White-capped albatross
White-capped albatross | |
---|---|
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Aves |
Order: | Procellariiformes |
Family: | Diomedeidae |
Genus: | Thalassarche |
Species: | T. cauta |
Subspecies: | T. c. steadi
|
Trinomial name | |
Thalassarche cauta steadi | |
The white-capped albatross (Thalassarche cauta steadi) is a mollymawk that breeds on the islands off of New Zealand. Not all experts agree that this form should be recognized as a separate species from the shy albatross, Thalassarche cauta. It is a medium-sized black, slate gray, and white albatross and is the largest of the mollymawks.[citation needed]
Taxonomy
Mollymawks are a type of albatross that belong to family
The white-capped albatross is part of a greater complex of albatrosses consisting of the
Description
The white-capped albatross averages 90 to 99 cm (35–39 in) in length, with a wingspan of 220 to 256 cm (87–101 in).[12] It weighs 3.4 to 4.4 kg (7.5–9.7 lb)[13] It has a bold white cap that contrasts with a pale silver gray face and a darker brow. Some adults have a white back with brown tipped feathers.[14] They have a dark gray mantle and a black tail. Most of the rest of the body is white. Its bill is pale gray to blue with a yellow tip. Juveniles have a gray bill with a dark tip, and their head is darker, with gray to the collar.
Range and habitat
Location | Population | Date | Trend |
---|---|---|---|
Disappointment Island | 72,000 pairs | 1993 | |
Auckland Island | 3,000 pairs | ||
Antipodes Island |
50—100 pairs | 1994 | |
Adams Island | 100 pairs | ||
Total | 150,000 | 1993 | Stable |
They are
Juvenile and non-breeding birds are believed to forage in the southwestern
Behavior
Feeding
They are a surface feeder, but may utilize shallow dives for their food which is fish,
Reproduction
The white-capped albatross breeds annually on rocks on small islands.[5]
Conservation
The
Since 2006, Auckland Island birds have been tracked, and this will continue.[25]
Footnotes
- ^ a b c BirdLife International (2008)
- ^ Double, M. C. (2003)
- ^ Ehrlich, Paul R. (1988)
- ^ Robertson C. J. R. & Nunn G. B. (1998)
- ^ a b c d BirdLfie International (2008a)
- ^ ACAP (2006)
- ^ Brooke, M. (2004)
- ^ Remsen Jr., J. V. (2004)
- ^ Remsen Jr., J. V. (2005)
- ^ Remsen Jr., J. V. (2008)
- ^ Cornell Lab of Ornithology (2018)
- ^ Dunn, Jon L. & Alderfer, Jonathan (2006)
- ^ "White-capped mollymawk". New Zealand Birds Online. Retrieved 18 November 2016.
- ^ Watkins, B. (2008)
- ^ Gales, R., et al. (1998)
- ^ a b Baker, G. B., et al. (2007)
- ^ a b c d Taylor, G. A. (2000)
- ^ Miskelly, Colin M.; Elliott, Graeme; Parker, Graham Christopher; Rexer-Huber, Kalinka; Russ, Rodney; Taylor, Rowland H.; Tennyson, Alan; Walker, Kath (2020-01-01). "Birds of the Auckland Islands, New Zealand subantarctic". Notornis. 67 (1): 59–151.
- ^ Walker, Kath; Elliott, Graeme; Rexer-Huber, Kalinka; Parker, Graham; Sagar, Paul; McClelland, Peter J. (2020-01-01). "Shipwrecks and mollymawks: an account of Disappointment Island birds". Notornis. 67 (1): 213–245.
- ^ a b c Croxall, J. P. & Gales, R. (1998)
- ^ Tennyson, A., et al. (1998)
- ^ White, R. W., et al. (2002))
- ^ Phalan, B., et al. (2004)
- ^ Abbott, C. L., et al. (2006)
- ^ a b Thompson, D. R. & Sagar, P. M. (2007)
- ^ Robertson, C. J. R., et al. (2003)
- ^ Thompson, D. R. & Sagar, P. M. (2006)
References
- Abbott, C. L.; Double, M. C.; Gales, R.; Baker, G. B.; Lashko, A.; Robertson, C. J. R.; Ryan, P. G. (2006). "Molecular provenance analysis for Shy and White-capped Albatrosses killed by fisheries interactions in Australia, New Zealand and South Africa". Conservation Genetics. 7 (4): 531–542. S2CID 35432178.
- ACAP (2007). "Agreement on the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels : ACAP Species". ACAP. Archived from the original on January 5, 2009. Retrieved 22 Feb 2009.
