Western Romance languages
Western Romance | |
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Geographic distribution | France, Iberia, Northern Italy, and Switzerland |
Linguistic classification | Indo-European
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Early forms | |
Subdivisions |
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Glottolog | west2813 |
Classification of Romance languages. |
Western Romance languages are one of the two subdivisions of a proposed subdivision of the Romance languages based on the La Spezia–Rimini Line. They include the Gallo-Romance and Iberian Romance branches. Gallo-Italic may also be included. The subdivision is based mainly on the use of the "s" for pluralization, the weakening of some consonants and the pronunciation of “Soft C” as /t͡s/ (often later /s/) rather than /t͡ʃ/ as in Italian and Romanian.
Based on
Some classifications include Italo-Dalmatian; the resulting clade is generally called Italo-Western Romance. Other classifications place Italo-Dalmatian with Eastern Romance.
Sardinian does not fit into either Western or Eastern Romance, having split off earlier than the two.
Today the four most widely spoken standardized Western Romance languages are
Gallo-Romance
Gallo-Romance includes:
- The
- The Arpitan language, also known as Franco-Provençal. It shares features of both French and the Provençal dialect of Occitan.
- The Occitan language, or langue d'oc, has dialects such as Provençal dialect, and Gascon-Aranese dialect.[4]
Gallo-Romance can include:
- The Valencian. Can be classified as East Iberian.
- The Gallo-Romance, or as an independent branch of the Western Romance languages.
- The .
The Oïl languages, Arpitan and Rhaeto-Romance languages are sometimes called Gallo-Rhaetian, but it is difficult to exclude from this group Gallo-Italic, which according to several linguists forms a particular unity with Rhaeto-Romance.[5]
Iberian Romance
Iberian Romance languages of the Iberian Peninsula include:[6]
- The West Iberian languages:
- The Castilian languages: includes Spanish and Judaeo-Spanish.
- The .
- The Leonese proper, Mirandese, Extremaduran
- The
- The Mozarabic. Can be classified as West Iberian.
- The East Iberian language, or Catalan language: also classified as part of Occitano-Romance, see Gallo-Romance above.
References
- ^ a b Rebecca Posner, The Romance Languages (series: Cambridge Language Surveys), Cambridge University Press, 1996 (3rd printing 2004), p. 197
- ^ David Dalby, 1999/2000, The Linguasphere register of the world’s languages and speech communities. Observatoire Linguistique, Linguasphere Press. Volume 2. Oxford.[1]
- ISBN 9780521800723.
- ISBN 9781316025550.
- ^ Hull, Geoffrey, The Linguistic Unity of Northern Italy and Rhaetia: Historical Grammar of the Padanian Language, Sydney: Beta Crucis, 2017. 2 vols.
- ^ Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Western Romance". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.