Whitby
Whitby | |
---|---|
Town | |
North Yorkshire | |
Ambulance | Yorkshire |
UK Parliament | |
Whitby is a seaside town, port and
The earliest record of a permanent settlement is in 656 AD, when as Streanæshealh it was the place where
Whitby's attraction as a tourist destination is enhanced by the nearby high ground of the
While Whitby's cultural and historical heritage contribute to the local economy, it is financially constrained by its remote location, ongoing changes in the fishing industry, relatively underdeveloped transport infrastructure and limitations on available land and property. As a result, tourism and some forms of fishing remain the mainstay of its economy. It is the closest port to a proposed wind farm development in the North Sea, 47 miles (76 km) from York and 22 miles (35 km) from Middlesbrough. There are transport links to the rest of North Yorkshire and North East England, primarily through national rail links to Middlesbrough and road links to Teesside, via both the A171 and A174, and Scarborough by the former. As at 2011, the town had a population of 13,213.[1]
History
Priests and harrying
Whitby was called Streanæshalc, Streneshalc, Streoneshalch, Streoneshalh, and Streunes-Alae in Lindissi in records of the 7th and 8th centuries. Prestebi, from Old Norse býr (village) and presta (of the priests), is an 11th-century name. Its name was recorded as Hwitebi and Witebi, from the Old Norse from hvítr (white) and býr (village), in the 12th century, Whitebi in the 13th century and Qwiteby in the 14th century.[5]
A
The monastery was destroyed between 867 and 870 in a series of raids by
When the Domesday Book was compiled in 1086, Whitby was recorded being partially waste and a small settlement lying within the Langbaurgh Wapentake of Yorkshire.[10] Further details reveal the state of Whitby's economic and agricultural decline (when compared with its pre-Conquest state under Earl Siward) which were due to the depredations of William the Conqueror's army during the Harrying of the North in 1069-70.[11]
In about 1128 Henry I granted the abbey
Blubber, Cook and dissolution
Whitby Abbey surrendered in December 1539 when
At the end of the 16th century
Whitby grew in size and wealth, extending its activities to include
Whitby benefited from trade between the Newcastle coalfield and London, both by shipbuilding and supplying transport. In his youth the explorer
Whitby developed as a spa town in Georgian times when three chalybeate springs were in demand for their medicinal and tonic qualities. Visitors were attracted to the town leading to the building of "lodging-houses" and hotels, particularly on the West Cliff.[5]
Rail and jet
In 1839, the Whitby and Pickering Railway connecting Whitby to Pickering and eventually to York was built, and played a part in the town's development as a tourism destination. George Hudson, who promoted the link to York, was responsible for the development of the Royal Crescent which was partly completed.[24] For 12 years from 1847, Robert Stephenson, son of George Stephenson, engineer to the Whitby and Pickering Railway, was the Conservative MP for the town promoted by Hudson as a fellow protectionist.[25]
The black
The advent of iron ships in the late 19th century and the development of port facilities on the River Tees led to the decline of smaller Yorkshire harbours. The Monks-haven launched in 1871 was the last wooden ship built in Whitby, and a year later the harbour was silted up.[29][30]
20th century
On 30 October 1914, the hospital ship
In a raid on Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby in December 1914, the town was shelled by the German battlecruisers Von der Tann and Derfflinger. In the final assault on the Yorkshire coast, the ships aimed their guns at the signal post on the end of the headland. Whitby Abbey sustained considerable damage in the attack, which lasted ten minutes. The German squadron responsible for the strike escaped despite attempts made by the Royal Navy.[32]
During the early 20th century the fishing fleet kept the harbour busy, and few cargo boats used the port. It was revitalised as a result of a strike at Hull docks in 1955, when six ships were diverted and unloaded their cargoes on the fish quay. Endeavour Wharf, near the railway station, was opened in 1964 by the local council. The number of vessels using the port in 1972 was 291, increased from 64 in 1964. Timber, paper and chemicals are imported, while exports include steel, furnace-bricks and doors.[33] The port is owned and managed by Scarborough Borough Council since the Harbour Commissioners relinquished responsibility in 1905.
A marina was started in 1979 by dredging the upper harbour and laying pontoons. Light industry and car parks occupy the adjacent land. More pontoons were completed in 1991 and 1995.[34] The Whitby Marina Facilities Centre was opened in June 2010.[35]
Governance
This section needs to be updated. The reason given is: May 2023 election.(June 2023) |
Whitby Town Council | |
---|---|
Type | |
Type | Town Council |
Leadership | |
Robert Dalrymple[36] | |
Michael King | |
Structure | |
Seats | 16 Councillors [37] |
10 / 16 | |
2 / 16 | |
2 / 16 | |
1 / 16 | |
1 / 16 | |
Elections | |
Last election | 7 May 2019 |
Next election | 2 May 2023 |
Meeting place | |
Website | |
www |
By an Act of 1837 government of the town was entrusted to a board of Improvement Commissioners, elected by the
From 1974 to 2023 Whitby was administered as part of a two tier council system by
In April 2023 both councils were replaced by North Yorkshire Council along with all district councils in North Yorkshire.[41] The unitary authority now provides all the services previously provided separately by the two councils.
At the lowest level of governance Whitby has a town council which, for election and administrative purposes, is divided into six electoral wards represented by 19 councillors responsible for burial grounds, allotments, play areas and street lighting. Elections to the town council are held every four years.[42]
In the UK parliament the town is represented by a Conservative, Robert Goodwill, who was elected member for the Scarborough and Whitby constituency in 2010.[43][44]
Religion
In the three wards that make up the Whitby district of North Yorkshire, out of a population of 13,596 there are 10,286 who stated that their religion was Christian in the 2001 UK census. There were 19 Muslims, 17 Buddhists, 12 Jews, 3 Sikhs and 499 people had no religious affiliations.[45][46][47]
St Mary's Church is an ancient foundation, St Ninian's opened in Baxtergate in 1778 and St John's, also on Baxtergate, was consecrated in 1850. St Michael's was opened in 1856 and St Hilda's on the West Cliff was built in 1885. The Roman Catholic church dedicated to St Hilda was built in 1867 on Baxtergate.[5] There are places of worship for nonconformists including a United Reformed Church; two Methodist chapels are no longer used.[48] The Mission to Seafarers maintains a Christian ministry and has a chapel, reading room and recreational facilities.[49]
The Bishop of Whitby is a suffragan bishop of the Church of England Diocese of York, in the Province of York.[50] The town lies within the Central Vicariate of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Middlesbrough.[51]
Geography
Whitby is situated on the east coast of
The town is surrounded on its landward sides by the
Fossils and snakestones
The town is a coastal stretch known as the Dinosaur Coast or the Fossil Coast, the area is around 35 miles (56 km) long and stretches from Staithes in the north and south to Flamborough. At Whitby dinosaur footprints are visible on the beach.[56][57] The rock strata contain fossils and organic remains including jet. Fossils include the petrified bones of an almost complete crocodile and a specimen of plesiosaurus measuring 15 feet 6 inches (4.72 m) in length, and 8 feet 5 inches (2.57 m) in breadth was discovered in 1841. The Rotunda Museum in Scarborough has a comprehensive collection of fossils from the area.