- Baker, G. B.; Double, M. C.; Gales, R.; Tuck, G. N.; Abbott, C. L.; Ryan, P. G.; Petersen, S. L.; Robertson, C. J. R.; Alderman, R. (2007). "A global assessment of the impact of fisheries-related mortality on Shy and White-capped Albatrosses: conservation implications". Biological Conservation. 137 (3): 319–333. .
- BirdLife International (2018). "Thalassarche steadi". . Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- BirdLife International (2008a). "White-capped Albatross - BirdLife Species Factsheet". Data Zone. Retrieved 22 Feb 2009.
- Brooke, M. (2004). "Procellariidae". Albatrosses And Petrels Across The World. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-850125-0.
- ISBN 978-0-8014-4501-9.
- Croxall, J. P.; Gales, R. (1998). "Assessment of the conservation status of albatrosses". In Robertson, G.; Gales, R. (eds.). Albatross biology and conservation. Chipping Norton, Australia: Surrey Beatty & Sons.
- Double, M. C. (2003). "Procellariiformes (Tubenosed Seabirds)". In Hutchins, Michael; Jackson, Jerome A.; Bock, Walter J.; Olendorf, Donna (eds.). Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. Vol. 8 Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins. Joseph E. Trumpey, Chief Scientific Illustrator (2nd ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. pp. 107–111. ISBN 0-7876-5784-0.
- Dunn, Jon L.; Alderfer, Jonathan (2006). "Albatrosses". In Levitt, Barbara (ed.). National Geographic Field Guide to the Birds of North America (fifth ed.). Washington D.C.: National Geographic Society. p. 80. ISBN 978-0-7922-5314-3.
- Ehrlich, Paul R.; Dobkin, David, S.; Wheye, Darryl (1988). The Birders Handbook (First ed.). New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. pp. 29–31. ISBN 0-671-65989-8.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - Gales, R.; Brothers, N.; Reid, T. (1998). "Seabird mortality in the Japanese tuna longline fishery around Australia, 1988-1995". Biological Conservation. 86: 37–56. .
- Phalan, B.; Phillips, R. A.; Double, M. C. (2004). "A White-capped Albatross, Thalassarche [cuata] steadi, at South Georgia: first confirmed record in the south-western Atlantic". Emu. 104 (4): 359–361. S2CID 83493045.
- Remsen Jr., J. V.; et al. (December 2004). "Proposal #155 to South American Check-list Committee: Split Shy Albatross Thalassarche cauta into two or three species". South American Classification Committee. American Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 18 Feb 2009.
- Remsen Jr., J. V.; et al. (February 2005). "Proposal (#166) to South American Classification Committee: Re-lump Thalassarche eremita and Thalassarche salvini with Thalassarche cauta". South American Classification Committee. American Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 18 Feb 2009.
- Remsen Jr., J. V.; et al. (28 Feb 2008). "Proposal (#255) to South American Classification Committee : Follow-up to Proposal 155: Split Thalassarche cauta into three species". South American Classification Committee. American Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 18 Feb 2009.
- Robertson, C. J. R.; Bell, D.; Sinclair, N.; Bell, B. D. (2003). "Distribution of seabirds from New Zealand that overlap with fisheries worldwide". Science for Conservation. 233. Wellington, New Zealand: Department of Conservation.
- Robertson, C. J. R.; Nunn, G. B. (1998). "Towards a new taxonomy for albatrosses". In Robertson, G.; Gales, R. (eds.). Albatross biology and conservation. Chipping Norton, Australia: Surrey Beatty & Sons. pp. 13–19.
- Taylor, G. A. (2000). "Action plan for seabird conservation in New Zealand. Wellington: Department of Conservation". Threatened Species Occasional Publication. 16.
- Tennyson, A.; Imber, M.; Taylor, R. (1998). "Numbers of Black-browed Mollymawks (Diomedea m. melanophrys) and White-capped Mollymawks (D. cauta steadi) at the Antipodes Islands in 1994-95 and their population trends in the New Zealand region". Notornis. 45: 157–166.
- Thompson, D. R.; Sagar, P. M. (2006). "Conduct a population and distributional study on White-capped Albatross at the Auckland Islands". Unpublished Annual Report to the Conservation Services Programme, Department of Conservation.
- Thompson, D. R.; Sagar, P. M. (2007). "Conduct a population and distributional study on White-capped Albatross at the Auckland Islands". Unpublished Annual Report to the Conservation Services Programme, Department of Conservation.
- Watkins, B. (2008) in litt
- White, R. W.; Gillon, K. W.; Black, A. D.; Reid, J. B. (2002). The distribution of seabirds and marine mammals in Falkland Islands waters. Peterborough, U.K.: Joint Nature Conservation Committee.