House of Wettin

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Wettin dynasty
)
House of Wettin
CountryBelgium, Bulgaria, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Portugal, United Kingdom
Founded10th century
FounderTheodoric I
Current headMichael, Prince of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
Titles
List
Branches

The House of Wettin (

prince-electors, dukes, and counts that once ruled territories in the present-day German states of Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia. The dynasty is one of the oldest in Europe, and its origins can be traced back to the town of Wettin, Saxony-Anhalt. The Wettins gradually rose to power within the Holy Roman Empire. Members of the family became the rulers of several medieval states, starting with the Saxon Eastern March in 1030. Other states they gained were Meissen in 1089, Thuringia in 1263, and Saxony in 1423. These areas cover large parts of Central Germany
as a cultural area of Germany.

The family divided into two ruling branches in 1485 by the

Polish history
.

Agnates of the House of Wettin have, at various times, ascended the thrones of the United Kingdom, Portugal, Bulgaria, Poland, Saxony, Mexico and Belgium. Only the Belgian line retains their throne today.

Origins: Wettin of Saxony

Wettin Castle in Saxony-Anhalt

The oldest member of the House of Wettin who is known for certain is

Saale River. Around 1030, the Wettin family received the Eastern March as a fief.[1]

The prominence of the Wettins in the Slavic Saxon Eastern March (or Ostmark) caused

March of Meissen as a fief in 1089. The family advanced over the course of the Middle Ages: in 1263, they inherited the landgraviate of Thuringia (although without Hesse) and in 1423, they were invested with the Duchy of Saxony, centred at Wittenberg, thus becoming one of the prince-electors of the Holy Roman Empire
.

Ernestine and Albertine Wettins

Main article: Treaty of Leipzig

The family split into two ruling branches in 1485 when the sons of

Ducal Saxony
.

Ernestines

The older Ernestine branch remained predominant until 1547 and played an important role in the beginnings of the

University of Wittenberg, which he had established in 1502.[2]

The Ernestine predominance ended in the

Emperor Ferdinand I awarded it the status of university.[2]

The Ernestine line was thereafter restricted to Thuringia and its dynastic unity swiftly crumbled, dividing into a number of smaller states, the Ernestine duchies. Nevertheless, with Ernst der Fromme, Duke of Saxe-Gotha (1601–1675), the house gave rise to an important early-modern ruler who was ahead of his time in supporting the education of his people and in improving administration. In the 18th century, Karl August, Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, established what was to become known as Weimar Classicism at his court in Weimar, notably by bringing Johann Wolfgang von Goethe there.[2]

It was only in the 19th century that one of the many Ernestine branches, the

Habsburg Emperor of Mexico (1857).[3]

Electors of Saxony
Image Name Began Ended Notes
Frederick I
Friedrich I 		6 January 1423 4 January 1428 Nicknamed "the Warlike." After the Wittenberg line of the House of Ascania became extinct, the Electorate was given to Frederick, Margrave of Meissen and Landgrave of Thuringia, of the House of Wettin.
Frederick II
Friedrich II 		4 January 1428 7 September 1464 Nicknamed "the Gentle". Son of Frederick I. Ruled jointly in Saxony with his brothers, but was the sole holder of the Electorate. Father of Ernest and Albert, founders of the Ernestine (continuing below) and Albertine Saxon lines (see Albertine Dukes of Saxony).
Ernestine line
Ernest
Ernst 		7 September 1464 26 August 1486 Son of Frederick II, divided Saxony with his brother Albert, taking Wittenberg, northern Meissen, and southern Thuringia. Inherited Thuringia in 1482 and ruled it jointly with Albert until 1485.
Frederick III
Friedrich III 		26 August 1486 5 May 1525 Nicknamed der Weise (the Wise). Son of Ernest. Protector of Martin Luther, but a lifelong Catholic.
John
Johann 		5 May 1525 16 August 1532 Nicknamed der Beständige (the Steadfast). Brother of Frederick III. Legally established Lutheranism in his territories in 1527.
John Frederick I

Johann Friedrich I 		16 August 1532 19 May 1547 Nicknamed der Großzügige (the Magnanimous). Son of John the Steadfast. Deprived of his Electorate by Emperor Charles V for his role in the Schmalkaldic War. Died 1554.

