Who Framed Roger Rabbit
Who Framed Roger Rabbit | |
---|---|
Directed by | Robert Zemeckis |
Screenplay by | Jeffrey Price Peter S. Seaman |
Based on | Who Censored Roger Rabbit? by Gary K. Wolf |
Produced by | |
Starring | |
Cinematography | Dean Cundey |
Edited by | Arthur Schmidt |
Music by | Alan Silvestri |
Production companies |
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Distributed by | Buena Vista Pictures Distribution[1] |
Release date |
|
Running time | 104 minutes[2] |
Country | United States |
Language | English |
Budget | $50.6 million[nb 1] |
Box office | $351.5 million[6] |
Who Framed Roger Rabbit is a 1988 American fantasy comedy film directed by Robert Zemeckis from a screenplay written by Jeffrey Price and Peter S. Seaman.[7] It is loosely based on the 1981 novel Who Censored Roger Rabbit? by Gary K. Wolf. The film stars Bob Hoskins, Christopher Lloyd, Stubby Kaye, Joanna Cassidy, and the voices of Charles Fleischer and an uncredited Kathleen Turner. Combining live-action and animation, the film is set in an alternate history Hollywood in 1947, where humans and cartoon characters (referred to as "toons") co-exist. Its plot follows Eddie Valiant, a private investigator with a grudge against toons, who must help exonerate Roger Rabbit, a toon framed for murder.
Walt Disney Pictures purchased the film rights for the story in 1981. Price and Seaman wrote two drafts of the script before Disney brought in executive producer Steven Spielberg and his production company, Amblin Entertainment. Zemeckis was brought on to direct, and Canadian animator Richard Williams was hired to supervise the animation sequences. Production was moved from Los Angeles to Elstree Studios in England to accommodate Williams and his group of animators. While filming, the production budget rapidly expanded, and the shooting schedule ran longer than expected.
Who Framed Roger Rabbit was released through Disney's
In 2016, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".[9][10]
Plot
In 1947 Los Angeles, animated cartoon characters, or "
After watching Jessica perform at The Ink and Paint Club, Eddie secretly photographs her and Acme playing
Roger's toon co-star, Baby Herman, suggests to Eddie that Acme's missing will—which supposedly bequeaths Toontown to the toons—may have been the killer's true motive. Eddie returns to his office and finds Roger waiting. Roger insists he has been framed and Eddie reluctantly agrees to help after finding evidence of Acme's will; he hides Roger in a bar tended by his girlfriend Dolores. Jessica tells Eddie that Maroon threatened Roger's career unless she posed for the compromising photos. Meanwhile, Dolores's research uncovers that Cloverleaf Industries recently bought the city's Pacific Electric railway system and will purchase Toontown at midnight unless Acme's will is found. Doom and the Toon Patrol find Roger, but he and Eddie escape with help from Benny, a toon taxi cab. Sheltering in a local theater, Eddie sees a newsreel of Maroon selling his studio to Cloverleaf.
While Eddie goes to the studio to interrogate Maroon, Jessica abducts Roger. Maroon denies involvement in Acme's murder, admitting he intended to blackmail Acme into selling his company as otherwise Cloverleaf would not buy the studio. Maroon is assassinated and Eddie spots Jessica fleeing the scene. Assuming she is the assailant, he reluctantly follows her into Toontown, choosing to discard the last of his alcohol. After saving Eddie from being shot by Doom, Jessica reveals her actions were to ensure Roger's safety and it was Doom who killed Acme and Maroon. Acme gave his will to Jessica for safety but, when she examined it, the paper was blank.
Doom and the Toon Patrol capture Jessica and Eddie, bringing them to Acme's factory. Doom reveals he is the sole shareholder of Cloverleaf and plans to erase Toontown with a Dip-spraying machine so he can build a
As police and toons gather at the scene, Eddie realizes that Acme's will was written on the blank paper in temporarily invisible ink, confirming the toons inherit Toontown. Having regained his sense of humor, Eddie happily enters Toontown alongside Dolores, Roger, Jessica, and the toons.
