Whitehaven
Whitehaven | |
---|---|
Whitehaven Market Hall | |
Location within Cumbria | |
Population | 23,986 (2011) |
OS grid reference | NX974181 |
Civil parish |
|
Unitary authority | |
Ceremonial county | |
Region | |
Country | England |
Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
Post town | WHITEHAVEN |
Postcode district | CA28 |
Dialling code | 01946 |
Police | Cumbria |
Fire | Cumbria |
Ambulance | North West |
UK Parliament | |
Whitehaven is a town and port on the English north west coast and near to the
The town's growth was largely due to the exploitation of the extensive coal measures by the
Whitehaven was the site of a major chemical industry after World War II, but both that and the coal industry have disappeared, and today the major industry is the nearby Sellafield nuclear complex, which is the largest local employer of labour and has a significant administrative base in the town. Whitehaven includes a number of former villages, estates and suburbs, such as Mirehouse, Woodhouse, Kells and Hensingham, and is served by the Cumbrian coast railway line and the A595 road.
Early history
Although there was a Roman fort at Parton, around 1.2 miles (1.9 km) to the north, there is no evidence of a Roman settlement on the site of the present town of Whitehaven.
The area was settled by Irish-Norse
Following the arrival of the
Whitehaven was a township within the "Preston Quarter" of the parish of
Growth and prosperity
The modern growth of Whitehaven started with the purchase by Sir Christopher Lowther of the Whitehaven estate in 1630 and the subsequent development of the port and the mines. In 1634 he built a stone pier providing shelter and access for shipping, enabling the export of coal from the Cumberland Coalfield, particularly to Ireland. This was a key event in the rapid growth of the town from a small fishing village to an industrial port.
In 1642 the manor of
Whitehaven's growing prosperity was also based on tobacco. By 1685 there were ships regularly bringing tobacco from the British colonies of Virginia, Maryland and Pennsylvania in America, and by the early 18th century about 10% of England's tobacco imports passed through Whitehaven. By the middle of the 18th century it was the second or third port in England for tobacco imports. The tobacco was then sold on the domestic market or re-exported, e.g. to Ireland, France and the Netherlands.[11]
However, after the Acts of Union 1707 united England with Scotland, thereby abolishing excise duties between them, the port of Glasgow began to take over Whitehaven's tobacco trade, leading to the later creation of Glasgow's Tobacco Lords. By the second half of the 18th century there was a marked decline in shipping of tobacco via Whitehaven, and by 1820 the Customs Collector did not mention tobacco in his report on Whitehaven.[12] Whitehaven Town Hall, which started life as a private house built for a merchant, was completed in 1710.[13]
Daniel Defoe visited Whitehaven in the 1720s and wrote that the town had
grown up from a small place to be very considerable by the coal trade, that it is now the most eminent port in England for shipping off of coals, except
Sunderland and even beyond the last. They have of late fallen into some merchandising also, occasioned by the strange great number of their shipping, and there are now some considerable merchants; but the town is yet but young in trade.[14]
To replace the tobacco trade Whitehaven turned to importing sugar from
Scottish-American naval officer John Paul Jones raided the town in 1778 during the American Revolutionary War, burning some merchant ships in the harbour.
During the 19th century the port of Whitehaven was overtaken by Bristol, Liverpool and Glasgow, as they had deep-water dock facilities and were closer to large centres of population and industry. The huge development of a national railway network had also reduced Whitehaven's 18th century competitive advantage of having coal extracted very close to a harbour for shipment by sea.
Coal mining
James Pit is a pit in Whitehaven. The school "St James' Juniors" is on the site of the old pit.
Early mining
The earliest reference to coal mining in the Whitehaven area is in the time of Prior Langton (1256–82) of St Bees Priory, concerning the coal mines at Arrowthwaite. St Bees Priory was dissolved in 1539, and the lands and mineral rights passed to secular owners. The first of these, Sir Thomas Chaloner, granted leases of land in 1560 for digging coal, and in 1586 he granted St Bees School liberty "to take 40 loads of coal at his coal pits in the parish of St Bees for the use of the school".[6] Such workings were small-scale and near the surface, using adits and bell pits. But the Lowther family later developed and dominated the coal industry in Whitehaven from the mid 17th century to the early 20th century.