Smaller fossils include numerous species of
Local collectors and dealers in fossils often carved heads on ammonites to increase curiosity value and improve sales. Since 1935, the Whitby Coat of Arms incorporates three snakestones due to this folklore. The Hildoceras genus of ammonite is named in St Hilda's honour.[52][58]
Economy
Tourism supported by fishing is the mainstay of Whitby's economy in an isolated community with poor transport infrastructure and restricted by building constraints in the surrounding
The town has a variety of self-catering accommodation, holiday cottages, caravans and campsites, and guest houses, inns, bed & breakfast establishments and hotels. The jet industry declined at the end of the 19th century, but eight shops sell jet jewellery, mainly as souvenirs to tourists.[62] In 1996, Whitby West Cliff qualified for a 'Tidy Britain Group Seaside Award'. The town was awarded "Best Seaside Resort 2006", by Which? Holiday magazine.[63]
The harbour has a total area of about 80 acres (32 ha) and is used by commercial, fishing and pleasure craft. Inshore fishing, particularly for crustaceans and line fish, takes place along the coast. Lobsters, brown and velvet crabs are important to the local fishery. From May to August, salmon is found in the Esk, and small open boats are licensed to net these off the harbour entrance. There are around 40 licensed angling party boats. The commercial catch is no longer
The Whitby Marina project, jointly funded by Scarborough Borough Council,
The east coast has limited conventional energy generation capacity, but Whitby is the closest port to a proposed development on Dogger Bank, ideally placed to provide the offshore wind power industry with support vessel operations and logistics.[71][72] The Dogger Bank wind farm could include up to 2,600 giant 400-foot (120 m) turbines covering more than 3,300 square miles (850,000 ha).[73]
Transport
Water
Whitby is on the River Esk and has a port used for shipping to Europe, especially Scandinavia, and it mainly handles grain, steel products, timber and potash cargo. Vessels limited to 3,000 tonnes deadweight tonnage can dock at the wharf, which is able to load or unload two ships simultaneously. As of 2004[update], 54,000 square feet (5,000 m2) of dock space is used to store all-weather cargo, with a 17,000-square-foot (1,600 m2) warehouse.[74][75]
Land
Rail
The town is served by
Road
Whitby is situated on the A171 road from Scarborough to Guisborough, which originally passed over the swing bridge. A high level bridge over the Esk Valley was built in 1980 to avoid the bridge and ease congestion in the town centre. The A174 accesses coastal towns to the north and the A169 crosses the moors to Pickering.
Whitby is served by the Yorkshire Coastliner bus line, operating from Leeds, Tadcaster, York, Scarborough, Bridlington, Pickering and Malton, with connections beyond Yorkshire.[79] In 2018, this was voted Britain's most scenic bus route.[80] Arriva North East runs bus services connecting Whitby to Scarborough and Middlesbrough.
Walking
The coastal section of the 110-mile (180 km) Cleveland Way National Trail passes through Whitby.[81]
Air
The nearest airport, about 45 miles (72 km) from Whitby, is
Public services
A wide range of health care services is provided by
There are five general practitioners and five dentists in the area.[85][86] Yorkshire Ambulance Service provides hospital transport throughout Yorkshire.[87]
Whitby fire station, run by
North Yorkshire County Council waste management services provide a household waste recycling centre at Whitby Industrial Estate, and operates an alternate weekly collection of household waste, whereby the type of waste collected alternates between recyclables and landfill waste.[92][93] The water supply, predominantly from the River Esk, is treated at Ruswarp Water Treatment Works and distributed from there by Yorkshire Water who also deal with the town's sewerage.[94]
Education
Whitby has a three-tier school system, primary, middle (11–14) and
The primary schools are St Hilda's Roman Catholic Primary School, Stakesby Community Primary School, West Cliff Primary School, Airy Hill Community Primary School and East Whitby Community Primary School. North Yorkshire County Council provides education services.[99]
The Whitby and District Fishing Industry Training School offers training for new entrants to the fishing industry and experienced fishermen.[100]
Landmarks
The swing bridge spanning the Esk divides the upper and lower harbours and joins the east and west sides of the town. Whitby developed as an important bridging point of the River Esk and in 1351 permission was granted for tolls to be taken on the bridge for its maintenance. In 1609 a survey for a new bridge was commissioned while in 1628 it was described as a drawbridge where men raised planks to let vessels pass and tolls were collected. The bridge posts were rebuilt in stone at a cost of £3,000 in 1766. This structure was replaced by a four-arched bridge between 1833 and 1835, one arch made of cast iron swivelled to allow vessels to pass.[5][52] This bridge was replaced between 1908 and 1909 by the current electric swing bridge.[101]
The bridge allowed the town to spread onto the west bank, whilst the east bank, the Haggerlythe, is dominated by St Mary's Church and the ruins of Whitby Abbey which is owned by
The harbour is sheltered by the grade II listed east and west piers each with a lighthouse and beacon.[105][106] The west lighthouse, of 1831, is the taller at 84 feet (25.5 m) and the east lighthouse, built in 1855, is 54 feet (16.5 m) high. On the west pier extension is a foghorn that sounds a blast every 30 seconds during fog.[107] New lights were fitted to both the lighthouse towers and the beacons in 2011.[108] Whitby Lighthouse, operated by Trinity House, is south-east of the town on Ling Hill.
