White-browed tit-warbler

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White-browed tit-warbler
Male of
nominate subspecies
Female of nominate subspecies

Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Aegithalidae
Genus: Leptopoecile
Species:
L. sophiae
Binomial name
Leptopoecile sophiae
Severtsov, 1873
Range in green, on a map of central Asia

The white-browed tit-warbler (Leptopoecile sophiae) is a species of

boreal forests
.

Taxonomy and systematics

The white-browed tit warbler is a passerine bird in the bushtit family. It was first described in 1873 by Russian ornithologist Nikolai Severtzov.[2]

The genus name, Leptopoecile, comes from

tzarina of Russia during Severtzov's lifetime.[3]: 359–360  It is more likely, however, that the species epithet refers to Severtsov's wife, Sofia Alexandrovna Poltoratskaya. For about a year (1865-1866) Sophia was a member of Severtsov's expedition to the Tien Shan and Issyk-Kul. She collected plants and insects and, as a talented artist, made many sketches.[citation needed
]

Four subspecies are recognized:[4]

  • L. s. sophiae (Severtzov, 1873) – The
    nominate subspecies. It ranges from southeast Kazakhstan to northwest China, as well as northwest India and north Pakistan.[2]
  • L. s. stoliczkae (
    Xizang provinces. It has the lightest plumage of the subspecies, and its buff underparts are more extensive.[2] This subspecies is named for Ferdinand Stoliczka, the Czech zoologist.[3]
    : 366 
  • L. s. major (Menzbier, 1885) – Found in west Xinjiang and north Qinghai province in China. It has lighter plumage than the nominate race and is relatively drab, but still darker than L. s. stoliczkae. Found at lower altitudes in heavy forest.[2] Major means "great" in Latin.[3]: 238 
  • L. s. obscurus (Przewalski, 1887) – Present in central Nepal, south and southeast Xizang and south and east Qinghai to south Gansu and Sichuan provinces in China. It is found at higher elevations within the range, preferring moist mountain scrub habitats. Its plumage is darker than the nominate race, with a more rufous crown. Interbreeding with the nominate race occurs where their range overlaps in Qinghai and Gansu provinces.[2] Obscurus means "dark" or "dusky" in Latin.[3]: 278 

The exact range boundaries of the subspecies are not well known. The nominate race and L. s. obscurus form a similar group distinguished by their dark coloration and high altitude homes, whereas L. s. major and L. s. stoliczkae form a group distinguished by light coloration and lower altitude range. Since they inhabit different biomes in each group, and are somewhat distinct from the other, it has been proposed that they may actually be two different species.[2]

Description

Male bird in tree
Male, showing colorful plumage

These birds are small, weighing 6–8 g (0.21–0.28 oz) and are 8.5–10 cm (3.3–3.9 in) long. The males are vibrantly colored, with distinctive blue-mauve underparts.

tail-coverts are violet blue. Females are generally duller, and can be distinguished by their pale underparts, whereas the males have violet-blue underparts and chest. The tail is relatively long.[5]

Distribution and habitat

The white-browed tit-warbler prefers dry mountainous shrubland between 2,000–5,000 m (6,600–16,400 ft). It ranges in the

Karakoram National Park found that they were uncommon residents, and that there was a winter influx of population.[7]

Behavior and ecology

White-browed tit-warblers generally live in pairs during the breeding season, but will join flocks of 25 or more individuals at the end of the season. During winter these flocks may become multi-species.[2]

Breeding and nesting

A study in the mountains of

fledging – which occurs around 17.5 days old. Broods raised late in the season tended to have higher ratios of females. When the nestlings hatch they are naked and do not open their eyes until they are approximately 7 days old. At this time their sex is identifiable.[5]

The Tibetan study noted some unusual behavior, such as two females attending a single nest, which means that the species may practice

brood parasitism. Cooperative nesting remains rare, however, occurring in less than 1% of nests, compared to 50% in the related black-throated bushtit.[5]

Feeding

Their diet consists chiefly of small insects and spiders, which are caught mainly on the ground. They are vigorous foragers, and search under roots and rocks. Some insects may be taken aerially, however. The diet is supplemented by a small amount of seeds and berries in the colder months. Chicks are fed solely insect matter.[2]

Survival

Predation accounts for a relatively low rate of nest failure: only 34% compared to an average of 80% for birds in similar habitats. This may be enabled by their well camouflaged nests, or simply the lack of local predators.

arteria ophthalmica externa, a specialized blood vessel. In many cold adapted birds, this blood vessel is routed through the skull such that it minimizes heat loss. This adaptation helped songbirds to colonize cold climates, but the white-browed tit-warbler's lack of the trait points to other methods of surviving their cold environment.[8]

Status

The Tibetan study found a significant decline in nests between 2005 and 2007, but was uncertain what had caused such a steep loss.[5]

References

  1. . Retrieved 16 November 2021.
  2. ^
  3. ^
    S2CID 82496461. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on 15 August 2019. Retrieved 20 August 2019.
  4. ^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2017). "Bushtits, leaf warblers, reed warblers". World Bird List Version 8.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
  5. ^
    S2CID 85964642
    .
  6. .
  7. ^ Abbas, Saeed; Tabassum, Rahila; Khan, Muhammad Zafar; Khan, Babar; Hussain, Shahid; Khan, Garee; Awan, Muhammad Saeed (2014-01-01). "Avian Diversity in Central Karakoram National Park, Gilgit-Baltistan". International Journal of Agriculture and Biology. 16: 1560–8530.
  8. S2CID 51888913
    .