The influence of the Lowthers
Sir John Lowther, 2nd Baronet (1642–1706) significantly developed the coal industry and the trade with Ireland. He spent over £11,000 in expanding the Lowther holdings in the area, and considerably improved the drainage of his pits; thus allowing mining at greater depths.[8][10]
Sir James Lowther, 4th Baronet FRS (1673–1755) continued the work of his father and reputedly became the richest commoner in England. Between 1709 and 1754, over £46,000 was spent to extend the Lowther holdings of land and coal royalties in West Cumberland.[a] By the 1740s Lowther was the dominant exporter at every harbour in the Cumberland coalfield[18] and from the late 17th to the mid-19th centuries this coal represented 6%-7% of all English exports to Ireland; most of the coal burnt in Dublin came from here.[8] However, Lowther was noted for his unscrupulous business practices, and a lease of the coal royalties owned by St Bees School was obtained in 1742 on manifestly unfair terms: an annual rent of £3.50, with no payment per ton raised, for 867 years. The lease was eventually quashed in 1827, with compensation of over £13,000 paid to the school.[6][8][10]
Mining under the sea
Sir John, and after him Sir James, had concerns that there were few reserves of economically retrievable coal under dry land. They felt that exploration under the sea was necessary, but this carried the risk of flooding. However, Sir James had two very able managers, the brothers Carlisle and John Spedding, who were willing to explore new technology and techniques. In 1712 John Spedding urged Lowther to consider pumping by steam, and in 1715 he became one of the earliest customers for the newly invented
With this proven method of pumping Lowther was able to exploit the coal measures under the sea by sinking a pit at Saltom on land below the cliffs south of the harbour, to a depth of 456 ft (138m). Work began early in 1730, [b] and the pit was officially opened in May 1732 with great celebration. Carlisle Spedding had charge of the design and construction, and successfully sank only the second sub-sea pit in Britain. It was reported that "A shaft twelve foot by ten had been sunk seventy-seven fathoms" (141 metres) "(the deepest a pit had been sunk in any part of Europe) to a three-yard thick coal seam (the Main Band) in twenty-three months, using thirty barrels of gunpowder, and without any loss of life or limb by the workforce'.[23][24] Saltom Pit ceased working coal in 1848, and is now a Scheduled Ancient Monument (SM 27801)[25] and is the best known surviving example of an 18th-century colliery layout. Evidence of the shaft, horse gin, stable, winding engine house, boiler house and chimney, cottages, cart roads and retaining walls, all survives. Coal excavated from Saltom Pit was raised by horse gin to the surface, then transported by tramway through a tunnel to Ravenhill Pit for lifting to the cliff top. Saltom Pit was used as a central pumping station, draining many of the other local mines via a drift driven in the 1790s, and continued in use long after it had ceased to work coal.
Technical innovation
To counter the considerable danger of
The decline of Lowther influence
After Sir James, there was a succession of Lowthers who inherited the coal interests but did not emulate his close interest. The Lowthers' direct involvement in coal diminished, and in 1888 the mines were leased to the Whitehaven Colliery Company. By 1893 nearly all the coal was being extracted from under the sea, and William pit extended 4 miles out under the Solway.[6] In 1900 the output of the collieries was 536,000 tons. However they became less economic; the company failed in 1933, and the pits were sold to Priestman collieries. They in turn failed in 1935, and the pits were closed for 18 months. Work resumed with help from a Nuffield foundation, and the Cumberland Coal Company was formed, re-opening the pits in 1937. In 1947 the pits came under the nationalised body, the National Coal Board.[6]
Extent of mining
In 300 years over seventy pits were sunk in the Whitehaven area. During this period some five hundred or more people were killed in pit disasters and mining accidents. The largest disaster in the area was in 1910 at Wellington Pit, where 136 miners died. In another disaster in 1947 at William Pit, 104 men were killed. Four separate explosions over the period 1922–1931 at Haig Pit together killed 83.[26] Haig was the last pit to operate in Whitehaven.