On the West Cliff is a statue of Captain James Cook who served his apprenticeship in the town, and a whalebone arch, commemorates the whaling industry.[109] It is the second such arch, the original is preserved in Whitby Archives Heritage Centre. By the inner harbour is a statue commemorating William Scoresby Sr. (father of William Scoresby Jr.), designer of the crow's nest.[110]
On the outskirts of town to the west is the 19th-century Sneaton Castle built by James Wilson who sold his sugar plantation where he had over 200 slaves and moved to Whitby.[111] Alongside it is St Hilda's Priory,[112] the mother house of the Order of the Holy Paraclete. The castle was used as a school and is now a conference centre and hotel in association with the priory.
Culture and media
Frank Meadow Sutcliffe left a photographic record of the town, harbour, fishing and residents in late-Victorian times. His most famous photograph entitled "Water Rats" was taken in 1886. He became famous internationally as a great exponent of pictorial photography. He exhibited his work in Tokyo, Vienna, France, the US and Great Britain winning over 60 gold, silver and bronze medals. He retired in 1922 and became curator of Whitby Museum.[113] The Royal Photographic Society made him an honorary member in 1935. A gallery of his work is located on Flowergate.[114]
Pannett Park was built on land purchased by a local philanthropist and politician
There has been a lifeboat in Whitby since 1802 and the old boathouse, built in 1895 and used until 1957, is a museum displaying the Robert and Ellen Robson lifeboat, built in 1919.[118]
The ancient
The Whitby Gazette was founded in 1854 by Ralph Horne, a local printer. The first issues were records of visitors and lodgings rather than a newspaper.[121] The publication became a weekly newspaper in 1858, with a short spell of being published twice weekly between 2000 and 2012.[122] The local radio stations are BBC Radio Tees,[123] This is The Coast and Coast & County Radio
The Pavilion Theatre built in the 1870s in West Cliff hosts a range of events during the summer months.[124] For over four decades the town has hosted the Whitby Folk Week, and since 1993 the bi-annual Whitby Goth Weekend for members of the Goth subculture. "Whitby Now" is an annual live music event featuring local bands in the Pavilion which has taken place since 1991.[125] Since 2008, the Bram Stoker Film Festival has taken place in October.[126]
Literature
The town has a strong literary tradition; it can even be said that the earliest English literature comes from Whitby as
Charles Dickens is known to have visited Whitby, and in a letter of 1861 to his friend Wilkie Collins, who was at the time in Whitby, Dickens says:
In my time that curious railroad by the Whitby Moor was so much the more curious, that you were balanced against a counter-weight of water, and that you did it like Blondin. But in these remote days the one inn of Whitby was up a back-yard, and oyster-shell grottoes were the only view from the best private room.[133][134]
Wilkie Collins stayed in Whitby to work on his novel, No Name. He was accompanied by Caroline Graves, the inspiration for The Woman in White.[135] Mary Linskill was born in a small house at Blackburn's Yard in 1840. She reached a wide readership when her second novel, Between the Heather and the Northern Sea, was published in 1884. Her last novel For Pity's Sake, was published posthumously in 1891.[136] James Russell Lowell, the American writer, visited Whitby while ambassador in London 1880–85, staying at 3 Wellington Terrace, West Cliff.[137][138] On his last visit in 1889, he wrote:
This is my ninth year at Whitby and the place loses none of its charm for me.[139]
G. P. Taylor, a former Church of England curate in Whitby, is now a celebrated author. His best-selling book Shadowmancer was set in Whitby. Theresa Tomlinson, a writer of historical and other fiction for children and young adults, lives in the town.[140]
The novel Possession: A Romance by A. S. Byatt, set in the town, was adapted into a 2002 feature film called Possession starring Gwyneth Paltrow.[141]
A crime novel series by James Whitworth is set in Whitby. The first two novels are Death's Disciple and The Eve of Murder. These were followed by Bidding to Die, Better the Devil You Know and Murder on the Record.
A trilogy of young adult novels, The Whitby Witches, makes much of the town's setting and history, embellishing local traditions whilst incorporating them into the narrative. The author, Robin Jarvis, recalls "The first time I visited Whitby, I stepped off the train and knew I was somewhere very special. It was a grey, drizzling day but that only added to the haunting beauty and lonely atmosphere of the place. Listening to Carmina Burana on my headphones, I explored the ruined abbey on the clifftop. The place was a fantastic inspiration. In The Whitby Witches I have interwoven many of the existing local legends, such as the frightening Barguest, whilst inventing a few of my own, most notably the aufwaders."[142] Jarvis returned to Whitby for his 2016 novel, The Power of Dark, the first in The Witching Legacy series.
Other literary works making reference to Whitby include:
- Caedmon's Song by Peter Robinson[143]
- The Hundred and Ninety-Nine Steps by Michel Faber[144]
- The Resurrectionists by Kim Wilkins[145]
- The Brenda & Effie Mysteries series by Paul Magrs (consisting of Never the Bride, Something Borrowed, Conjugal Rites, Hell's Belles).[146]
- Death at the Seaside by Frances Brody[147]
Sport
Wind surfing, sailing and surfing take place off the beaches between Whitby and Sandsend[148] and the area is visited by divers. Whitby has various sports facilities including the town cricket and football pitches and tennis courts.
