati, "સુરતનું જમણ અને કાશીનું મરણ", meaning Eat in Surat and Die in Kashi for the ultimate experience of the soul.[82][83][84][85][86][87]
The unique dishes of Surat include Locho, Ghari (sweet), Surti Bhusu,[88] Alupuri, Kavsa, Ponk, Ulta Vadapav, Undhiyu, Dhokla, Khaman, Rasaawala Khaman, Sev Khamani, and so forth.
People's love for food in Surat is so great that there is a lane called "Khaudra Gali," which means "foodie's lane", which has all stalls of various types of dishes, the specialty being Mysore Dosa.
Education
Universities
Most of the regional colleges are affiliated to
Science Centre
Sports
Pandit Dindayal Upadhyay Indoor Stadium
With a seating capacity of 6800, Pandit Dindayal Upadhyay Indoor Stadium is the first of its kind in the Western Region of India. The stadium frequently organizes national and international indoor games such as volleyball, table tennis, gymnastics, handball, boxing, wrestling, badminton, basketball, and tennis. It has a central arena of size 63 m × 33 m, rooms for participants and team officials, and other essential facilities including snack bars. This is also a convenient venue for organizing cultural programs, music concerts, drama, fashion shows, seminars, conferences, and many more. The Indoor Stadium also hosted TEDxSurat 2018 on 7 October 2018 which is the largest TEDx conference in Gujarat and one of the largest TEDx conferences in the world.[91]
Lalbhai Contractor Cricket Stadium
Lalbhai contractor cricket stadium has a capacity of more than 7000 and hosted several
Surat in literature
- The Coffee-House of Surat[92] — by Leo Tolstoy
- A Voyage to Surat in the Year 1689[93] — by John Ovington
- Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Gujarát Surat and Broach[94]
- The Land of Malabar[95] — by Duarte Barbosa
- S. Sami Ahmad
- Surat, Broach and Other Old Cities of Goojerat[97] — by Theodore Hope
Neighborhoods and localities
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2023) |
Notable people
- Abbas–Mustan, Bollywood directors
- Hashim Amla, South African Cricketer
- Henry Barnes-Lawrence (1815–1896), Anglican clergyman, and founder of the Association for the Protection of Sea-Birds[98]
- Chahhyaben Bhuva, politician
- Kiransinh Chauhan, Gujarati poet and scriptwriter
- Abdulgani Dahiwala, Gujarati poet
- Bollywood composer[99]
- Freddy Daruwala, Bollywood actor
- Harmeet Desai, table-tennis player
- Jayant Desai, director
- Prachi Desai, actress in Bollywood[100]
- Govind Dholakia, an Indian businessman & Member of Rajya Sabha.
- Savji Dholakia, an Indian businessman. He is the founder and chairman of Hari Krishna Export.
- Pratik Gandhi, Bollywood actor
- Jashwant Gangani, writer, director, producer
- Yazdi Karanjia, theatre person - noted as one of the doyens of Parsi theatre
- Sanjeev Kumar (actual name Haribhai Jariwala), film actor[101]
- Mareez, 20th century Gujarati poet, popular for his ghazals
- Mehtab (actress) Actress
- Babubhai Mistry, special effect - Bollywood trick scene photography
- Narmad, Gujarati poet, playwright, essayist, orator, lexicographer and reformer under the British Raj
- Hardik Pandya, Indian international Cricketer
- Dhwanil Parekh, 20th century Gujarati poet
- Laljibhai Patel, an Indian diamantaire and philanthropic social activist, who is the chairman of Dharmanandan Diamonds Pvt. Ltd.(DDPL)
- Hendrik van Rheede (1636–1691), Dutch botanist and colonial administrator. Died of the coast of Mumbai and was buried at the Dutch Cemetery in Surat.
- Mufaddal Saifuddin religious leader of the Dawoodi Bohra
- Harsh Sanghavi, MLA - Majura Constituency & Minister of State (MoS)
- Gunvant Shah, educationist and columnist
- Bhagwatikumar Sharma, author and journalist
- Farooq Sheikh, actor and television presenter[102]
- Abid Surti, Indian cartoonist and writer
- Mehul Surti, Indian musician
- Mohammed Surti, Indian National Congress politician
- Rusi Surti, Indian cricketer
- Naval Tata, former chairman of Tata Group
- Virji Vora, businessman known as "merchant prince" during Mughal era[103]
- Zubeida, actress
See also
References
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External links
- Website of Surat Municipal Corporation
- Pincode list Archived 28 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine
- Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921. .
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