Temporary end of coal mining
In 1983, a major geological fault was encountered at Haig pit which increased the difficulty of operation. This, combined with the political situation, and the
Preservation of Saltom pit
In 2007, Copeland Council declared that it could no longer afford to maintain the remaining Saltom Pit buildings, and preserve them from damage by the sea. But after an online campaign by myWhitehaven.net,
Governance
Whitehaven is within the Copeland UK Parliamentary constituency. As of 2021[update], its Member of Parliament (MP) is the Conservative Party's Trudy Harrison, who has held the seat since a by-election in 2017.
Before Brexit, it was in the North West England European Parliamentary Constituency.
Prior to the introduction of
- Whitehaven South
- Whitehaven Central
- Kells
- Hillcrest
- Corkicle
- Sneckyeat
The following divisions were included in Cumbria County Council:
- Bransty
- Kells and Sandwith
- Hillcrest and Hensingham
- Mirehouse
Whitehaven has its own
The harbour
Whitehaven Harbour Act 1708 | |
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Act of Parliament | |
Long title | An Act for preserving and enlarging the Harbour of Whitehaven, in the County of Cumberland. |
Citation | 7 Ann. c. 9 (Ruffhead c. 5) |
Dates | |
Royal assent | 23 March 1709 |
Whitehaven Harbour Act 1711 | |
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Act of Parliament | |
Long title | An Act for enlarging the Term for Payment of certain Duties, granted in and by an Act of Parliament passed in the Seventh Year of Her Majesty's Reign, intituled, "An Act for preserving and enlarging the Harbour of Whitehaven, in the County of Cumberland." |
Citation | 10 Ann. c. 17 (Ruffhead c. 3) |
Dates | |
Royal assent | 3 March 1712 |
Whitehaven Harbour Act 1937 | |
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Act of Parliament | |
Dates | |
Royal assent | 20 July 1937 |
Whitehaven Harbour Act 1962 | |
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Act of Parliament | |
Dates | |
Royal assent | 18 April 1962 |
Text of statute as originally enacted |
Whitehaven Harbour Act 1970 | |
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Act of Parliament | |
Long title | An Act to authorise the Whitehaven Harbour Commissioners to construct further works; and for other purposes. |
Citation | 1970 c. lii |
Dates | |
Royal assent | 23 July 1970 |
Text of statute as originally enacted |
Whitehaven Harbour Act 1981 | |
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Act of Parliament | |
Long title | An Act to increase the borrowing powers of the Whitehaven Harbour Commissioners; to confer on the Commissioners further powers pursuant to the Harbours, Docks, and Piers Clauses Act 1847; to make further provision for the regulation of the harbour; and for purposes connected therewith. |
Citation | 1981 c. xvi |
Dates | |
Royal assent | 2 July 1981 |
Text of statute as originally enacted |
Whitehaven Harbour Act 2007 | |
---|---|
Act of Parliament | |
Long title | An Act to transfer to Whitehaven Harbour Commissioners all rights, properties, assets and obligations of W3M Charitable Foundation, Whitehaven Development Company Limited and W3M (Trading) Limited; to dissolve those companies; and for other purposes. |
Citation | 2007 c. i |
Dates | |
Royal assent | 19 July 2007 |
Text of statute as originally enacted |
The existence of a harbour or landing place at Whitehaven can be traced back to 1517, when quay-dues, otherwise known as wharfage, were recorded.