The Whitby Regatta takes place annually over three days in August.[149] The competition between three rowing clubs – Whitby Friendship ARC, Whitby Fishermen's ARC and Scarborough ARC – forms the backbone of the weekend.[149] The event has expanded to include a fair on the pier, demonstrations, fireworks and military displays – including the spectacle of the Red Arrows aerobatics display team of the Royal Air Force.[150]
Golfing facilities range from "pitch and putt" to Whitby Golf Club. The golf club formed in 1891 and has been at its current site, a 18-hole course situated on the cliff tops to the northwest of the town, since 1895.[151]
Whitby Town F.C., formed in 1892, is a semi-professional football club which plays in the Northern Premier League at the 3,200 capacity Turnbull Ground on Upgang Lane.[152] England international footballer Beth Mead was born in the town.[153]
Whitby Cricket Club has been in existence since the 1920s and is located on Whitby's West Cliff, on the Turnbull Ground.[154] Two senior Saturday teams compete in the North Yorkshire & South Durham Cricket League[155] and a junior section play in the Derwent Valley Junior Cricket League.[156]
Climate
The area generally has warm summers and relatively mild winters. Weather conditions vary from day to day as well as from season to season. Its latitude means that it is influenced by predominantly westerly winds with
Climate data for Whitby, elevation: 41 m (135 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1961–present | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 14.8 (58.6) |
19.6 (67.3) |
20.0 (68.0) |
25.0 (77.0) |
25.6 (78.1) |
30.9 (87.6) |
29.9 (85.8) |
33.1 (91.6) |
27.9 (82.2) |
28.0 (82.4) |
17.8 (64.0) |
16.2 (61.2) |
33.1 (91.6) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 7.3 (45.1) |
7.9 (46.2) |
9.8 (49.6) |
12.0 (53.6) |
14.7 (58.5) |
17.6 (63.7) |
19.9 (67.8) |
19.7 (67.5) |
17.3 (63.1) |
13.8 (56.8) |
10.1 (50.2) |
7.7 (45.9) |
13.1 (55.6) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 4.7 (40.5) |
5.1 (41.2) |
6.5 (43.7) |
8.4 (47.1) |
11.0 (51.8) |
13.8 (56.8) |
16.1 (61.0) |
16.0 (60.8) |
13.8 (56.8) |
10.7 (51.3) |
7.4 (45.3) |
5.1 (41.2) |
9.9 (49.8) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 2.2 (36.0) |
2.3 (36.1) |
3.2 (37.8) |
4.8 (40.6) |
7.3 (45.1) |
10.1 (50.2) |
12.2 (54.0) |
12.2 (54.0) |
10.3 (50.5) |
7.7 (45.9) |
4.7 (40.5) |
2.4 (36.3) |
6.6 (43.9) |
Record low °C (°F) | −11.8 (10.8) |
−10.5 (13.1) |
−12.5 (9.5) |
−7.0 (19.4) |
−2.3 (27.9) |
0.3 (32.5) |
1.9 (35.4) |
3.0 (37.4) |
0.5 (32.9) |
−3.0 (26.6) |
−8.7 (16.3) |
−19.6 (−3.3) |
−19.6 (−3.3) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 57.5 (2.26) |
46.4 (1.83) |
39.2 (1.54) |
44.4 (1.75) |
38.8 (1.53) |
57.6 (2.27) |
49.1 (1.93) |
61.3 (2.41) |
53.3 (2.10) |
58.9 (2.32) |
71.0 (2.80) |
66.7 (2.63) |
644.1 (25.36) |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 60.9 | 87.7 | 129.8 | 167.5 | 211.4 | 194.0 | 202.5 | 188.2 | 145.7 | 108.2 | 70.3 | 55.7 | 1,622 |
Source 1: Met Office[a][158] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Starlings Roost Weather[159][160] |
On 5 January 2016 the town was seriously affected by flash floods.[161] North Yorkshire Police cautioned motorists to drive with "extreme caution" and advised that the area be avoided "unless absolutely necessary".[162]
Demography
According to the
Population change
Population growth in Whitby from 1801 to 2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year | 1801 | 1811 | 1821 | 1831 | 1841 | 1851 | 1861 | 1871 | 1881 | 1891 | 1901 | 1911 | 1921 | 1931 | 1939[b] | 1951 | 1961 | 1971 | 1981 | 1991 | 2001 | 2011 | 2021 |
Whitby CP | 8,125 | 7,886 | 8,820 | 7,501 | 6,349 | 5,879 | 5,811 | ||||||||||||||||
Ruswarp CP | 3,141 | 4,236 | 4,839 | 5,097 | 5,019 | 4,831 | 6,195 | ||||||||||||||||
Helredale CP | 387 | 411 | 504 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Hawsker CP (part) | 590 | 665 | 741 | 816 | 79 | 79 | 79 | ||||||||||||||||
Population | 10,974 | 10,275 | 12,584 | 11,725 | 11,682 | 12,875 | 11,856 | 12,787 | 14,400 | 13,414 | 11,834 | 11,218 | 12,589 | 11,451 | 12,698 | 11,674 | 11,675 | 12,327 | 12,980 | 13,632 | 13,594 | 13,213 | 13,129 |
Whitby CP/AP[167] |
Note: Between 1801 and 1925 Whitby comprised Whitby, Ruswarp and part of Hawsker civil parishes and (between 1894 and 1925) Helredale civil parish, all of which were merged on 1 April 1925 into the current Whitby area.[168]
Notable people
William Bateson (1861–1926), geneticist, was born in Whitby
Twin towns
Whitby is
- Anchorage, Alaska, United States[169]
- Porirua, New Zealand[170]
- Stanley, Falkland Islands[171]
- Whitby, Canada[172]
- Nukuʻalofa, Tonga[173]
- Kauai County, Hawaii, United States[174]
- Osterode, Germany[175]
See also
Notes
References
- ^ Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
- ^ "BLESSING THE HERRING FLEET – British Pathe". britishpathe.com. 2011. Archived from the original on 29 July 2012. Retrieved 20 October 2011.
- ^ "Whaling in Whitby – Whitby Online". whitbyonline.co.uk. 2011. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 20 October 2011.
- ^ Hough 1994, p. 55
- ^ a b c d e f g h Page, William, ed. (1923). Parishes: Whitby. Victoria County History. British History Online. pp. 506–528. Archived from the original on 20 October 2014. Retrieved 5 September 2010.
{{cite book}}
:|work=
ignored (help) - ^ Bede (1994). McClure, J.; Collins, R. (eds.). The Ecclesiastical History of the English People. Oxford University Press. pp. 150–151.
- ^ Lapidge, Michael; et al., eds. (1999). The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England. Blackwell. pp. 155, 472.
- ^ Hinson, Colin. "GENUKI: Whitby History". Archived from the original on 4 June 2017. Retrieved 4 October 2011.
