Western film

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The Western is a

California Gold Rush of 1849 and the closing of the frontier in 1890,[2]: 557  the genre also includes many examples of stories set in locations outside the frontier – including Northern Mexico, the Northwestern United States, Alaska, and Western Canada – as well as stories that take place before 1849 and after 1890. Western films comprise part of the larger Western genre
, which encompasses literature, music, television, and plastic arts.

Western films derive from the Wild West shows that began in the 1870s.[3]: 48  Originally referred to as "Wild West dramas", the shortened term "Western" came to describe the genre.[4] Although other Western films were made earlier, The Great Train Robbery (1903) is often considered to mark the beginning of the genre.[2][5] Westerns were a major genre during the silent era (1894–1929) and continued to grow in popularity during the sound era (post–1929).

The genre reached its pinnacle between 1945 and 1965 when it comprised roughly a quarter of studio output.[6] The advent of color and widescreen during this era opened up new possibilities for directors to portray the vastness of the American landscape.[3]: 105  This era also produced the genre's most iconic figures, including John Wayne and Randolph Scott, who developed personae that they maintained across most of their films.[7] Director John Ford is often considered the genre's greatest filmmaker.[8]

With the proliferation of television in the 1960s, television Westerns began to supersede film Westerns in popularity.[9] By the end of the decade, studios had mostly ceased to make Westerns. Despite their dwindling popularity during this decade, the 1960s gave rise to the revisionist Western, several examples of which became vital entries in the canon.[10]

Since the 1960s, new Western films have only appeared sporadically. Despite their decreased prominence, Western films remain an integral part of American culture and national mythology.[11][12]

Characteristics

Gary Cooper in Vera Cruz from 1954.

The American Film Institute defines Western films as those "set in the American West that [embody] the spirit, the struggle, and the demise of the new frontier".[1] The term "Western", used to describe a narrative film genre, appears to have originated with a July 1912 article in Motion Picture World magazine.[13]

Most of the characteristics of Western films were part of 19th-century popular Western fiction, and were firmly in place before film became a popular art form.[14] Film critic Philip French has said that the Western is "a commercial formula with rules as fixed and immutable as the Kabuki Theater."[15]: 12 

Western films commonly feature protagonists such as sheriffs, cowboys, gunslingers, and bounty hunters, who are often depicted as seminomadic wanderers who wear Stetson hats, bandannas, spurs, and buckskins, use revolvers or rifles as everyday tools of survival and as a means to settle disputes using "frontier justice". Protagonists ride between dusty towns and cattle ranches on their trusty steeds.[citation needed]

History

John Wayne in The Comancheros (1961)

Origins

Film Westerns derive from the Wild West shows that began in the 1870s.[3]: 48  These shows, which included stage plays and outdoor exhibitions, culminated in Buffalo Bill's Wild West, a touring performance that ran from 1883 to 1913. Wild West shows, which were intended for urban audiences, established many of the elements that came to define Western films, such as the blending of fact and fiction and the romanticization of the frontier.[16] These early films were originally referred to as "Wild West dramas", the term "Western" came to describe the genre. The use of this shortened term appears to have originated with a July 1912 article in Motion Picture World magazine.[4]

The first films that belong to the Western genre are a series of short single reel silents made in 1894 by Edison Studios at their Black Maria studio in West Orange, New Jersey. These featured veterans of Buffalo Bill's Wild West show exhibiting skills acquired by living in the Old West – they included Annie Oakley (shooting) and members of the Sioux (dancing).[17]

Silent era

Western films were enormously popular in the

silent-film era (1894–1927). The earliest known Western narrative film is the British short Kidnapping by Indians, made by Mitchell and Kenyon in Blackburn, England, in 1899.[18][19] The Great Train Robbery (1903, based on the earlier British film A Daring Daylight Burglary), Edwin S. Porter's film starring Broncho Billy Anderson, is often erroneously cited as the first Western, though George N. Fenin and William K. Everson point out that the "Edison company had played with Western material for several years prior to The Great Train Robbery". Nonetheless, they concur that Porter's film "set the pattern—of crime, pursuit, and retribution—for the Western film as a genre".[20] The film's popularity opened the door for Anderson to become the screen's first Western star; he made several hundred Western film shorts. So popular was the genre that he soon faced competition from Tom Mix and William S. Hart.[21]

1930s

With the advent of sound in 1927–28, the major Hollywood studios rapidly abandoned Westerns,

redwoods, due in part to exhibitors' inability to switch over to widescreen during the Great Depression
.