The purchase of the manor of St Bees in 1630 by the Lowther family started the development of Whitehaven harbour primarily to export coal. Sir Christopher Lowther built a stone pier in 1631–34, and it survives, albeit very modified, as the Old Quay.[31]
By the 1660s the pier was suffering from storm damage and by the 1670s it was considered too small for the growing number of vessels wanting to use it. In 1677 a description refers to "a little pier, in shallow water, built with some wooden piles and stones".[31]
The prospect of a rival pier being built at Parton to the north of Whitehaven galvanised Sir John Lowther into developing the harbour, and by 1679 further work was under way. In the late 17th and 18th century the harbour was extended by ballast walls, moles and piers to become one of the most complex pier harbours in Britain.[32] April 1778 saw the harbour as the first site of an American attack on the British Isles during the American War of Independence.
The port's trade waned rapidly when ports with much larger shipping capacity, such as
The harbour lost its last commercial cargo handling operation in 1992 when Marchon ceased their phosphate rock import operations. Drivers Jonas and marine consulting engineers Beckett Rankine drew up a new master plan to impound the inner basins of the harbour to create a large marina and fishing harbour, and refocus the town on a renovated harbour.
The harbour has seen much other renovation due to millennium developments, and the rejuvenation project cost an estimated £11.3 million.[33] This has provided 100 more moorings within the marina. Another £5.5 million has been spent on developing a 40 m (130 ft) high crow's nest and a wave light feature that changes colour depending on the tide, together with The Rum Story on Lowther Street, voted Cumbria Tourism's small visitor attraction of the year 2007.[34] A picture of the harbour was used on the front page of the Tate Modern's promotional material for an exhibition of Millennium Projects in 2003.[35] In June 2008,
Town planning
Whitehaven was, with Falmouth, the first post-medieval new planned town in England.[37] It is the most complete example of planned Georgian architecture in Europe and there are over 170 listed buildings. Whitehaven's planned layout was with streets in a right-angled grid which it is thought was imitated by the new towns of the American Colonies, with which there were strong trade links.[citation needed]
Although Sir Christopher Lowther initially purchased Whitehaven it was his son, Sir John Lowther, 2nd Baronet, who was responsible for its growth and development. Sir John acquired a market charter in 1660 for the town, but the urban expansion did not start until the 1680s when he laid out a spacious rectangular grid of streets to the north east of the existing tiny hamlet.[38]
Sir John specified that the houses were "to be three storeys high, not less than 28 feet from the street level to the square of the side walls, the windows of the first and second storeys to be
One block was left vacant for a new church and in 1694 another site was given for a Presbyterian chapel. Most of the streets were relatively narrow, about ten yards, but the principal thoroughfare, Lowther Street, which ran through the town centre from the Lowther family residence to the waterfront, was 16 yards wide. The old St Nicholas chapel was demolished in 1693 to make way for Lowther Street, and its materials used to build a new school.[38]
Whitehaven Castle was built in 1769 for Sir John Lowther as his private residence at the end of Lowther Street, replacing an earlier building destroyed by fire. In 1924, the Earl of Lonsdale sold Whitehaven Castle to Herbert Wilson Walker, a local industrialist. Walker donated the building to the people of West Cumberland, along with £20,000 to convert it into a hospital to replace the old Whitehaven Infirmary at Howgill Street, which was established in 1830.[6]
Railways
Whitehaven is on the
Coming of the public railway
The first railway to reach Whitehaven was the
Industrial networks
As in other colliery areas, horse-drawn tramways and then locomotive-powered railways were used extensively to move coal. The first steam locomotive made an early appearance in 1816, to a design similar to the noted
Engineering
The nearby Lowca engineering works began to produce locomotives in 1843, including the first Crampton locomotives, which became the fastest locomotives of the day; one was reported to have reached 62 mph. Over the life of the works, some 260 locomotives were produced – mainly for industrial lines.[45] The works entered shipbuilding in 1842–3, producing Lowca, the first iron ship launched in Cumberland.
