Wichita Falls, Texas
Parts of this article (those related to demographics) need to be updated.(December 2023) |
Wichita Falls, Texas | ||
---|---|---|
City Council Members
| ||
• FIPS code | 48-79000[5] | |
GNIS feature ID | 2412261[3] | |
Website | City of Wichita Falls |
Wichita Falls (
The city was named, in 1876, for a waterfall on the Wichita River, which was destroyed due to flooding in 1886.
The city is home to the
History
The Choctaw Native Americans settled the area in the early 1800s from their native Mississippi area once Americans displaced them after the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek.[8] The treaty was signed and proclaimed in 1830-1831. As late as 1841, a large Indian settlement was present in the area that is now the city of Wichita Falls.[9]
American settlers arrived in the 1860s, mainly as cattle ranchers. The city was named Wichita Falls on September 27, 1876, as the Wichita River runs through the area and a waterfall was in the river’s course in 1876. Just 10 years later in 1886, a flood destroyed the original
On the day the city was named in 1876, a sale of town lots was held at what is now the corner of Seventh and Ohio Streets – the birthplace of the city.[12] The Fort Worth & Denver City Railway arrived in September 1882, the same year the city became the county seat of Wichita County.[8] The city grew westwards from the original FW&DC train depot which was located at the northwest corner of Seventh Street and the FW&DC.[12] This area is now referred to as the Depot Square Historic District,[13][14] which has been declared a Texas Historic Landmark.[15]
The early history of Wichita Falls well into the 20th century also rests on the work of two entrepreneurs, Joseph A. Kemp[16] and his brother-in-law, Frank Kell. Kemp and Kell were pioneers in food processing and retailing, flour milling, railroads, cattle, banking, and oil.[17]
Downtown Wichita Falls was the city's main shopping area for many years. Those shops lost ground to the creation of new shopping centers throughout the city beginning with Parker Square in 1953 and other similar developments during the 1960s and 1970s, culminating with the opening of Sikes Senter Mall in 1974. The city has been seeking funding to rebuild and restore the downtown area since 2010.[8]
Wichita Falls was once home to offices of several oil companies and related industries, along with oil refineries operated by the
1964 tornado
A devastating tornado hit the northern and northwestern portions of Wichita Falls, along with Sheppard Air Force Base during the afternoon of April 3, 1964 (later referred to as "Black Friday"). As the first violent tornado on record to hit the Wichita Falls area,[19] it left seven dead and more than 100 injured. Additionally, the tornado caused roughly $15 million in property damage with about 225 homes destroyed and another 250 damaged.[20] It was rated F5, the highest rating on the Fujita scale, but it is overshadowed by the 1979 tornado.[21]
1979 tornado
An F4 tornado struck the heavily populated southern sections of Wichita Falls in the late afternoon on Tuesday, April 10, 1979 (known as "Terrible Tuesday"). It was part of an outbreak that produced 30 tornadoes around the region. Despite having nearly an hour's advance warning that severe weather was imminent, 42 people were killed (including 25 in vehicles) and 1,800 were injured because it arrived just as many people were driving home from work.[22] It left 20,000 people homeless and caused $400 million in damage, a U.S. record not topped by an individual tornado until the F5 Moore–Oklahoma City tornado of May 3, 1999.[23]
Geography and climate
Wichita Falls is about 15 miles (24 km) south of the border with
Wichita Falls experiences a
