Wikipedia:VideoWiki/Pneumonia
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Definition
Pneumonia is an
Onset of illness
Symptoms for pneumonia typically include, cough, fatigue, chills, and shortness of breath. Each of the symptoms occurs with different frequencies.[3]
Symptoms
Cough and fatigue are the most common symptoms, and seen in up to 9 out of 10 cases. Fever and shortness of breath, are present in roughly 3 out of 4 people. Productive sputum is present in 65 percent of cases, and chest pain occurs in roughly one-half of people.[4]
Elderly
In the elderly, confusion may be the most prominent sign,[3] and fever is less likely to be present.
Children Early Symptoms
In children under the age of five, fever, cough, and fast or difficult breathing are the most common symptoms.[5]
Children Severe Pneumonia
More severe signs and symptoms in children may include,
Causes
Pneumonia fills the lung's alveoli with fluid, limiting how much oxygen can be absorbed. The alveolus on the left is normal, whereas the one on the right is full of fluid from pneumonia.
Bacterial Pneumonia
Pneumonia is usually caused by infection from
Risk factors
Risk factors for pneumonia, include
Diagnosis
Diagnosis, is often based on symptoms and physical examination alone.[9]
Diagnosis - Other Methods
Classification
Where (and how) a pneumonia was acquired, can have a profound impact on survival. Examples are community-acquired, or hospital-acquired pneumonia. [10]
Prevention
Because most pneumonias, are acquired from someone else that is infected,
Vaccine
Vaccines to prevent certain types of pneumonia are available.[12]
Other Methods
Other methods of prevention, include smoking cessation, and treating underlying illnesses (such as diabetes and HIV) properly.[12]
Treatment
Children
In children, those with
Prognosis
With treatment, most types of bacterial pneumonia, will stabilize in 3–6 days.[15] It often takes a few weeks before most symptoms resolve.[15].
Severe pneumonia
If the pneumonia is severe, the affected person is generally hospitalized, [16] and oxygen therapy may be necessary.[17]
Epidemiology
Pneumonia is a common illness, affecting approximately 450 million people a year, and occurring in all parts of the world.[18] It is a major cause of death among all age groups, resulting in 7% of the world's total death yearly.[18][19]
Death rates, are greatest in children less than five, and adults older than 75 years.[18]
History
In the 19th century, William Osler called pneumonia "the captain of the men of death".[20]
Survival rates
With the introduction of antibiotics and vaccines in the 20th century, survival has improved.[18]
Developing countries
Nevertheless, in developing countries, and among the very old, young, and
References
- ^ ISBN 978-1-84882-094-4.
- ISBN 978-1-4051-6139-8.
- ^ PMID 16675815.
- ISBN 978-0-07-148480-0.
- ^ PMID 21172676.
- PMID 22032432.
- ISBN 978-0-7637-6258-2.
- ^ "Who Is at Risk for Pneumonia?". NHLBI. 1 March 2011. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 3 March 2016.
- ^ a b "How Is Pneumonia Diagnosed?". NHLBI. 1 March 2011. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 3 March 2016.
- ^ "Types of Pneumonia". NHLBI. 1 March 2011. Archived from the original on 5 February 2016. Retrieved 2 March 2016.
- ^ "Pneumonia (Fact sheet N°331)". World Health Organization. August 2012. Archived from the original on 30 August 2012.
- ^ a b "How Can Pneumonia Be Prevented?". NHLBI. 1 March 2011. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 3 March 2016.
- PMID 19783532.
- PMID 21880587.
- ^ ISBN 978-81-8448-749-7.
- ^ "What Is Pneumonia?". NHLBI. 1 March 2011. Archived from the original on 29 February 2016. Retrieved 2 March 2016.
- ^ "How Is Pneumonia Treated?". NHLBI. 1 March 2011. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 3 March 2016.
- ^ PMID 21435708.
- PMID 23733365.
- ^ Osler, William (1901). Principles and Practice of Medicine, 4th Edition. New York: D. Appleton and Company. p. 108. Archived from the original on 2007-07-08.
- ISBN 978-0-7817-5273-2.