Marchon chemical complex
In 1941, Fred Marzillier and Frank Schon relocated Marchon Products Ltd from London to Whitehaven, which was a special development area, after their offices were destroyed by German bombing. At Whitehaven they started manufacturing firelighters, then in 1943 they moved production to the site of the Ladysmith pit coke ovens at Kells, where they formed a sister company, "Solway Chemicals", to produce liquid fertilisers and foaming agents. At the end of the war, a number of chemists and engineers were released after the closure of the Royal Ordnance Factories at Drigg and Sellafield. This helped drive the pioneering expansion into detergent bases to include some of the first soap-substitutes to reach the UK market.[46]
The new detergents were a big success, as soap was in short supply after the war; however the original reason for moving to Whitehaven, remoteness from Europe, was now a serious handicap as the site was remote from raw materials. The answer was to manufacture as much processed raw material as possible on the site. New plants were built for the production of
In 1955 the companies were taken over by Albright and Wilson, and they in turn were taken over by the French company, Rhodia, in 1999. The decline of this site had started in the late 1980s, and finally in 2005 the site was closed down after a number of production processes had been terminated over the years.[46]
Sekers Fabrics
To help counter the 50% unemployment in the area, John Adams, of the West Cumberland Industrial Development Company, invited Miki Sekers and his cousin, Tomi de Gara to establish the West Cumberland Silk Mills at Hensingham, Whitehaven in 1938.[47] The intention was to manufacture high quality silk and rayon fabrics for the fashion trade, but during World War II they mainly produced parachute nylon. After the war, it became Sekers Fabrics and reverted to its original purpose. It supplied material to the great fashion houses such as Edward Molyneux and Bianca Mosca in London and Christian Dior, Pierre Cardin and Givenchy in Paris. At the same time it supplied luxury-style dress materials within the purchasing power of most home dressmakers working in nylon.
The company was awarded the Duke of Edinburgh prize for elegant design in 1962, 1965 and 1973, and a Royal warrant was awarded as suppliers of furnishing fabric to Her Majesty the Queen. In 1964, they established a large showroom at 190-192 Sloane Street, London.[48]
Miki Sekers was appointed an
The Whitehaven silk mill closed in 2006.
Cumberland Curled Hair Ltd
In 1945, Kurt Oppenheim, a 26-year-old refugee from Nazi Germany, bought the abandoned Whitehaven Brewery site on Inkerman Terrace and began using it to prove both a home for the family and a factory to house the production of curled hair. Curled hair was used as the a part of the filling for bed mattresses, railway and carriage seating, car and domestic upholstery and when rubberised it was used in flooring. Oppenheim's family had been in the curled hair manufacturing business for many generations in Kassel, Germany and had factories in Kassel and Basel, Switzerland but after the war there was little left of the business, and it offered no assistance to Kurt who started in Whitehaven on a small amount of borrowed funds. The product was manufactured from horse and cow hair sourced from China and Argentina. Hair was cleansed, spun into rope (on machinery mainly produced in continental Europe) and then the rope was broken up to produce the hair with a spring like curl in it. This bulky product was bagged and sent off to customers all over the UK. With the introduction of synthetic upholstery fillings in the late 1950s and early 1960s, the UK curled hair business began to contract and Cumberland Curled Hair consolidated the industry by buying up competitors that were closing down and moved their production to Whitehaven. The business expanded into a factory in Hensingham industrial area and brought employment to about eighty people of the town.[citation needed]
The new foam business was called Cheri Foam. By the mid-1960s, the space requirements outgrew the factory in Hensingham and only the offices were kept in the original Tower Brewery in Whitehaven, whilst production of curled hair and flexile urethane foam was moved to an 11-acre site with two large aircraft hangars at Silloth Airfield.
Sport
Rugby League
Whitehaven is a
Other teams include;
- Kells A.R.L.F.C. play in the National Conference League Premier Division.
- Hensingham ARLFC are an Amateur Rugby league based in Whitehaven. Founded in 1900 It wasn't until 1920 that the Club changed its allegiances to Rugby League. Hensingham is one of the oldest rugby clubs in the country. They play their rugby in the National Conference League Division 3.
- There are several Whitehaven-based teams playing in the amateur Cumberland League.