From 2010 through 2013, Wichita Falls, along with a large portion of the south-central US, experienced a persistent drought. In September 2011, Wichita Falls became the first Texas city[25] to have 100 days of 100 °F (38 °C) or higher within one year.[a] On every day from June 22 to August 12, the temperature reached 100 °F or higher, and from May 27 to September 3, the temperature reached 90 °F or higher. In addition, the all-time warm daily minimum of 88 °F (31 °C) was set on July 26, and June, July, and August of that year were all the hottest on record.[26]
During the
Climate data for Wichita Falls, Texas (Wichita Falls Regional Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1923–present | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °F (°C) | 87 (31) |
94 (34) |
100 (38) |
103 (39) |
110 (43) |
117 (47) |
115 (46) |
113 (45) |
112 (44) |
102 (39) |
91 (33) |
91 (33) |
117 (47) |
Mean maximum °F (°C) | 76.9 (24.9) |
81.9 (27.7) |
88.2 (31.2) |
91.9 (33.3) |
97.4 (36.3) |
101.1 (38.4) |
105.5 (40.8) |
105.2 (40.7) |
100.4 (38.0) |
93.4 (34.1) |
82.8 (28.2) |
77.2 (25.1) |
107.3 (41.8) |
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 54.7 (12.6) |
59.0 (15.0) |
67.9 (19.9) |
76.0 (24.4) |
83.9 (28.8) |
92.0 (33.3) |
97.2 (36.2) |
96.6 (35.9) |
88.3 (31.3) |
77.3 (25.2) |
65.2 (18.4) |
55.7 (13.2) |
76.2 (24.5) |
Daily mean °F (°C) | 42.4 (5.8) |
46.3 (7.9) |
54.7 (12.6) |
62.8 (17.1) |
71.8 (22.1) |
80.1 (26.7) |
84.7 (29.3) |
84.1 (28.9) |
76.0 (24.4) |
64.6 (18.1) |
52.7 (11.5) |
43.7 (6.5) |
63.7 (17.6) |
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 30.0 (−1.1) |
33.6 (0.9) |
41.6 (5.3) |
49.6 (9.8) |
59.7 (15.4) |
68.3 (20.2) |
72.2 (22.3) |
71.5 (21.9) |
63.8 (17.7) |
51.9 (11.1) |
40.2 (4.6) |
31.8 (−0.1) |
51.2 (10.7) |
Mean minimum °F (°C) | 15.7 (−9.1) |
19.0 (−7.2) |
24.3 (−4.3) |
34.4 (1.3) |
44.9 (7.2) |
59.9 (15.5) |
65.3 (18.5) |
63.5 (17.5) |
50.7 (10.4) |
35.9 (2.2) |
24.8 (−4.0) |
17.3 (−8.2) |
11.8 (−11.2) |
Record low °F (°C) | −12 (−24) |
−8 (−22) |
6 (−14) |
24 (−4) |
35 (2) |
50 (10) |
54 (12) |
53 (12) |
38 (3) |
21 (−6) |
14 (−10) |
−7 (−22) |
−12 (−24) |
Average precipitation inches (mm) | 1.20 (30) |
1.40 (36) |
2.02 (51) |
2.50 (64) |
3.81 (97) |
3.35 (85) |
2.02 (51) |
2.53 (64) |
2.99 (76) |
2.88 (73) |
1.63 (41) |
1.56 (40) |
27.89 (708) |
Average snowfall inches (cm) | 0.7 (1.8) |
1.1 (2.8) |
0.2 (0.51) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.3 (0.76) |
0.8 (2.0) |
3.1 (7.87) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 4.6 | 4.9 | 6.5 | 6.6 | 9.1 | 7.3 | 5.2 | 6.0 | 6.3 | 6.9 | 5.2 | 4.5 | 73.1 |
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 1.6 |
Source 1: NOAA[28] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: National Weather Service[26] |
Notes:
- ^ The previous record was 79 in 1980.
Demographics
Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
---|---|---|---|
1890 | 1,978 | — | |
1900 | 2,480 | 25.4% | |
1910 | 8,200 | 230.6% | |
1920 | 40,079 | 388.8% | |
1930 | 43,690 | 9.0% | |
1940 | 45,112 | 3.3% | |
1950 | 68,042 | 50.8% | |
1960 | 101,724 | 49.5% | |
1970 | 96,265 | −5.4% | |
1980 | 94,201 | −2.1% | |
1990 | 96,259 | 2.2% | |
2000 | 104,197 | 8.2% | |
2010 | 104,553 | 0.3% | |
2020 | 102,316 | −2.1% | |
U.S. Decennial Census[29] Texas Almanac: 1850–2000[30] |
Race | Number | Percentage |
---|---|---|
White (NH)
|
57,750 | 56.44% |
Black or African American (NH)
|
12,838 | 12.55% |
Alaska Native (NH)
|
737 | 0.72% |
Asian (NH) | 2,464 | 2.41% |
Pacific Islander (NH) | 124 | 0.12% |
Some other race (NH) | 409 | 0.4% |
Mixed/multiracial (NH) | 4,813 | 4.7% |
Hispanic or Latino | 23,181 | 22.66% |
Total | 102,316 |
As of the 2020 United States census, 102,316 people, 37,297 households, and 23,087 families resided in the city.