- ^ Dugdale, William, Sir (1817–1830). "Dugdale's Monasticon Volume 1" (PDF). Monasticon Anglicanum: a History of the Abbies and other Monasteries, Hospitals, Frieries, and Cathedral and Collegiate Churches, with their Dependencies, in England and Wales. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 September 2011. Retrieved 12 August 2011.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Whitby in the Domesday Book
- ISBN 9780750990370. Archivedfrom the original on 21 March 2024. Retrieved 28 May 2023.
- ^ "A Brief History – Whitby". Whitby Sights. Archived from the original on 23 October 2009. Retrieved 2 August 2009.
- ^ Page, William, ed. (1923). The liberty of Whitby Strand. Victoria County History. British History Online. pp. 502–505. Archived from the original on 26 October 2012. Retrieved 5 September 2010.
{{cite book}}
:|work=
ignored (help) - ^ Balston, John. "The Whatmans and Wove Paper – In Defence of Alum – 2. England". John Balston. Archived from the original on 15 May 2009. Retrieved 2 August 2009.
- ^ Wikisource:Chaloner, Thomas (1561-1615) (DNB00)
- ^ "Coast – Point 7 – Alum". Where I Live – North Yorkshire. BBC. 21 July 2005. Archived from the original on 21 September 2020. Retrieved 2 August 2009.
- ^ Lloyd, Chris (26 July 2008). "Taking the waters". The Northern Echo. Archived from the original on 23 August 2009. Retrieved 30 July 2011.
- ^ "Alum Quarrying, The effect of extractive industry on the Yorkshire Coastal Landscape". East Yorkshire Coast – Geology and Geomorphology. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 30 July 2011.
- ISBN 0-85033-842-5.
- ^ Young, George (1824). A picture of Whitby and its environs. Whitby: R. Rogers. p. 199.
- ^ "Whitby Whalers". Whitby Sights. Archived from the original on 28 March 2012. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
- ^ Simpson, David (2009). "Coal Mining in North East England". England's North East. Archived from the original on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2011.
- ^ McLintock, A. H., ed. (1966). "Ships, Famous". An Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Ministry for Culture and Heritage/Te Manatū Taonga, Government of New Zealand. Archived from the original on 1 August 2009. Retrieved 5 May 2009.
- ^ "Coast – Point 9 – Royal Crescent". Where I Live – North Yorkshire. BBC. 29 September 2006. Archived from the original on 11 February 2009. Retrieved 4 November 2008.
- ^ Seatrobe, J. B. (29 October 2010). "They were also MPs: Robert Stephenson (1803–1859)". Total Politics. Archived from the original on 4 October 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2011.
- ^ "Superstitions". Archived from the original on 1 August 2011. Retrieved 4 October 2011.
- ^ "Durham Mining Museum – Mine & Quarry Engineering". Archived from the original on 3 December 2008. Retrieved 4 October 2011.
- ^ "Jet Jewellery". Whitby Museum. 6 April 2011. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 2 August 2011.
- ^ "Records of the Smales Brothers, shipowners and shipbuilders". Access to Archives. The National Archives. 2011. Archived from the original on 17 June 2012. Retrieved 4 October 2011.
- ^ "Whitby Port – Whitby Sights". 2011. Archived from the original on 28 March 2012. Retrieved 13 August 2011.
- ^ "The RNLI rescue of The Rohilla,1914 at saltwick bay – Whitby". 2011. Archived from the original on 7 October 2011. Retrieved 13 August 2011.
- ^ "Whitby WWI Raids". 2011. Archived from the original on 7 December 2020. Retrieved 13 August 2011.
- ^ "Whitby Port". Whitby Sights. Archived from the original on 28 March 2012. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
- ^ "Whitby – History". Yorkshire Ports. Scarborough Borough Council. Archived from the original on 30 August 2011. Retrieved 19 July 2011.
- ^ "Whitby Marina Facility". Yorkshire Forward. Archived from the original on 25 August 2010. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
- ^ "Mayor of Whitby". Whitby Town Council. May 2023. Archived from the original on 10 June 2023. Retrieved 10 June 2023.
- ^ "Your Town Councillors". Whitby Town Council. 17 March 2020. Archived from the original on 5 October 2020. Retrieved 2 October 2020.
- ^ "Local Development Framework and Local Plan Proposals Map". Scarborough. Borough Council. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 19 July 2011.
- ^ "Scarborough Borough Council Homepage – Whitby | Scarborough | Filey". 2011. Archived from the original on 10 August 2011. Retrieved 13 August 2011.
- ^ "Home : North Yorkshire County Council". 2011. Archived from the original on 7 August 2011. Retrieved 13 August 2011.
- ^ "North Yorkshire Council: New local authority begins work". BBC News. 1 April 2023. Archived from the original on 29 April 2023. Retrieved 7 May 2023.
- ^ "Councillors and Clerks". Whitby Town Council. 2011. Archived from the original on 27 March 2012. Retrieved 19 July 2011.
- ^ "Robert Goodwill MP, Scarborough and Whitby – TheyWorkForYou". theyworkforyou.com. 2011. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 19 July 2011.
- ^ "Yorkshire Coast Election Results". Yorkshire Coast Radio. 9 June 2017. Archived from the original on 27 February 2018. Retrieved 27 February 2018.
- ^ "2001 Census: Topics – Religion (KS07): Area: Mayfield (Ward)". Neighbourhood Statistics. Office for National Statistics. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 6 August 2011.
- ^ "2001 Census: Topics – Religion (KS07): Area: Whitby West Cliff (Ward)". Neighbourhood Statistics. Office for National Statistics. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 6 August 2011.
- ^ "2001 Census: Topics – Religion (KS07): Area: Streonshalh (Ward)". Neighbourhood Statistics. Office for National Statistics. Archived from the original on 12 September 2012. Retrieved 6 August 2011.
- ^ "The Ancient Parish of Whitby". GenUKI. Archived from the original on 8 August 2010. Retrieved 20 July 2011.
- ^ "Charity overview". charitycommission.gov.uk. 2011. Archived from the original on 22 September 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
- ISBN 978-0-7151-1030-0.
- ^ "Parishes". middlesbrough-diocese.org.uk. 2011. Archived from the original on 24 May 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
- ^ a b c Lewis, Samuel, ed. (1848). Whitby. British History Online. pp. 543–551. Archived from the original on 25 April 2011. Retrieved 5 September 2010.