- Whitehaven's female amateur R.L.F.C is named the "Wildcats".
Other sports
Whitehaven Cricket Club play in the Cumbria Cricket League and jointly share their pitch "The Playground" with Whitehaven RUFC.
"Jam eater"
The term "jam eater" is often used by the people of neighbouring Workington to refer to the people of Whitehaven, or more generally to people from West Cumbria. When the Financial Times ran a lighthearted article on famous feuds in September 2008, featuring this, the local Whitehaven News published its own complementary feature,[49] reporting that: "The common view is that the term is insulting because it implies people could not afford to buy meat for their sandwiches, so they had to eat jam instead."
The original article had summed up the situation in terms of the long-term rivalry between Whitehaven and nearby Workington: "Legend has it that one town's miners had jam on their sandwiches and the other did not, but no one agrees on which town it was or whether they did it because they were snobs or peasants." A reader from Maryport, a few miles further up the Cumbria coast (which, as occasionally mentioned in discussions on the topic, used to have a jam factory) reported that he had understood the term originally referred to people from Whitehaven, and this was echoed in the comments on the Whitehaven News article, suggesting that a former distinction between the Whitehaven "jam eaters" and Workington "high siders" had gradually been lost in the trading of insults across the rugby pitch.
Maritime Festival
Whitehaven has also played host to a Maritime Festival, which started in 1999 and was held every two years, and then annually (the last being in 2013) attracting an estimated 350,000 people to the small town.[50]
Attractions included tall ships, air displays which included the
The 2005 festival also marked the 60th anniversary of the end of the Second World War, in which Whitehaven had been designated Cumbria's official commemoration celebration. Up to 1,000 veterans and ex-service personnel took part in the parade from the town's Castle Park to the harbour side, led by members of three military bands. Services were held on the harbour side, and aircraft from the Royal Air Force provided a tribute display above the harbour.
The Maritime Festivals were founded by
The 2011 festival (featuring Razorlight plus several 1980s acts including Madness) continued the successful culinary theme, with the return of Jean-Christophe Novelli and other favourites. In 2012 the date of the festival was changed to the first weekend in June, to make it part of the Queen's Diamond Jubilee celebration (with a red, white and blue themed firework display).
Local media
Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC North East and Cumbria and ITV Border. Television signals are received from the local relay transmitter. [51]
Whitehaven's local radio stations are BBC Radio Cumbria on 104.1 FM, Greatest Hits Radio Cumbria & South West Scotland on 103.4 FM and Hospital Radio Haven, a community based radio that broadcast from the West Cumberland Hospital in the town.[52]
The Whitehaven News is the town's local newspaper. [53]
June 2010 shootings
On 2 June 2010, Whitehaven became a focus in the international media in relation to
Digital switchover trial
On 20 July 2006, Broadcasting Minister
The switchover began when
Notable people
In alphabetical order:
- Abraham Acton, VC (1893–1915), British Army recipient of the Victoria Cross in World War I
- Kyle Amor (born 1987), an Ireland international rugby league footballer
- John Beck (b. 29 July 1961), keyboard player for It Bites
- John Benson (died 1798), clockmaker
- Dame Edith Mary Brown(1864–1956), doctor who founded the first medical training facility for women in Asia
- William Brownrigg (1711–1800), doctor and scientist
- Scott Carson (born 1985), footballer
- Jordan Clark (born 1990), cricketer
- Craig Cook (born1987), speedway rider
- Stuart Cummings (born 1960), rugby league referee
- FRSE(1880-1935), author and psychologist
- Malcolm Eccles (born 1969), businessman
- Formula 3racing driver
- Mildred Gale (1671–1701), paternal grandmother of George Washington, lived in Whitehaven and is buried in the graveyard of St Nicholas's Church.[56]
- Dean Henderson (born 1997), Premier League footballer with Manchester United
- Brian Higgins (born 1959), record producer
- Dick Huddart (1936–2021), rugby league player
- Milton Huddart (1960–2015), rugby league player
- American War of Independence.