Economy
Top employers
According to Wichita Falls Chamber of Commerce, the top employers in the city are:
# | Employer | # of Employees |
---|---|---|
1 | Sheppard Air Force Base | 7,222 |
2 | Wichita Falls Independent School District | 2,378 |
3 | United Regional Health Care System | 2,100 |
4 | Midwestern State University | 1,276 |
5 | City of Wichita Falls | 1,217 |
6 | Arconic | 1,072 |
7 | Walmart (three locations) | 1,009 |
8 | North Texas State Hospital -Wichita Falls campus | 1,000 |
9 | Vitro[34] | 934 |
10 | Texas Department of Criminal Justice James V. Allred Unit[35] | 921 |
Media
Wichita Falls' media market also includes the nearby, smaller city of Lawton, Oklahoma. According to Nielsen Media Research estimates for the 2016–17 season, the market – which encompasses 10 counties in western North Texas and six counties in southwestern Oklahoma, has 152,950 households with at least one television set, making it the 148th-largest television market in the United States; the market also has an average of 120,200 radio listeners ages 12 and over, making it the 250th-largest radio market in the nation.[36][37]
Newspapers
- Times Record News (daily)
- Falls News Journal (daily)
Television stations
- KFDX-TV (channel 3; NBC)
- KAUZ-TV (channel 6; CBS, and digital subchannel 6.2; The CW)
- KSWO-TV (channel 7; ABC, and digital subchannel 7.2; Telemundo)
- KJTL (channel 18; Fox)
- KJBO-LD (channel 35; MyNetworkTV)
KERA-TV out of Dallas–Fort Worth serves as the default PBS member station for Wichita Falls via a translator station on UHF channel 44.
Radio stations
- KWFS (1290 AM; news/talk radio)
- National Public Radio)
- KMOC (89.5 FM; Contemporary Christian)
- KZKL (90.5 FM; Contemporary Christian)
- CHR)
- KOLI (94.9 FM; Modern Country)
- KTWF (95.5 FM; Classic hits)
- KXXN (97.5 FM; Classic Country)
- KLUR (99.9 FM; Country)
- KWFB (100.9 FM; Adult hits)
- KWFS-FM (102.3 FM; Modern Country)
- Rhythmic CHR)
- KYYI (104.7 FM; Classic rock)
- KBZS (106.3 FM; Active rock)
Sports and recreation
Recreation
Lucy Park
Lucy Park is a 170-acre (69 ha) park with a log cabin, duck pond, swimming pool, playground,
Hotter'N Hell Hundred
Wichita Falls is the home of the annual Hotter'N Hell Hundred, the largest single-day century bicycle ride in the United States and one of the largest races in the world. The race started as a way for the city to celebrate its centennial in 1982. The race takes place over a weekend in August, and multiple events are hosted for people to participate.[39]
Sports
In 2014, the
The city has also been home to a number of semiprofessional, developmental, and minor league sports teams, including the Wichita Falls Drillers (bankrupt 2002), a semipro football team that won numerous league titles and a national championship; the professional basketball team Wichita Falls Texans (relocated 1994, bankrupt 1996) of the Continental Basketball Association; Wichita Falls Fever (bankrupt 1992) in the Lone Star Soccer Alliance; the Wichita Falls Spudders baseball team (bankrupt 1957) in the Texas League; the Wichita Falls Wildcats (bankrupt 2017) of the North American Hockey League, an American Tier II junior hockey league; and the Wichita Falls Roughnecks (bankrupt 2008) of the Texas Collegiate League.[citation needed] The Dallas Cowboys held training camp in Wichita Falls during the late 1990s.[citation needed] In 2015, it was acknowledged that the sustainability of minor or rookie league sports franchises in the Wichita Falls region had a questionable future.[41]
The
Government
Local government
The mayor of Wichita Falls is Tim Short, who was elected on November 7, 2023. Mayors are elected on a nonpartisan ballot.