{{cite book}}
:|work=
ignored (help) - ^ "Natural England – North Yorkshire and Cleveland". naturalengland.org.uk. 2011. Archived from the original on 18 March 2012. Retrieved 19 July 2011.
- ^ "Geology of Whitby, North Yorkshire". 2011. Archived from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 13 August 2011.
- ISBN 0-85033-842-5.
- ISBN 0-11-884121-1.
- from the original on 11 November 2012. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
- ^ "Hildoceras bifrons | Natural History Museum". 2011. Archived from the original on 2 August 2011. Retrieved 14 August 2011.
- ^ "Report on Whitby and the North York Moors National Park". Whitby Town Council. December 2010. Archived from the original on 26 May 2012. Retrieved 20 October 2011.
- ^ "Whitby Marina, North Yorkshire". Yorkshire Forward. 2011. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 13 August 2011.
- ^ "The Yorkshire And Humber Plan – Draft For Public Consultation – December 2005" (PDF). 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 September 2011. Retrieved 19 July 2011.
- from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 13 August 2011.
- ^ "Whitby voted best seaside resort in UK". Whitby Gazette. 12 May 2006. Archived from the original on 15 March 2012. Retrieved 18 July 2011.
- ^ "Shoreline Management Plan" (PDF). Mouchel Consulting Limited. September 1997. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 September 2011. Retrieved 4 August 2011.
- ^ "Whitby Harbour Fishing". Yorkshire Ports. Scarborough Borough Council. Archived from the original on 20 February 2012. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
- ^ Richardson, Belinda (23 September 2006). "Are you ready to order? This week: The Magpie, Whitby, North Yorkshire". Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 28 October 2006. Retrieved 4 August 2011.
- ^ "Whitby Marina : the business coast | Scarborough Whitby Filey business website". 2011. Archived from the original on 28 March 2012. Retrieved 13 August 2011.
- ^ "Parkol planning to expand shipbuilders' site". Whitby Gazette. 27 March 2008. Archived from the original on 29 March 2012. Retrieved 13 August 2011.
- ^ "Whitby Harbour | Whitby UK |wonderfulwhitby.co.uk". 2011. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 13 August 2011.
- ^ "Business Parks". The Business Coast. Scarborough Borough Council. Archived from the original on 27 November 2011. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
- ^ "Offshore wind". Whitby and Scarborough Offshore Wind. Scarborough Borough Council. Archived from the original on 16 November 2010. Retrieved 19 July 2011.
- ^ Hayes, Julie (21 July 2010). "Windfarm project presents "massive" business opportunities". York Press. Archived from the original on 23 July 2010. Retrieved 19 July 2011.
- ^ Jeeves, Paul (26 May 2011). "UK firms becalmed in wind power race". Yorkshire Post. Archived from the original on 12 October 2012. Retrieved 19 July 2011.
- ^ "Whitby Harbour – Cargo – Berthing". Yorkshire Ports. Scarborough Borough Council. Archived from the original on 26 January 2007. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
- ^ "About Whitby". Archived from the original on 30 March 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
- ^ "Hawsker". Disused Stations. Archived from the original on 3 September 2011. Retrieved 19 July 2011.
- ^ "The Cycle Route". Moor to Sea Cycle. Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 19 July 2011.
- ^ "Whitby West Cliff". Disused Stations. Archived from the original on 3 September 2011. Retrieved 19 July 2011.
- ^ "Coastliner bus services – Summary". getdown.org.uk. 2011. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2011.
- ^ "Britain's most scenic bus routes". bbc.co.uk. 2018. Archived from the original on 1 October 2018. Retrieved 27 August 2018.
- ^ "Home – Cleveland Way". National Trails. Natural England. Archived from the original on 31 July 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2011.
- ^ "Whitby and North York Moors National Park Maps & Travel | Visit Whitby". 2011. Archived from the original on 4 August 2011. Retrieved 13 August 2011.
- ^ "Overview – Whitby Community Hospital – NHS Choices". nhs.uk. 2011. Archived from the original on 22 April 2019. Retrieved 20 July 2011.
- ^ "Trust secures vital capital for hospital rebuild". Health Service Journal. 22 February 2018. Archived from the original on 3 April 2018. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
- ^ "GP practices/doctors surgeries in and around Whitby". nhs.uk. 2011. Archived from the original on 22 April 2019. Retrieved 20 July 2011.
- ^ "Dentists in and around Whitby". nhs.uk. 2011. Archived from the original on 9 October 2012. Retrieved 20 July 2011.
- ^ "About Us – Yorkshire Ambulance Service NHS Trust". yas.nhs.uk. 2011. Archived from the original on 18 May 2009. Retrieved 20 July 2011.
- ^ "Station Contact Details : Contact Us : North Yorkshire Fire & Rescue Service". northyorksfire.gov.uk. 2011. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2011.
- ^ "New police office for Whitby – North Yorkshire Police". northyorkshire.police.uk. 2011. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2011.
- ^ "Naming Ceremony for New Whitby Lifeboat". Yorkshire Coast Radio. 8 July 2017. Archived from the original on 22 April 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2018.
- ^ "Whitby's Shannon Class Lifeboat Enters Service". This is the Coast. 11 September 2023. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
- ^ "Whitby household waste recycling centre". Scarborough Borough Council. Archived from the original on 10 December 2010. Retrieved 20 July 2011.
- ^ "Household waste – rubbish collections". Scarborough Borough Council. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2011.
- ^ "Message board". Yorkshire Water. 2011. Archived from the original on 14 August 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2011.
- ^ "Homepage". ce-electricuk.com. 2011. Archived from the original on 8 July 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2011.
- ^ "£125k gas upgrade for Whitby". northerngasnetworks.co.uk. 2011. Archived from the original on 23 March 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2011.
- ^ "UPDATE: Whitby School Merger to Go Ahead". Yorkshire Coast Radio. 27 May 2014. Archived from the original on 22 April 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2018.
- ^ "Whitby Secondary Schools Agree to Federate". Yorkshire Coast Radio. 8 February 2019. Archived from the original on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 11 February 2019.
- ^ "North Yorkshire County Council : Online mapping". maps.northyorks.gov.uk. 2011. Archived from the original on 18 July 2014. Retrieved 20 July 2011.