Cast
Live-action cast
- Bob Hoskins as Eddie Valiant, a private investigator
- Christopher Lloyd as Judge Doom, a judge of the Toontown Superior Court
- Stubby Kaye as Marvin Acme, the owner of the Acme Corporation and Toontown
- Joanna Cassidy as Dolores, a bar waitress who is friends with Eddie
- Alan Tilvern as R.K. Maroon, the head of Maroon Cartoons
- Richard LeParmentier as Lt. Santino, a police lieutenant of the Los Angeles Police Department
- Richard Ridings as Angelo, a patron at the bar that Dolores works at and taunts Eddie's detective work
- Joel Silver as Raoul
- Paul Springeras Augie
- Mike Edmonds as Stretch
- Betsy Brantley as Jessica Rabbit's performance model
- Morgan Deare as an editor
Voice cast
- Charles Fleischer as:
- Roger Rabbit, a rabbit and cartoon short star
- Benny the Cab, a toon taxi cab
- Greasy, the second-in-command of the Toon Patrol
- Psycho, a member of the Toon Patrol
- Kathleen Turner (speaking voice) and Amy Irving (singing voice) as Jessica Rabbit (both uncredited), a human toon and Roger's wife
- Lou Hirsch as Baby Herman, a baby and Roger's co-star, who speaks normally when off set
- David Lander as Smart Ass, the leader of the Toon Patrol
- Fred Newman as Stupid, a member of the Toon Patrol
- June Foray as:
- Wheezy, a member of the Toon Patrol
- Lena Hyena, an unattractive toon human whom Eddie mistakes for Jessica
- Mel Blanc as:
- Joe Alaskey as Yosemite Sam
- Wayne Allwine as Mickey Mouse
- Tony Anselmo as Donald Duck
- Tony Pope as:
- Mae Questel as Betty Boop
- Russi Taylor as
- Minnie Mouse
- The Hummingbirds from Song of the South
- Pat Buttram, Jim Cummings (imitating Andy Devine) and Jim Gallant (imitating Walter Brennan) as Eddie's toon bullets which he once received from Yosemite Sam
- Les Perkins as Mr. Toad from The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad
- Mary T. Radford as Hyacinth Hippo from Fantasia
- Nancy Cartwright as a Toon shoe who gets dissolved in Dip
- Cherry Davis as Woody Woodpecker
- Morgan Deare as Bongo the Gorilla, the bouncerof The Ink and Paint Club
- Peter Westy as Pinocchio
- Frank Welker as Dumbo (uncredited)
- Richard Williams as Droopy
- April Winchell as Mrs. Herman and Baby Herman's "baby noises"
- Archival recordings of Frank Sinatra were used for the Singing Sword, whose character design is based on Sinatra.
Production
Development
Walt Disney Productions purchased the film rights to Gary K. Wolf's novel Who Censored Roger Rabbit? shortly after its publication in 1981. Ron W. Miller, then president of Disney, saw it as a perfect opportunity to produce a blockbuster.[12] Jeffrey Price and Peter S. Seaman were hired to write the script, penning two drafts. Robert Zemeckis offered his services as director in 1982,[13] but Disney declined as his two previous films (I Wanna Hold Your Hand and Used Cars) had been box-office bombs.[14] Between 1981 and 1983 Disney developed test footage with Darrell Van Citters as animation director, Paul Reubens voicing Roger Rabbit, Peter Renaday as Eddie Valiant, and Russi Taylor as Jessica Rabbit.[15] The project was revamped in 1985 by Michael Eisner, the then-new CEO of Disney. Amblin Entertainment, which consisted of Steven Spielberg, Frank Marshall and Kathleen Kennedy, were approached to produce Who Framed Roger Rabbit alongside Disney. The original budget was projected at $50 million, which Disney felt was too expensive.[16]
The film was finally
Terry Gilliam was offered the chance to direct, but he found the project too technically challenging. ("Pure laziness on my part," he later admitted, "I completely regret that decision.")[17] Robert Zemeckis was hired to direct in 1985, based on the success of Romancing the Stone and Back to the Future. Disney executives were continuing to suggest Darrell Van Citters direct the animation, but Spielberg and Zemeckis decided against it.[16] Richard Williams was eventually hired to direct the animation. Zemeckis wanted the film to imbue "Disney's high quality of animation, Warner Bros.' characterization, and Tex Avery humor."[18]
Casting
Harrison Ford was Spielberg's original choice to play Eddie Valiant, but his price was too high.[19] Chevy Chase was the second choice, but he was not interested.[20] Bill Murray was also considered for the role, but due to his idiosyncratic method of receiving offers for roles, Murray missed out on it.[21] Eddie Murphy reportedly turned down the role as he misunderstood the concept of toons and humans co-existing; he later regretted this decision.[22][23] Robin Williams, Robert Redford, Jack Nicholson, Sylvester Stallone, Edward James Olmos, Wallace Shawn, Ed Harris, Charles Grodin and Don Lane were also considered for the role.[20] Ultimately, Bob Hoskins was chosen by Spielberg because of his acting skill and because Spielberg believed he had a hopeful demeanor and he looked like he belonged in that era.[24] To facilitate Hoskins' performance, Charles Fleischer dressed in a Roger Rabbit costume and "stood in" behind camera for most scenes.[25] Williams explained Roger was a combination of "Tex Avery's cashew nut-shaped head, the swatch of red hair... like Droopy's, Goofy's overalls, Porky Pig's bow tie, Mickey Mouse's gloves, and Bugs Bunny-like cheeks and ears."[13]