The Wichita Falls City Council has six members:
- District 1: Michael Smith
- District 2: Larry Nelson
- District 3: Jeff Browning
- District 4: Mike Battaglino
- District 5: Tom Taylor
- At-large: Bobby Whiteley
The city manager is Darron Leiker.
Name | Term Start | Term End |
---|---|---|
Otis T. Bacon | 1889 | 1892 |
J.Q. Morrison | 1892 | 1894 |
Charles O. Joline | 1894 | 1898 |
Charles W. Bean | 1900 | 1904 |
T.B. Noble | 1904 | 1912 |
Jonathan M. Bell | 1912 | 1914 |
J.W. Bradley | 1914 | 1914 |
A.H. Britain | 1914 | 1918 |
J.B. Marlow | 1918 | 1920 |
Walter D. Cline | 1920 | 1922 |
Frank Collier | 1922 | 1925 |
R.E. Shepherd | 1925 | 1928 |
Joseph William Akin | 1928 | 1930 |
Walter Nelson, Jr. | 1930 | 1934 |
John Thomas Young | 1934 | 1936 |
William Edward Fitzgerald | 1936 | 1942 |
W.P. (Bill) Hood | 1942 | 1944 |
W.B. Hamilton | 1944 | 1948 |
Harold Jones | 1948 | 1952 |
Kindall Paulk | 1952 | 1954 |
Lloyd Thomas | 1954 | 1956 |
K.C. Spell | 1956 | 1960 |
Kenneth Johnson | 1960 | 1962 |
John Gavin | 1962 | 1964 |
Winston Wallander | 1964 | 1966 |
R.C. "Dick" Rancier | 1966 | 1970 |
R. Kenneth Hill | 1970 | 1974 |
Max Kruger | 1974 | 1978 |
Kenneth Hill | 1978 | 1984 |
Gary Cook | 1982 | 1986 |
Charles Harper | 1986 | 1988 |
Perry Goolsby | 1988 | 1990 |
Michael Lam | 1990 | 1996 |
Kay Yeager | 1996 | 2000 |
Jerry Lueck | 2000 | 2002 |
William Altman | 2002 | 2005 |
Arthur B. Williams | 2005 | 2005 |
Lanham Lyne | 2005 | 2010 |
Glenn Barham | 2010 | 2016[43] |
Stephen Santellana | 2016 | present |
State and federal politics
Wichita Falls is located in the 69th district of the Texas House of Representatives. Lanham Lyne, a Republican, represented the district from 2011 to 2013; he was the mayor of Wichita Falls from 2005 to 2010. When Lyne declined to seek a second term in 2012, voters chose another Republican, James Frank. Wichita Falls is located in the 30th district of the Texas Senate. Craig Estes, a Republican, had held the senate seat since 2001, until Pat Fallon won election in 2018. Wichita Falls is part of Texas's 13th congressional district for the U.S. House of Representatives. Ronny Jackson, a Republican, has held this seat since 2021.
The Texas Department of Criminal Justice James V. Allred Unit is located in Wichita Falls, 4 mi (6.4 km) northwest of downtown. The prison is named for former Governor James V. Allred, a Democrat and a native of Bowie, Texas, who lived early in his career in Wichita Falls.[44] The United States Postal Service operates the Wichita Falls Post Office, the Morningside Post Office, the Bridge Creek Post Office, and the Sheppard Air Force Base Post Office.[45]
Education
Primary and secondary schools
Two schools in the Wichita Falls ISD participate in the
By 1879, the first school was established. The first public school was a log structure established in the 1880s; in 1885, it was replaced with a former courthouse. Wichita Falls High School opened in 1890. That year, a school district was created, but problems with the law allowing its establishment meant it was dissolved in 1894 and the city provided schooling until the second establishment of a school district in 1900. In 1908, the Texas Legislature issued a charter for WFISD.[47]
The city has a school for German children, Deutsche Schule Sheppard (DSS).[48]
Higher education
Wichita Falls is home to Midwestern State University, an accredited four-year college in the Texas Tech University System and the only independent liberal arts college in Texas offering both bachelor's and master's degrees.[49]
Vernon College is the designated community college for all of Wichita County.[50] A local branch nearby offers two-year degrees, certificate programs, and workforce development programs
Wayland Baptist University, offering both bachelor's and master's degrees, has its main branch located in Plainview, Texas.