- ^ "Whitby & District Fishing Industry Training School – Apprenticeships in North Yorkshire UK". whitbyfishingschool.co.uk. 2007. Archived from the original on 29 November 2010. Retrieved 19 July 2011.
- ^ "Whitby Bridge". Yorkshire Ports. Scarborough Borough Council. Archived from the original on 24 January 2007. Retrieved 19 July 2011.
- ^ "Background Information: Whitby Abbey". English Heritage. Archived from the original on 5 September 2009. Retrieved 1 December 2009.
- ^ "199 Steps Church Stairs". Whitby Sights. Archived from the original on 17 January 2012. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
- ^ Rowlett, Russ. "Lighthouses of Northeastern England". The Lighthouse Directory. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved 7 May 2016.
- ^ a b Historic England. "West Pier Lighthouse (1253731)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 21 May 2021.
- ^ a b Historic England. "East Pier Lighthouse (1261631)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 21 May 2021.
- ^ "Whitby – History". 2011. Archived from the original on 30 August 2011. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
- ^ "Whitby harbour operations and performance report Oct 2011". Retrieved 20 January 2015.
- ^ "Whitby's West Cliff". Archived from the original on 25 June 2011. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
- ^ "Whitby Harbour". Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 7 June 2020.
- ^ "James Wilson – Whitby and Sneaton Castle". Open2. Archived from the original on 16 June 2010. Retrieved 19 July 2011.
- ^ "Sneaton Castle". British Listed Buildings Online. Archived from the original on 18 April 2024. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
- required.)(subscription required)
- ^ "The Sutcliffe Gallery – Photographs of Whitby". Frank Sutcliffe-Photographs of Whitby. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 30 July 2011.
- ^ "Pannett Park, Whitby – Conservation Management Plan" (PDF). Friends of Pannett Park, Whitby Town Council, Scarborough Borough Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 28 July 2011.
- ^ "Hand of Glory". Whitby Museum. Archived from the original on 13 August 2022. Retrieved 22 June 2022.
- ^ "History of Pannett Park". Pannett Park. Archived from the original on 22 March 2012. Retrieved 19 July 2011.
- ^ "The RNLI Whitby Museum". Royal National Lifeboat Institution. Archived from the original on 26 August 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2011.
- ^ "Crowd gathers for ancient Whitby custom of Penny Hedge". Whitby Gazette. 30 April 2008. Archived from the original on 15 March 2012. Retrieved 23 July 2011.
- ^ "The Penny Hedge". North York Moors National Park Authority. Archived from the original on 7 October 2011. Retrieved 31 July 2011.
- ^ "Whitby Gazette – First Issue". The Whitby Seagull. Archived from the original on 22 April 2019. Retrieved 31 July 2011.
- ^ "Whitby Gazette". British Newspapers. Archived from the original on 9 May 2011. Retrieved 19 July 2011.
- ^ "BBC Tees was BBC Radio Cleveland!". BBC Tees. BBC. 11 August 2007. Archived from the original on 18 October 2012. Retrieved 20 July 2011.
- ^ "Whitby Pavilion Theatre – Whitby Pavilion Complex". Discover Yorkshire Coast. Scarborough Borough Council. Archived from the original on 28 March 2012. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
- ^ Scales, Jean (28 April 2008). "Organisers invite to town musical talent". Whitby Gazette. Archived from the original on 15 March 2012. Retrieved 4 August 2011.
- ^ "Bram Stoker Film Festival – Official Site". Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 31 July 2011.
- Hereward, and Wulfstan (or perhaps Wulfsige). Most of these are considered by modern scholars to be spurious—see O'Donnell 2005, Introduction 1.22. The three for whom biographical information and documented texts survive are Alfred, Bede, and Cædmon. Cædmon is the only Anglo-Saxon poet known primarily for his ability to compose vernacular verse, and no vernacular verse survives that is known to have been written by either Bede or Alfred. There are a number of verse texts known to have been composed by Cynewulf, but we know nothing of his biography. (No study appears to exist of the "named" Anglo-Saxon poets—the list here has been compiled from Frank 1993 [1] Roberta Frank, Opland 1980, Sisam 1953 and Robinson 1990).
- S2CID 162345723.
- ^ "Killing Time: Dracula and Social Discoordination" in Economics of the Undead Eds. Glen Whitman and James Dow (Rowman & Littlefield, 2014), chapter 23
- ^ Bram Stoker's Notes for Dracula: A Facsimile Edition by Robert Eighteen-Bisang & Elizabeth Miller (McFarland, 2008), pp. 244–46.
- ^ "Sylvia's Lovers, unpopular with Whitby folk – but a very good read". Darlington and Stockton Times. 7 December 2007. Archived from the original on 1 October 2011. Retrieved 30 July 2011.
- ^ "Lewis Carroll plaque set to be unveiled in terrace". Whitby Gazette. 25 November 2008. Archived from the original on 15 March 2012. Retrieved 30 July 2011.
- ^ "The Black Horse Inn: Black Horse People". the-black-horse.com. 2009. Archived from the original on 28 March 2012. Retrieved 30 July 2011.
- OCLC 258782.
- ^ "The Public Face of Wilkie Collins: The Collected Letters | The Wilkie Collins Journal". acc.wilkiecollinssociety.org. 2011. Archived from the original on 28 March 2012. Retrieved 31 July 2011.
- ^ "Mary Linskill Orlando Project". orlando.cambridge.org. 2011. Archived from the original on 2 October 2011. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
- ^ "Henry James, James Russell Lowell, and George Du Maurier in Whitby". nq.oxfordjournals.org. 2011. Archived from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 30 July 2011.
- ^ "James Russell Lowell". xroads.virginia.edu. 2001. Archived from the original on 5 July 2010. Retrieved 31 July 2011.
Whitby
- ISBN 9781419175114. Archivedfrom the original on 18 April 2024. Retrieved 14 August 2011.
- ^ Armstrong, Julia (7 April 2020). "Sheffield's women of steel star in new children's book by Theresa Tomlinson". Sheffield Star. Archived from the original on 30 March 2023. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
- ^ "Possession: A Romance by A. S. Byatt – Whitby Online". whitbyonline.co.uk. 1889. Archived from the original on 4 October 2011. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
- ^ "Robin Jarvis website". 2010. Archived from the original on 21 June 2015. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
- ISBN 0-670-83304-5.