- Brad Kavanagh (born 1992), actor
- Jack Lawson (1881–1965), Lord Lawson of Beamish, British trade unionist and Labour politician
- Guy Lovell (born 1969), cricketer
- Jane Pearson (1735-1816), was a Quaker minister based here for 42 years.[57]
- Matthew Postlethwaite (born 1991), actor
- Gerard Richardson MBE(born 1962), founder of the International Maritime Festival, author and businessman
- John "Sol" Roper (1936–2015), professional rugby league footballer and coach
- Robert Salmon, (1775–1844), maritime artist
- Frank Schon, Baron Schon (1912–1995), co-founder of Marchon Chemicals
- Miki Sekers (1910–1972), co-founder of Sekers Fabrics
- Jackie Sewell (1927–2016), footballer
- Adam Summerfield (born 1990), professional ice hockey player for Manchester Phoenix
- Jonathan Swift (1667–1745), claimed an over-fond nurse kidnapped and brought him to Whitehaven for three years in his infancy.
- William Thomson (1819–1890), Archbishop of York in 1862–1890
- Cleator Moor Celtic, Newcastle United, Crystal Palace and Ipswich Town), coach and football scout. Woods became a football coach and scout working alongside England football manager Bobby Robson throughout most of Robson's career including England.[58][59]
- Poet Laureatefrom 1843 to 1850, frequently visited Whitehaven
Twin cities
See also
Notes
- ^ Total is given by Wood;[8] purchases (and price paid) are listed in appendices of[18]
- ^ New Style; but (since this is before 1752) Lady Day Quarter of 1729 according to John Spedding's accounts.[22]
- ^ In other areas, additional alternatives to Freeview were available, such as the cable-based Virgin Media.
References
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- ^ "Town population 2011". Retrieved 25 January 2016.
- ^ ISGAP.org.uk Retrieved 1 March 2019. One of the 51 towns in UK "considered to be particularly splendid and precious"
- ^ Wainwright, F. T. Scandinavian England: Collected Papers, Chichester: Phillimore (1975)
- ^ Winchester, Angus J. L. "The Multiple Estate: A Framework for the Evolution of Settlement in Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian Cumbria" in Baldwin, John R. and Whyte, Ian D. (eds), The Scandinavians in Cumbria, Edinburgh: The Scottish Society for Northern Studies (1985) pp. 89–101
- ^ ISBN 0-904131-21-1.
- ^ History, Topography and Directory of Cumberland, 1901, T.F. Bulmer, T.Bulmer & Co., Penrith, 1901
- ^ ISBN 0-9500779-5-X
- ^ first item (ahead of news from London) in "Home Affairs". Newcastle Courant. 20 May 1732. pp. 1–2.
- ^ a b c Hinchcliffe, E (1971). "The Washingtons at Whitehaven and Appleby" (PDF). Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society. Second Series. 71: 151–198. Retrieved 14 March 2017.
- ^ J. E. Williams (1956) Whitehaven in the Eighteenth Century, in The Economic History Review Vol. 8 No 3 pp396-397
- ^ J. E. Williams (1956) Whitehaven in the Eighteenth Century, in The Economic History Review Vol. 8 No 3 pp400-402
- ^ "Duke Street, Whitehaven". Whitehaven and Western Lakeland. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
- A tour thro' the Whole Island of Great Britain, divided into circuits or journies by Daniel Defoe, from "A Vision of Britain Through Time" (a University of Portsmouthwebsite)
- ^ J. E. Williams (1956) Whitehaven in the Eighteenth Century, in The Economic History Review Vol 8 No. 3 pp402-404
- )
- ^ "Borough to say sorry for slavery". The Whitehaven News. 28 February 2006. Retrieved 3 July 2020.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-521-23486-3.
- ISBN 978-1-317-36488-7.
- .
- ^ "Newcomen Engines at Whitehaven, site of". Engineering Timelines. Retrieved 5 April 2017.