Transportation
Highways
Wichita Falls is the western terminus for
Efforts to create an additional freeway along the path of Kell Boulevard for U.S. 82–277 began in 1967 with the acquisition of right-of-way that included a former railroad right-of-way and the first project including construction of the present frontage roads completed in 1977, followed by freeway lanes, overpasses, and on/off ramps in 1989 from just east of Brook Avenue west to Kemp Boulevard; similar projects west from Kemp to Barnett Road in 2001 followed by Barnett Road west past FM 369 in 2010 to tie in which a project now underway to transform U.S. 277 into a continuous four-lane expressway between Wichita Falls and Abilene.[51]
Public transportation
The city operates a bus system, Falls Ride, which runs on an hourly schedule with seven routes (except on Sundays, when only one route is in operation).[52]
The
Landmarks
-
Newby-McMahon Building, completed in 1919, also known as the "Worlds Littlest Skyscraper"
-
Sacred Heart Catholic Church
-
Episcopal Church of the Good Shepherd, 1915
-
Railroad exhibit at Depot Square
-
The Wichita Falls City Hall occupies the bottom floor of the Memorial Auditorium, 1927
Notable people
- Greg Abbott, 48th Governor of Texas, first term began January 20, 2015 (born in Wichita Falls).
- Chase Anderson, professional baseball player (born in Wichita Falls and graduated from S. H. Rider High School).
- JT Barrett, quarterback for Ohio State University, born in Wichita Falls and graduated from Rider in 2013
- Edmonton Eskimos in Canadian Football League.
- Ryan Brasier, baseball player (born in Wichita Falls and graduated from S. H. Rider High School).
- John Bundy, magician
- Frank Kell Cahoon, Midland oilman and member of Texas House of Representatives; grandson of Frank Kell (born in Austin, Texas, grew up in Wichita Falls).
- Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan, grew up in Wichita Falls).
- Greyson Chance, singer-songwriter and pianist (born in Wichita Falls and grew up in Edmond, Oklahoma).
- Don Cherry, charting pop singer and leading amateur golfer of 1950s and early '60s (born in Wichita Falls).
- Bert Clark, football coach, former head coach at Washington State University (born in Wichita Falls, died in Katy, Texas).
- Phyllis Coates, film and television actress who originated role of Lois Lane in first 26 episodes of Adventures of Superman (born in Wichita Falls).
- William C. Conner (1920–2009), federal judge for United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (born in Wichita Falls, died in Bronxville, New York).[55]
- Hunter Dozier Professional Baseball Player for the Kansas City Royals
- Nic Endo, singer for digital-hardcore band Atari Teenage Riot
- "Cowboy" Morgan Evans, rodeo champion
- Sally Gary, speaker and author
- Mia Hamm, NCAA, World Cup, and Olympic champion soccer player, attended Notre Dame Catholic School in Wichita Falls
- Roberta Haynes, actress
- Eddie Hill, drag racer
- Frank N. Ikard, U.S. representative from Texas's 13th congressional district from 1951 to 1961; oil industry lobbyist
- Robert Jeffress, Baptist clergyman
- Matt and Bubba Kadane, members of the slowcore band Bedhead (band)
- Neel Kearby, World War II US Army Air Forces flying ace and Medal of Honorrecipient
- Keith Lee, professional Wrestler
- Khari Long, professional football player
- Rosie Manning, professional football player
- Markelle Martin, professional football player
- Phil McGraw, advice television show host
- Larry McMurtry, author who immortalized his home town by fictionalizing it
- Richard M. Mullane, astronaut and author
- Ed Neal, professional football player
- David Nelson, professional football player
- Shaunie O'Neal, American television personality
- Edward Opp, photojournalist
- Graham B. Purcell, Jr., Democrat, U.S. representative 1962–1973
- Jaret Reddick, songwriter and lead vocalist for Bowling for Soup
- Frances Reid, soap opera actress
- Mark Rippetoe, physical trainer and author, competitive powerlifter, gym owner
- Herbert Rogers, classical pianist
- Lloyd Ruby, race car driver
- Bernard Scott, professional football player
- Frank Lee Sprague, composer and musician
- Keith Stegall, country music artist and record producer
- David Swinford, Texas state legislator
- Rex Tillerson, 69th United States Secretary of State, former ExxonMobil CEO
- John Tower, U.S. Senator from 1961 to 1984
- Tony Awardwinner
- Nathan Vasher, professional football player
- Julian Elvis Ward Jr.