Residences of Ernestine branches

Albertines

Albertine Wettins' royal coat of arms with the standard arms at the center (Kings of Saxony, 1806–1918)

The junior Albertine branch maintained most of the territorial integrity of Saxony, preserving it as a significant power in the region, and used small appanage fiefs for its cadet branches, few of which survived for significant lengths of time. The Ernestine Wettins, on the other hand, repeatedly subdivided their territory, creating an intricate patchwork of small duchies and counties in Thuringia.

The Albertine Wettins ruled as Electors (1547–1806) and

German Revolution
of 1918.

The role of current head of the Albertine "House of Saxony" is claimed by his great-grandson

agnatic
noble descent (his father was Roberto Afif from Lebanon). Consequently, the Albertine branch of the House of Wettin is officially treated by the German nobility as extinct in its legal succession-line.

Albertine Electors and Kings of Saxony

Image Name
(Life Dates) 		Relationship to predecessor Title
Albert III, Duke of Saxony
(1443–1500) 		Second son of Frederick II, Elector of Saxony Margrave of Meissen and Duke of Saxony
George, Duke of Saxony
(1471–1539) 		Son of the previous Margrave of Meissen and Duke of Saxony
Henry IV, Duke of Saxony
(1473–1541) 		Brother of the previous Margrave of Meissen and Duke of Saxony
Maurice, Elector of Saxony
(1521–1553) 		Son of the previous Margrave of Meissen and Duke of Saxony, from 1547 Elector of Saxony. Second cousin of
John Frederick, his Ernestine predecessor as Elector; grandson of Albert. Though a Lutheran, allied with Emperor Charles V against the Schmalkaldic League. Gained the Electorate for the Albertine line in 1547 after Charles V's victory at the Battle of Mühlberg
.
Augustus, Elector of Saxony
(1526–1586) 		Brother of the previous Elector of Saxony; recognized as Elector by the ousted
John Frederick
in 1554.
Christian I, Elector of Saxony
(1560–1591) 		Son of the previous Elector of Saxony
Christian II, Elector of Saxony
(1583–1611) 		Son of the previous Elector of Saxony
John George I, Elector of Saxony
(1585–1656) 		Brother of the previous Elector of Saxony; ruled during the
King of Sweden
.
John George II, Elector of Saxony
(1613–1680) 		Son of the previous Elector of Saxony
John George III, Elector of Saxony
(1647–1691) 		Son of the previous Elector of Saxony
John George IV, Elector of Saxony

(1668–1694) 		Son of the previous Elector of Saxony
Augustus II the Strong
(1670–1733) 		Brother of the previous Elector of Saxony (as Frederick Augustus I) and King of Poland (as Augustus II). The first Albertine ruler since Luther's time to become a Roman Catholic, in order to gain the Polish throne (with the Albertines remaining Catholics ever since). Took the Polish crown 1697, opposed by Stanisław Leszczyński 1704, forced to renounce the throne 1706, returned as monarch 1709 until his death. A patron of the arts and architecture, the most prominent of all Albertine Wettins amassed an impressive art collection and built lavish baroque palaces at and around Dresden and Warsaw.
Augustus III of Poland
(1696–1763) 		Son of the previous Elector of Saxony (as Frederick Augustus II) and King of Poland (as Augustus III); converted to Catholicism 1712. King of Poland 1734–1763. Called ""the Fat" or (in Poland) "the Saxon". A weak ruler but an important art collector.
Frederick Christian, Elector of Saxony
(1722–1763) 		Son of the previous Elector of Saxony
Frederick Augustus I of Saxony
(1750–1827) 		Son of the previous Elector of Saxony, 1806 King of Saxony. His Electorate ceased with the fall of the
Napoleon Bonaparte in 1807, during the Napoleonic Wars
.
Anthony of Saxony

(1755–1836) 		Brother of the previous King of Saxony
Frederick Augustus II of Saxony
(1797–1854) 		Nephew of the previous King of Saxony
John, King of Saxony
(1801–1873) 		Brother of the previous King of Saxony
Albert, King of Saxony
(1828–1902) 		Son of the previous King of Saxony
George, King of Saxony
(1832–1904) 		Brother of the previous King of Saxony
Frederick Augustus III of Saxony
(1865–1932) 		Son of the previous. The last king of Saxony. Lost his throne in the
German revolution
of 1918.