Kathleen Turner provided the uncredited voice of Jessica Rabbit, Roger Rabbit's wife.[26]
Tim Curry auditioned for the role of Judge Doom, but was rejected because the producers found him too terrifying.[27] Christopher Lee was also considered for the role, but turned it down.[20] John Cleese also expressed interest for the role, but was deemed not scary enough.[20] Peter O'Toole, F. Murray Abraham, Roddy McDowall, Eddie Deezen and Sting were also considered for the role.[20] Christopher Lloyd was cast because he previously worked with Zemeckis and Spielberg on Back to the Future. He compared his part as Doom to his previous role as the Klingon commander Kruge in Star Trek III: The Search for Spock, both overly evil characters which he considered "fun to play".[28] He avoided blinking his eyes while on camera to portray the character.[14]
Fleischer also voiced Benny the Cab, Psycho, and Greasy. Lou Hirsch, who voiced Baby Herman, was the original choice for Benny the Cab but was replaced by Fleischer.[25]
Writing
Price and Seaman were brought aboard to continue writing the script once Spielberg and Zemeckis were hired. For inspiration, the two writers studied the work of
During the writing process, Price and Seaman were unsure of whom to include as the villain in the plot. They wrote scripts that had either Jessica Rabbit or Baby Herman as the villain, but they made their final decision with the newly created character Judge Doom. Doom was supposed to have an animated vulture sit on his shoulder, but this was deleted due to the technical challenges this posed.
The Toon Patrol (Stupid, Smart Ass, Greasy, Wheezy, and Psycho) satirizes the Seven Dwarfs (Doc, Grumpy, Happy, Sleepy, Bashful, Sneezy, and Dopey), who appeared in
Filming
Williams admitted he was "openly disdainful of the Disney
Animation and post-production
Post-production lasted for 14 months.[14] ILM had already used CGI and digital compositing in a few movies, such as the stained glass knight scene in Young Sherlock Holmes, but the computers were still not powerful enough to make a complicated movie like Who Framed Roger Rabbit, so all the animation was done using cels and optical compositing.[38][25] First, the animators and layout artists were given black-and-white printouts of the live-action scenes (known as "photostats"), and they placed their animation paper on top of them. The artists then drew the animated characters in relationship to the live-action footage. Due to Zemeckis' dynamic camera moves, the animators had to confront the challenge of ensuring the characters were not "slipping and slipping all over the place."[14][25] Ensuring this did not happen and that the characters looked real, Zemeckis and Spielberg met for about an hour and a half and came up with an idea: "If the rabbit sits down in an old chair, dust comes up. He should always be touching something real."[24] After the rough animation was complete, it was run through the normal process of traditional animation until the cels were shot on the rostrum camera with no background. Williams came up with the idea of making the cartoon characters “2.5-dimensional”, and the animated footage was sent to ILM for compositing, where technicians animated three lighting layers (shadows, highlights, and tone mattes) separately, to give the characters a sense of depth and create the illusion of them affected by the set lighting.[39][25] Finally, the lighting effects were optically composited on to the cartoon characters, who were, in turn, composited into the live-action footage. One of the most difficult effects in the film was Jessica's dress in the nightclub scene because it had to flash sequins, an effect accomplished by filtering light through a plastic bag scratched with steel wool.[13]
Music
Regular Zemeckis collaborator
On January 23, 2018, Intrada Records released a three-CD set with the complete score, alternates, and a remastered version of the original 1988 album, plus music from three Roger Rabbit short films, composed and conducted by Bruce Broughton and James Horner.[41] Mondo Records and Walt Disney Records reissued the original 1988 album on vinyl on September 17, 2021.