- ISBN 1-84195-199-4.
- ^ Meredith (2007). "Kim Wilkins: The Resurrectionists – an infinity plus review". Archived from the original on 30 March 2012. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
- ^ "Painting the town red (From The Northern Echo)". 2010. Archived from the original on 10 October 2012. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
- ^ "Death at the Seaside: the eighth Kate Shackleton mystery by Frances Brody". frances-brody.com. Archived from the original on 12 April 2020. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
- ^ "FT.com / Pursuits – Off the beaten coast". ft.com. 2011. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 20 July 2011.
- ^ a b "History of the Regatta". Whitby Regatta 2011. Archived from the original on 2 August 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2011.
- ^ "Whitby Regatta 2012". Yorkshire Coast Radio. Archived from the original on 21 March 2018. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
- ^ "Whitby Golf Club". Whitby Golf Club. Archived from the original on 29 August 2011. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
- ^ "Whitby Town FC". napit.co. Archived from the original on 27 June 2011. Retrieved 19 July 2011.
- ^ "Women's World Cup 2019: Mapping England's Lionesses squad". BBC Sport. 2 July 2019. Archived from the original on 2 July 2019. Retrieved 6 September 2019.
- ^ "Active Yorkshire Coast: Whitby CC". activeyorkshirecoast.co.uk. Active Yorkshire Coast. Archived from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
- ^ "North Yorkshire & South Durham Cricket League". nysdl.play-cricket.com. NYSDCL. Archived from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
- ^ "Derwent Valley Junior Cricket League". derwentvalleyjcl.play-cricket.com. DVJCL. Archived from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
- ^ "Regional Climates: North East England". The Met Office. Archived from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 20 July 2011.
- ^ "Whitby 1991–2020 averages". Met Office. Archived from the original on 25 October 2020. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
- ^ "Monthly Extreme Maximum Temperature". Starlings Roost Weather. Archived from the original on 1 February 2023. Retrieved 7 March 2023.
- ^ "Monthly Extreme Minimum Temperature". Starlings Roost Weather. Archived from the original on 1 February 2023. Retrieved 7 March 2023.
- ^ "UPDATE: Whitby Recovers From Flooding". Yorkshire Coast Radio. 5 January 2016. Archived from the original on 22 April 2019. Retrieved 11 September 2018.
- ^ "UK weather Whitby North Yorkshire cut off by flash floods". The Telegraph. 5 January 2015. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
- ^ "2001 Census: Parish Profile – Accommodation and Tenure: Area: Whitby CP (Parish)". Neighbourhood Statistics. Office for National Statistics. Archived from the original on 10 September 2012. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
- ^ a b c "2001 Census: Parish Profile – Work and Qualifications: Area: Whitby CP (Parish)". Neighbourhood Statistics. Office for National Statistics. Archived from the original on 12 September 2012. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
- ^ a b "2001 Census: Parish Profile – People: Area: Whitby CP (Parish)". Neighbourhood Statistics. Office for National Statistics. Archived from the original on 12 September 2012. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
- ^ "2001 Census: Parish Profile – Households: Area: Whitby CP (Parish)". Neighbourhood Statistics. Office for National Statistics. Archived from the original on 12 September 2012. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
- Vision of Britain. 2011. Archivedfrom the original on 4 November 2012. Retrieved 20 July 2011.
- ^ "MDFS::Docs.Whitby.Census". mdfs.net. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
- ^ "Mayor Maurice heading down under". Whitby Gazette. 17 December 2001. Archived from the original on 4 January 2016. Retrieved 20 July 2011.
- ^ "Twin City Whitby, England". Porirua City Council. Archived from the original on 2 August 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
- ^ "Council hosts international visitor". Scarborough Borough Council. 6 February 2009. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2011.
- ^ "Twinning can boost economy". This is Nottingham. 2011. Archived from the original on 13 September 2012. Retrieved 13 August 2011.
- from the original on 20 January 2011. Retrieved 13 August 2011.
- ^ "Things to Do in Whitby". thingstodowhitby.com. 2016. Archived from the original on 25 August 2016. Retrieved 22 August 2016.
- ^ "Visit marks 20th anniversary". Whitby Gazette. 4 June 2008. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 13 August 2011.
Further reading
- Barker, Malcolm (2006). Essence of Whitby. Great Northern Books. ISBN 1-905080-11-5.
- Barker, Rosalin (1990). The Book of Whitby. Barracuda. ISBN 0-86023-462-2.
- Platt, Colin (1985). Whitby Abbey. English Heritage. ISBN 1-85074-456-4.
- Robinson, F. K. (1875–1876). A Glossary of Words used in the neighbourhood of Whitby. English Dialect Society [Publications]; Series C: Original Glossaries; !V. London: N. Trübner. Francis Kildale Robinson was also the compiler of A Glossary of Yorkshire Words and Phrases Collected in Whitby and the Neighbourhood; by an Inhabitant; 1855.
- Stamp, Cordelia (2006). Whitby Pictorial Memories. Francis Frith Collection. ISBN 1-85937-491-3.
- Waters, Colin (1992). A History of Whitby's Pubs, Inns and Taverns. The Author. ISBN 0-9519238-0-3.
- Waters, Colin (1992). Whitby, a Pictorial History. Phillimore. ISBN 0-85033-848-4.
- Waters, Colin (2004). Whitby Then and Now. Tempus. ISBN 0-7524-3301-6.
- Waters, Colin (2011). Whitby Then and Now IN COLOUR. Pitkin. ISBN 978-0-7524-6315-5.
- Waters, Colin (2011). A History of Whitby & its Place Names. Amberley. ISBN 978-1-4456-0429-9.
- White, Andrew (2004). A History of Whitby. Phillimore. ISBN 1-86077-306-0.
- Williams, Michael Aufrère (2012). The Whitby-Loftus Line. Unknown Publisher. ISBN 978-0-9567890-1-3.
External links
- Whitby Town Council
- Mapping the Town: the history of Whitby, presented by Julian Richards (BBC Radio 4) (RealAudio format)
- Whitby at Curlie