Residences of the Albertine branch

The House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

Main article: House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

The senior (Ernestine) branch of the House of Wettin lost the electorship to the Albertine line in 1547, but retained its holdings in Thuringia, dividing the area into a number of smaller states. One of the resulting Ernestine houses, known as

Carlota of Mexico)[4]
Thus, the British and Portuguese thrones became possessions of persons who belonged to the House of Wettin for a time.

From

Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha—and, thus, the proper surname of the royal family upon the accession of her son. After extensive research, they concluded that it was Wettin, but this name was never used, either by the Queen or by her son (King Edward VII) or by her grandson (King George V
); they were simply Kings of the House of "Saxe-Coburg-Gotha".

Severe anti-German sentiment during World War I (1914-1918) led some influential members of the British public (especially radical Republicans such as H. G. Wells[5]) to question the loyalty of the royal family. Advisors to King George V searched for an acceptable surname for the British royal family, but Wettin was rejected as "unsuitably comic".[6][7][8] An Order in Council legally changed the name of the British royal family to "Windsor" (originally suggested by Lord Stamfordham) in 1917.

Residences of the family

Branches and titles of the House of Wettin and its agnatic descent

Early Wettins

  • Wartburg near Eisenach (1250–1406: residence of the Wettins)
    Wartburg near Eisenach (1250–1406: residence of the Wettins)

Ernestines

Existing Ernestine branches

Branch of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach

  • Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, extant lines all shared last common ancestor in the person of William Ernest, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach. However there are only two members of this line left, Michael, Prince of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach and Prince Wilhelm Ernst of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach. Both were born in 1946. Since Prince Michael has no sons, and Prince Wilhelm Ernst; whose only son Prince Georg-Constantin (13 April 1977 – 9 June 2018), a banker who was married but without issue, was killed in a horse riding accident on 9 June 2018 while riding with Jean Christophe Iseux von Pfetten. Therefore, the Grand Ducal House of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach will most likely become extinct in the male line. These two represent the last non-morganatic descendants of William, Duke of Saxe-Weimar

Branch of Saxe-Meiningen

In the very likely event of the extinction of these two senior branches, the sole represantation of the Ernestine Wettins will pass to the descendants of Francis, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, who are the present Saxe-Coburg-Gothas led by Andreas, Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (b. 21 March 1943), the House of Windsor, the Royal Family of Belgium and the Royal Family of Bulgaria. Francis and his nephew Ludwig Frederick Emil von Coburg are also ancestors to morganatic lines.

Extinct Ernestine branches

Albertines

Katholische Hofkirche, Dresden

Existing Albertine branch

Extinct Albertine branches

Family tree of the House of Wettin

Family tree of the House of Wettin, the royal & ducal house of Saxony, and later Great Britain, Belgium, Portugal, and Bulgaria

Coats of arms

For an extensive treatment of the coats of arms, see: Coat of arms of Saxony

or in French: Armorial de la maison de Wettin

See also

References

  1. ^ Lexikon des Mittelalters, vol. IX, col. 50, Munich 1969–1999
  2. ^ a b c Kellner, Stefanie (February 2016). "Die freiheitliche Geisteshaltung der Ernestiner prägte Europa". Monumente (in German). pp. 9–16. Retrieved 16 February 2016.
  3. ^ "Carlota | archduchess of Austria | Britannica". 3 June 2023.
  4. ^ "Carlota | archduchess of Austria | Britannica". 3 June 2023.
  5. ^ Anne Edwards, Matriarch: Queen Mary and the House of Windsor (2014), p. 300.
  6. ^ "We can hazard a guess that Wettin and Wipper, if given an English pronunciation, sounded quite as unsuitably comic in the ears of this sailor King in 1917 as they do to us today." Elizabeth Longford, The Royal House of Windsor (1984), p. 21.
  7. ^ "British courtiers thought it sounded 'unsuitably comic' and the cumbersome 'Saxe-Coburg-Gotha' was invariably used." Barry Jones, Dictionary of World Biography 4th ed. (2017), p. 892.
  8. ^ "Since the Saxe-Coburg family belonged to the House of Wettin in the District of Wipper, Wettin or Wipper might be more appropriate. Either one could have passed for an English name, but both were considered 'unsuitably comic.'" Anne Edwards, Matriarch: Queen Mary and the House of Windsor (2014), p. 302.

External links

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