"Golden Age"

After the renewed commercial successes of the Western in the late 1930s, their popularity continued to rise until the 1950s, when the number of Western films produced outnumbered all other genres combined.[23]

The period from 1940 to 1960 has been called the "Golden Age of the Western".[24] It is epitomized by the work of several prominent directors including:

Revivals

There have been several instances of resurgence for the Western genre. According to Netflix, the popularity of the genre is due to its malleability: "As America has evolved, so too have Westerns."[25]

During the 1960s and 1970s, Spaghetti Westerns from Italy became popular worldwide; this was due to the success of Sergio Leone's storytelling method.[26][27]

Although experiencing waning popularity during the 1980s, the success of films such as Dances with Wolves (1990) and Unforgiven (1992) brought the genre back into the mainstream.[25] Back to the Future Part III (1990) was "a full-blown Western" set in 1885; although the least commercially successful of the trilogy and according to some a departure from the 1985 original (a sci-fi) and the 1989 sequel (an action adventure), Part III has been regarded by others as a fitting end to the series.[28]

At the turn of the 21st century, Westerns have once again seen an ongoing revival in popularity.

Themes and settings

Screenwriter and scholar Eric R. Williams identifies Western films as one of eleven super-genres in his screenwriters' taxonomy, claiming that all feature length narrative films can be classified by these super-genres. The other ten super-genres are action, crime, fantasy, horror, romance, science fiction, slice of life, sports, thriller, and war.[35]

Western films often depict conflicts with Native Americans. While early Eurocentric Westerns frequently portray the Native Americans as dishonorable villains, the later and more culturally neutral Westerns gave Native Americans a more sympathetic treatment. Other recurring themes of Westerns include treks (e.g. The Big Trail) or perilous journeys (e.g. Stagecoach) or groups of bandits terrorizing small towns such as in The Magnificent Seven.[citation needed]

The Western goes beyond simply a cinematic genre, and extends into defining the myth of the West in American culture.[15]: 21–22 

Early Westerns were mostly filmed in the studio, as in other early Hollywood films, but when location shooting became more common from the 1930s, producers of Westerns used desolate corners of

movie ranches.[36]

Often, the vast landscape becomes more than a vivid backdrop; it becomes a character in the film. After the early 1950s, various widescreen formats such as

Cinemascope (1953) and VistaVision used the expanded width of the screen to display spectacular western landscapes.[citation needed] John Ford's use of Monument Valley as an expressive landscape in his films from Stagecoach to Cheyenne Autumn (1965), "present us with a mythic vision of the plains and deserts of the American West, embodied most memorably in Monument Valley, with its buttes and mesas that tower above the men on horseback, whether they be settlers, soldiers, or Native Americans".[37]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "America's 10 Greatest Films in 10 Classic Genres". American Film Institute. Retrieved 2010-06-06.
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  13. ^ McMahan, Alison; Alice Guy Blache: Lost Visionary of the Cinema; New York: Continuum, 2002; 133
  14. ^ Henry Nash Smith, Virgin Land: The American West as Symbol and Myth, Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1950.
  15. ^ .
  16. .
  17. ^ "Sioux ghost dance". Library of Congress. 1894. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
  18. ^ "World's first Western movie 'filmed in Blackburn'". BBC News. 2019-10-31. Retrieved 1 November 2019.
  19. ^ "Kidnapping by Indians". BFI. Retrieved 1 November 2019.
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  21. ^ "Bronco Billy Anderson Is Dead at 88". The New York Times. 21 January 1971. Retrieved 15 October 2019.
  22. ^ New York Times Magazine (November 10, 2007).
  23. ^ Indick, William. The Psychology of the Western. Pg. 2 McFarland, Aug 27, 2008.
  24. ^ Gittell, Noah (2014-06-17). "Superheroes Replaced Cowboys at the Movies. But It's Time to Go Back to Cowboys". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2022-07-21.
  25. ^ a b "Why Are Westerns Still Popular?". Netflix Tudum. December 27, 2021. Retrieved March 15, 2023.
  26. ^ Butler, Nancy (January 27, 2023). "Inventing America: Spaghetti Westerns and Sergio Leone". Italy Segreta. Retrieved March 15, 2023.
  27. ^ Gray, Tim (January 4, 2019). "Sergio Leone's Spaghetti Westerns Made a Fistful of Dollars and Clint Eastwood a Star". Variety. Retrieved March 15, 2023.
  28. . Retrieved October 30, 2023.
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  32. ^ "Why Everyone Suddenly Loves Westerns Again". Men's Health. December 15, 2022. Retrieved March 15, 2023.
  33. ^ Penny, Daniel (June 23, 2021). "Cowboy Boots in the City? Why Western Style Is Trending". WSJ. Retrieved March 15, 2023.
  34. ^ "Western Fashion 2023: Western Boots, Dresses, and Shirts to Shop". Harper's BAZAAR. August 12, 2022. Retrieved March 15, 2023.
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  36. ^ "Paramount Ranch: Old Movie Town & Westworld Filming Location in Agoura Hills". California Through My Lens. 2014-03-10. Retrieved 2022-07-12.
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