The film features performances of "Hungarian Rhapsody" (Tony Anselmo and Mel Blanc), "Why Don't You Do Right?" (Amy Irving), "The Merry-Go-Round Broke Down" (Charles Fleischer), and "Smile, Darn Ya, Smile!" (Toon Chorus).
Release
Box office
The film opened in the United States on June 22, 1988, grossing $11,226,239 in 1,045 theaters during its opening weekend; it was in first place at the US box office.[43] It was Disney's biggest opening weekend ever at the time of its release.[44] It went on to gross $154,112,492 in the United States and Canada and $197,387,508 internationally, coming to a worldwide total of $351,500,000.[45] At the time of release, it was the 20th-highest-grossing film of all time.[46] It was also the second-highest-grossing film of 1988, behind only Rain Man.[47] In the United Kingdom, the film also set a record opening for a Disney film.[48]
Home media
The film was first released on VHS on October 12, 1989,[49] and on DVD on September 28, 1999.
On March 25, 2003,
On March 12, 2013, Disney released the film on Blu-ray and DVD combo pack special edition for the film's 25th anniversary.[50][51] The film was also digitally restored for the release; frame-by-frame digital restoration was done by Prasad Studios removing dirt, tears, scratches, and other defects.[52][53] Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released the film on Ultra HD Blu-ray on December 7, 2021.[54]
Reception
Critical response
Who Framed Roger Rabbit received near-universal acclaim from critics, making
Accolades
Legacy
The critical and commercial success of the film rekindled an interest in the Golden Age of American animation, and in addition to sparking the
In December 2016, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".[10]
Roger Rabbit served as inspiration for various
Controversies
With the film's LaserDisc release, Variety first reported in March 1994 that observers uncovered several scenes of antics from the animators that supposedly featured brief nudity of Jessica Rabbit. While undetectable when played at the usual rate of 24 film frames per second, the LaserDisc player allowed the viewer to advance frame-by-frame to uncover these visuals. Whether or not they were actually intended to depict the nudity of the character remains unknown.[95][96] Many retailers said that within minutes of the LaserDisc debut, their entire inventory was sold out. The run was fueled by media reports about the controversy, including stories on CNN and various newspapers.[97]
Another frequently debated scene includes one in which Baby Herman extends his middle finger as he passes under a woman's dress and re-emerges with drool on his lip.[96][98] In the scene where Daffy Duck and Donald Duck are dueling on pianos, some heard Donald call Daffy a "goddamn stupid nigger", rather than the scripted and recorded line "doggone stubborn little".[99][100][101]
Legal issue
Gary K. Wolf, author of the novel Who Censored Roger Rabbit?, filed a lawsuit in 2001 against The Walt Disney Company. He claimed he was owed royalties based on the value of "gross receipts" and merchandising sales. In 2002, the trial court in the case ruled that these only referred to actual cash receipts Disney collected and denied Wolf's claim. In its January 2004 ruling, the California Court of Appeal disagreed, finding that expert testimony introduced by Wolf regarding the customary use of "gross receipts" in the entertainment business could support a broader reading of the term. The ruling vacated the trial court's order in favor of Disney and remanded the case for further proceedings.[102] In a March 2005 hearing, Wolf estimated he was owed $7 million. Disney's attorneys not only disputed the claim but also said Wolf owed Disney $500,000–$1 million because of an accounting error discovered in preparing for the lawsuit.[103] Wolf won the decision in 2005, receiving between $180,000 and $400,000 in damages.[104]
Proposed sequel
Spielberg discussed a sequel in 1989 with
Mauldin later retitled his script Who Discovered Roger Rabbit. Spielberg left the project when deciding he could not satirize
Spielberg became busy establishing DreamWorks, while Frank Marshall and Kathleen Kennedy decided to remain as producers. Test footage for Who Discovered Roger Rabbit was shot sometime in 1998 at the Disney animation unit in Lake Buena Vista, Florida; the results were a mix of CGI, traditional animation, and live-action that did not please Disney. A second test had the toons completely converted to CGI, but this was dropped as the film's projected budget would escalate past $100 million. Eisner felt it was best to cancel the film.[108] In March 2003, producer Don Hahn doubted a sequel, arguing that public tastes had changed since the 1990s with the rise of computer animation. "There was something very special about that time when animation was not as much in the forefront as it is now."[110]