- John Edward Williams, Author of the novel Stoner.
- Ronnie Williams, professional football player
- Dave Willis, voice actor, screenwriter, television producer
See also
- List of museums in Wichita Falls, Texas
- Geology of Wichita Falls, Texas
Notes
References
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- ^ "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 7, 2020.
- ^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Wichita Falls, Texas
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- ^ a b "Wichita River". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved April 12, 2013.
- ^ Winters, Karl E.; Baldys III, Stanley (2011). "Assessment of Channel Changes, Models of Historical Floods and Effects of Backwater on Flood Stage, and Flood Mitigation Alternatives for the Wichita River at Wichita Falls, Texas". United States Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011–5175.
- ^ "Wichita Falls - Time Line". wichitafallstx.gov. Archived from the original on November 1, 2023. Retrieved November 1, 2023.
- ^ ISSN 0895-6138. Retrieved October 9, 2010.
They say business and people have been moving westward in Wichita Falls ever since the city was born on Sept. 27, 1872. The birthplace of the city-the corner of Seventh and Ohio Streets, where the original town lot sale was held – is once again blossoming with renovated apartment buildings, new businesses and increased traffic.
- ISSN 0199-3267. Archived from the originalon June 14, 2011. Retrieved October 9, 2010.
But when the building was done, investors discovered the skyscraper was only 30 feet tall, 18 feet deep and 10 feet wide. And of the reportedly $200,000 sunk into the skyscraper's construction – well, that was plainly gone with the wind.
- ^ Stowers, Carlton (July 2008). "Legend of the World's Littlest Skyscraper" (PDF). Texas Co-op Power. 65 (1). Austin, Texas: Texas Electric Cooperatives: 25. Retrieved October 9, 2010.
- ISSN 0895-6138. Retrieved October 9, 2010.
The Wichita Falls Landmark Commission wants to more than double the size of the downtown historic district in an effort to slow the loss of buildings that proclaim the city's heritage. Commission members voted unanimously Thursday for expanding the district to include a total of 77 buildings on Indiana and Ohio streets.
- ^ "Brian Hart, "Joseph Alexander Kemp"". Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved April 15, 2013.
- The Handbook of Texas. Retrieved April 16, 2013.
- ^ "Who We Are".
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- ^ Washington Post (May 26, 2015). "After massive storms in Oklahoma and Texas, at least nine killed and 30 people missing". The Washington Post.
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- ^ Vitro
- ^ James V. Allred Unit (Prison)
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- ^ "Lucy Park | Wichita Falls, TX - Official Website". www.wichitafallstx.gov. Retrieved October 11, 2023.
- ^ "Hotter'N Hell". Hotter'N Hell. Retrieved February 4, 2019.
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- ^ "Post Office Locations in the WICHITA FALLS, TX area". The United States Postal Service. Archived from the original on October 4, 2010. Retrieved October 4, 2010.
- U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved June 28, 2022.
- ^ Sweeten-Shults, Lana (March 14, 2016). "Tearing down history?: Alamo and Holland schools". Times Record News. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
- ^ "Die Deutsche Schule Sheppard in den Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika". Bundeswehr. Retrieved July 28, 2021.
- ^ "About MSU Texas »MSU Texas »". msutexas.edu. Retrieved November 2, 2021.
- ^ Texas Education Code, Sec. 130.207. VERNON REGIONAL JUNIOR COLLEGE DISTRICT SERVICE AREA..
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