- ^ Ward, Jean E (1991). "The sinking of Saltom Pit, Whitehaven" (PDF). Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society. Second Series. 91: 127–144.
- ^ First item (ahead of news from London) in "Home Affairs". Newcastle Courant. 20 May 1732. pp. 1–2.
- ^ "Culross (section mining)". BBC. Retrieved 7 April 2013.
- ^ "Scheduled Ancient monument". Retrieved 9 December 2008.
- ^ "List of Disasters". HealeyHero. Retrieved 18 October 2010.
- ^ Vaughan, Adam (23 March 2018). "Minister cites climate change in rejection of opencast coal mine". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 July 2018.
- ^ "Call-in Request Rejected by Government". West Cumbria Mining. 1 November 2019.
- ^ "myWhitehaven". myWhitehaven.net. Retrieved 9 May 2012.
- ^ "Whitehaven Town Council".
- ^ a b Richard Newman (2013) Port Development and Town Planning in North West England in Journal of Maritime Archaeology Vol 8 No2 p.290
- ^ Richard Newman (2013) Port Development and Town Planning in North West England in Journal of Maritime Archaeology Vol 8 No2 p.292
- ^ "myWhitehaven". myWhitehaven. Retrieved 9 May 2012.
- ^ "The Rum Story – The Dark Spirit of Whitehaven". Rumstory.co.uk. 14 March 2000. Retrieved 9 May 2012.
- ^ "Whitehaven Harbour news". Whitehaven-harbour.co.uk. Retrieved 9 May 2012.
- ^ "Enlarged Image". BBC News. Retrieved 9 May 2012.
- ISBN 0-14-02-1401-1, pp.154
- ^ ISBN 0750924896p130
- ISBN 0140214011pp151-152
- ISBN 1-85260-508-1.
- ^ "Reports of Select Committees on Railways". Carlisle Journal. 17 June 1853. p. 5.
- ^ Jim Rees, "The Strange Story of the Steam Elephant" in Early Railways – proc of the First International Railway Conference.Pub Newcomen Society 1998
- ^ a b Quayle (2006), p.60
- ^ Colin E Mountford "Rope haulage – the forgotten element of railway history" in Early Railways – proc of the First International Railway Conference.Pub Newcomen Society 1998
- ^ Morton, D.O. "The origins of Lowca engine works", The Industrial Locomotive, Vol 1 No 11 (1978)
- ^ ISBN 0752435728
- ^ Whitehaven News. Retrieved 30 July 2014.
- ^ Historic England. "190–192, Sloane Street, SW1 (1272552)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
- ^ "WHO ARE THE JAM-EATERS". Whitehaven News. 2 October 2008. Archived from the original on 2 November 2013.
- ^ "Whitehaven International Festival Company". Thefestival.org.uk. Retrieved 9 May 2012.
- ^ "Whitehaven (Cumbria, England) Freeview Light transmitter". May 2004.
- ^ https://www.hospitalradiohaven.co.uk/
- ^ "Local Newspapers for Cumbria and the Lake District".
- ^ a b "Whitehaven Chosen For National Switchover Flagship Project". culture.gov.uk (Press release). Department for Culture, Media and Sport. 2006.
- ^ "North-West Evening Mail article on Eskdale reception problems, 14 November 2007". 17 December 2007. Archived from the original on 17 December 2007. Retrieved 9 May 2012.
- ^ Whitehavenandwesternlakeland.co.uk. Retrieved 9 May 2012.
- doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/70455. Retrieved 1 February 2023. (Subscription or UK public library membershiprequired.)
- ISBN 0340823461.
- ISBN 978-1-905156-36-8.
- ^ "Побратимени градове – Municipality of KOZLODUY". Kozloduy.bg. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
Further reading
- Daniel Hay Whitehaven an illustrated history, Michael Moon, 1979 ISBN 0-904131-21-1
External links
- Whitehaven at Curlie
- Cumbria County History Trust: Whitehaven (nb: provisional research only – see Talk page)
- Sekers Silk Mills in the 1940s – archive film