In December 2007, Marshall stated that he was still "open" to the idea,[111] and in April 2009, Zemeckis revealed he was still interested.[112] According to a 2009 MTV News story, Jeffrey Price and Peter S. Seaman were writing a new script for the project, and the animated characters would be in traditional two-dimensional, while the rest would be in motion capture.[113] In 2010, Bob Hoskins had agreed to sign on for a sequel, but expressed scepticism about the use of "performance capture" in the film.[114] Zemeckis said that the sequel would remain hand-drawn animated and live-action sequences will be filmed, just like in the original film, but the lighting effects on the cartoon characters and some of the props that the toons handle will be done digitally.[115] Also in 2010, Hahn, who was the film's original associate producer, confirmed the sequel's development in an interview with Empire. He stated, "Yeah, I couldn't possibly comment. I deny completely, but yeah... if you're a fan, pretty soon you're going to be very, very, very happy."[116] Hoskins retired from acting in 2012 after a Parkinson's disease diagnosis a year earlier, and died from pneumonia in 2014.[117] Marshall confirmed that the film would be a prequel, similar to earlier drafts, and that the writing was almost complete.[118] During an interview at the premiere of Flight, Zemeckis stated that the sequel was still possible, despite Hoskins' absence, and the script for the sequel was sent to Disney for approval from studio executives.[119]
In February 2013, Gary K. Wolf, writer of the original novel, said Erik Von Wodtke and he were working on a development proposal for an animated Disney buddy comedy starring Mickey Mouse and Roger Rabbit called The Stooge, based on the 1952 film of the same name. The proposed film is set in a prequel, taking place five years before Who Framed Roger Rabbit and part of the story is about how Roger met Jessica. Wolf has stated the film is currently wending its way through Disney.[120]
In November 2016, while promoting his film Allied in England, Zemeckis stated that the sequel "moves the story of Roger and Jessica Rabbit into the next few years of period film, moving on from film noir to the world of the 1950s". He also stated that the sequel would feature a "digital Bob Hoskins", as Eddie Valiant would return in "ghost form". While the director went on to state that the script is "terrific" and the film would still use hand-drawn animation, Zemeckis thinks that the chances of Disney green-lighting the sequel are "slim". As he explained more in detail, "The current corporate Disney culture has no interest in Roger, and they certainly don't like Jessica at all".[121] In December 2018, while promoting Welcome to Marwen, his latest film, and given the 30th anniversary of Who Framed Roger Rabbit, Zemeckis reiterated in an interview with Yahoo! Movies that though the sequel's script is "wonderful", Disney is still unlikely to ever produce it, and he does not see the possibility of producing it as an original film for the streaming service Disney+, as he feels that it does not make any sense as there is no "Princess" in it.[122]
Notes
- ^ The budget has been commonly reported as $70 million, including by The New York Times in 1991, which subsequently issued an erratum to state that both Amblin and Touchstone insist the budget was "about $50 million".[3] Publications of the film's accounts since then indicate that the exact production cost of the film was $58,166,000,[4] including the production overhead which came to a total of $7,587,000, putting the net cost at $50,587,000.[5]
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Further reading
- Mike Bonifer (June 1989). The Art of Who Framed Roger Rabbit. First Glance Books. ISBN 0-9622588-0-6.
- Martin Noble (December 1988). Who Framed Roger Rabbit. ISBN 0-352-32389-2.
- ISBN 978-0-679-40094-3.
- Bob Foster (1989). Roger Rabbit: The Resurrection of Doom. Comic book sequel between Who Framed Roger Rabbit and the theatrical short ISBN 0-87135-593-0.
External links
- Who Framed Roger Rabbit essay [1] by Alexis Ainsworth at National Film Registry
- Who Framed Roger Rabbit at IMDb
- Who Framed Roger Rabbit at Rotten Tomatoes
- Who Framed Roger Rabbit at the American Film Institute Catalog
- Who Framed Roger Rabbit at the TCM Movie Database
- Ken P (April 1, 2003). "An Interview with Don Hahn". IGN. Archived from the original on September 24, 2007.
- Ken P (March 31, 2003). "An Interview with Andreas Deja". IGN. Archived from the original on April 13, 2003.
- Wade Sampson (December 17, 2008). "The Roger Rabbit That Never Was". Mouse Planet.
- Andrew, Farago; Bill Desowitz (November 30, 2008). "Roger Rabbit Turns 20". Animation World Network. Archived from the original on December 17, 2008.