White-headed duck

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White-headed duck
Male in summer
Female
CITES Appendix II (CITES)[2]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Anseriformes
Family: Anatidae
Genus: Oxyura
Species:
O. leucocephala
Binomial name
Oxyura leucocephala
(Scopoli, 1769)
Oxyura leucocephala range
  Breeding
  Resident
  Non-breeding
  Passage
  Vagrant (seasonality uncertain)
  Probably extinct

The white-headed duck (Oxyura leucocephala) is a small

Western Asia and Central Asia. Populations are declining, mostly due to loss of habitat and pollution, and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated the bird's status as "endangered
".

Taxonomy and systematics

The white-headed duck was originally described as Anas leucocephala by

junior synonyms for the species include Anas mersa, Anas vindila, Anas ruthenica, and Oxyura unifasciata. Its scientific name comes from the Greek Oxyura (from oxus, "sharp", and oura, "tail") and leucocephala (from leukos, "white" and kephalos, "head".[3] The common name white-headed duck, like the specific name, refers to its white head.[4]

It interbreeds with other species in its genus, such as the ruddy duck. The hybrids are fully fertile and capable of having viable offspring with both parent species.[4]

The species is monotypic. Different populations of the white-headed duck do not display significant genetic differences. However, some studies have found that they do display morphological differences, with western populations being larger in size, having darker ventral coloration, and males having more yellow feathers on their back. Dark phase birds have only been found in the western populations.[4]

In the genus Oxyura, it is generally thought to be related most closely to Maccoa duck. Some studies have also found that these two species form a clade with the blue-billed duck, although this is disputed and species relations between Oxyura ducks are unresolved.[4]

Description

Adult males have a grey and reddish body, a blue bill and a largely white head with a black cap and neck. Adult females have a grey-brown body with a white face and a darker bill, cap, and cheek stripe. Length is 43–48 cm (17–19 in) and weight is 580–750 g (1.28–1.65 lb).

Male in winter

Distribution and habitat

Egg, collection Museum Wiesbaden

This duck breeds in Spain and

wildfowl
, the status of these extralimital records is clouded by the possibility of escapes from collections.

Behaviour and ecology

Diet

These birds dive and swim under water. They are

omnivorous
, with vegetable matter predominating. They are reluctant to fly, preferring to swim for cover.

Conservation

This duck is considered

Oxyura jamaicensis
) is a more recent threat. This has led to the attempted eradication of the American species from western Europe.

The white-headed duck is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (

AEWA) applies, and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated the bird's conservation status as being "endangered".[1]

References

  1. ^
    doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22679814A119403602.en
    . Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  3. ^ Jobling, James. The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. ChristopherHelm. p. 223.
  4. ^
    doi:10.2173/bow.whhduc1.02
    .
  5. ^ White-headed Duck (Oxyura leucocephala) in Armenia. 2017. In online publication: "The State of Breeding Birds of Armenia". TSE NGO, Armenian Bird Census Council. Retrieved on 10 October 2017.

Further reading

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Oxyura leucocephala.
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