Western hoolock gibbon

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Western hoolock gibbon
A female in the foreground, and a male in the background
CITES Appendix I (CITES)[2]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Suborder: Haplorhini
Infraorder: Simiiformes
Family: Hylobatidae
Genus: Hoolock
Species:
H. hoolock
Binomial name
Hoolock hoolock
(Harlan, 1834)[3]
Western hoolock gibbon range
Synonyms

Simia hoolock protonym

The western hoolock gibbon (Hoolock hoolock) is a

Hylobatidae. The species is found in Assam, Mizoram, and Meghalaya in India, Bangladesh, and Myanmar west of the Chindwin River.[4]

Classification

Mootnick and

Hoolock. This genus was argued to contain two and later three distinct species, which were previously thought to be subspecies: H. hoolock, H. leuconedys, and H. tianxing. A larger evolutionary distance was later found to exist between these three species and the white-handed gibbons than between bonobos and chimpanzees.[6]

A new subspecies of the western hoolock gibbon has been described recently from northeastern India, which has been named the Mishmi Hills hoolock gibbon, H. h. mishmiensis.[7]

Vocalisation

Like other gibbons, hoolock gibbon pairs produce a loud, elaborate song, usually as a duet from the forest canopy, in which younger individuals of the family group may join. The song includes an introductory sequence, an organising sequence, and a great call sequence, with the male also contributing to the latter (unlike in some other gibbon species).[8]

Western hoolock gibbons calling from the rainforest canopy in Dampa Tiger Reserve, Mizoram, India

Habitat and Diet

In India and Bangladesh, the western hoolock gibbon is found where the canopy is contiguous, broad-leaved, wet evergreen and mixed evergreen forests, including dipterocarp forests and often in mountainous terrain. The species is an important seed disperser; its diet includes mostly ripe fruits, with some flowers, leaves, and shoots.

Artocarpus chaplasha, a fruit bearing tree in the same genus of jack fruit.[10][11]

Conservation

Numerous threats exist for western hoolock gibbons in the wild, and they are now entirely dependent on human action for their survival. Threats include habitat encroachment by humans, forest clearance for tea cultivation, the practice of jhuming (slash-and-burn cultivation), hunting for food and "medicine", capture for trade, and forest degradation.[1]

Since the 1980s, western hoolock gibbon numbers are estimated to have dropped from more than 100,000 (Assam alone was estimated to have around 80,000 in the early 1970s) to less than 5,000 individuals (a decline of more than 90%).[12] In 2009 it was considered to be one of the 25 most endangered primates,[13] though it has been dropped from the later editions of the list,

IUCN.[1]

There are multiple conservation agencies that work to protect the western hoolock gibbon's habitat. A few organizations that help to fund the protection of their habitats are World Land Trust[15] and Gibbon Conservation Alliance.[16]

See also

References

  1. ^
    doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T39876A17968083.en
    . Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  3. JSTOR 1004829
    .
  4. PMID 5626313
    .
  5. S2CID 8394136
    .
  6. S2CID 86331056
    .
  7. ^ Choudhury, A. U. (2013). "Description of a new subspecies of hoolock gibbon Hoolock hoolock from North East India". The Newsletter & Journal of the Rhino Foundation for Nat. In NE India. 9: 49–59.
  8. ISBN 978-81-7371-590-7
    .
  9. ^
    S2CID 12152723
    .
  10. ^ Borah; Mrigakhi; Asglata, Devi; Awadhesh, Kumar (2014). "Feeding on Non-Plant Food Items by Western Hoolock Gibbon (Hoolock Hoolock)" (PDF). Current Science (Bangalore). 107 (10): 1657–660 – via Current Science.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. S2CID 7098362
    .
  12. ^ "Western Hoolock Gibbon, Hoolock hoolock". Retrieved 10 March 2008.
  13. ISBN 978-1-934151-34-1
    .
  14. ISBN 978-1-934151-69-3
    .
  15. ^ Farrows. "WESTERN HOOLOCK GIBBON". World Land Trust. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
  16. ^ "Gibbon Conservation Alliance - Projects". www.gibbonconservation.org. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Western_hoolock_gibbon&oldid=1191135630"