Wilanów Palace
Wilanów Palace | |
---|---|
Pałac w Wilanowie | |
National Museum in Warsaw | |
Design and construction | |
Architect(s) | Augustyn Wincenty Locci |
Website | |
www.wilanow-palac.pl |
Wilanów Palace (
It is one of Poland's most important monuments. The
The palace, together with other elements of
History
Wilanów Palace was built for King
After the death of John III Sobieski in 1696, the palace was owned by his sons and later by the famous magnate families Sieniawskis,
In the year 1805, the owner Stanisław Kostka Potocki, opened a museum in a part of the palace, one of the first public museums in Poland.[4] A most notable example of the collections is Potocki's equestrian portrait made by renowned neoclassical French artist Jacques-Louis David in 1781.[7] Besides European and Oriental art, the central part of the palace displayed a commemoration of king John III Sobieski and the glorious national past. The palace was damaged by German forces in World War II,[8] but it was not demolished after the 1944 Warsaw Uprising. After the war, the palace was renovated, and most of the collection stolen by Germany was repatriated. In 1962 it was reopened to the public.[9]
Design
Exterior structure
The structure was designed by Augustyn Wincenty Locci.
During the first stage of construction, between 1677 and 1680, the building was a typical Polish
The king and his
The side wings embracing a courtyard, initiated by the king, were built long after his death by Elżbieta Sieniawska. They were constructed in the fourth stage of the enlargement between 1720 and 1729.[11] Powerful Sieniawska was very concerned in maintaining the substantial historical residence of the Rex victoriossimus (Victorious King), as it was called.[19] Despite that she transformed the palace into a French style palais enchanté according to a design by Giovanni Spazzio, with two new wings harmonious with the 17th century corps de logis. She employed the most renowned architects and artists for this undertaking, such as previously mentioned Spazzio, Johann Sigmund Deybel, Józef Fontana, Jan Jerzy Plersch and Giovanni Rossi. While the original royal palace was decorated with reliefs depicting the deeds of John III, the new wings were adorned with battlefield achievements of Sieniawska's husband and father-in-law - Adam Mikołaj and Mikołaj Hieronim Sieniawski (nota bene Sobieski's comrades).[20]
Interior space
The most prominent Polish and foreign artists participated in the decoration of the palace interiors. It was entrusted to painters Martino Altomonte, Jan Rayzner of Lviv, Michelangelo Palloni, sculptor Stefan Szwaner and stucco decorators Szymon Józef Bellotti, Antoni of Wilanów and Abraham Paris.[21] They were supervised by the official court painters Claude Callot and later by Jerzy Siemiginowski-Eleuter. The latter, one of the greatest Polish painters of that time, had a significant influence on the palace's subsequent internal aspects (plafonds in the state rooms, frescoes).[21] Internal decoration was also superintended by Adam Kochański, a great admirer of China, who supported closer economic relations of the Commonwealth with the "Central nation". Due to his influence, Wilanów and other residencies were full of luxury Chinese imports and chinoiserie.[22][23]
The 17th-century palace
Among the artists appointed for decoration of the palace's interiors in the 18th century were Giuseppe Rossi, an Italian fresco painter, who adorned the chambers with trompe-l'œil paintings and stucco decorators Francesco Fumo and Pietro Innocente Comparetti. Following the example of Queen Marie Casimire, who ordered a painting of herself as a goddess on the palace plafonds, Elżbieta Sieniawska embellished the Lower Vestibule with a fresco of Flora. On her initiative, the walls in the royal chambers were covered with Genoan velvet.[27] The walls of the second floor, that is the Great Dining Room, were covered with frescoes depicting Apollo, Minerva and Hercules as an allegory of Virtus Heroica (Heroic Valor), Hebe symbolizing Venustas (Beauty) completed with panoplies. Sieniawska's daughter, Maria Zofia Czartoryska, furnished the palace with new fireplaces made of white-cherry marble and crowned with mirrors in rich rococo frames.[28]
In the contract with King Augustus II Maria Zofia obliged him to preserve the palace unchanged. Therefore, his actions were limited to finishing the new dining room, called the White Room in the southern wing and to the decoration of some unfinished interiors.[29] The plafonds and other paintings were executed by Julien Poison, Johann Samuel Mock and Lorenzo Rossi, while the decorative lacquer panneaux in the Chinese Room were made by Martin Schnell.[30]
Garden
An integral part of the palace, almost since its beginning, is the garden. Initially, it had the character of a baroque Italian garden in a semicircular form surrounding the palace on the east. In its composition this geometric garden fitted in well with the ancient patterns and the palace arrangement. It consisted of an upper garden located on a terrace with two
Panorama
Gallery
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The Palace in Wilanów, an engraving by Michał Kluczewski, 1874
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Queen's Bedroom in the Wilanów Palace by Aleksander Gryglewski, 1874
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The White Room by Willibald Richter, 1850
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Portrait of Count Stanislas Potocki by Jacques-Louis David, 1781
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The interior of the palace featuring a gallery of paintings
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The palace interior
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King's apartments
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View of the palace from the gardens
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The south wing of the palace
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The main palace gate
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Statue of King John III Sobieski
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The King'sAntechamber
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Garden sculptures
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Fountain in the palace garden
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St. Anne's Church near the palace
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Mausoleum of the Potocki family
See also
- List of Baroque residences
- List of most visited palaces and monuments
- Museum of King John III's Palace at Wilanów
References
- ^ a b "History of Wilanów Palace – official website". 19 May 2010.
- ^ "EGMUS 2016". Retrieved 23 November 2019.
- ^ "European Royal Residences". Retrieved 19 May 2010.
- ^ a b c d "Palace". wilanow-palac.art.pl. Retrieved 21 February 2008.
- ^ Fijałkowski 1983, p. 31
- ^ a b c Fijałkowski 1983, p. 115,119
- ^ "Equestrian portrait of Stanislaw Kostka Potocki". wilanow-palac.art.pl. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
- ^ Monika Kuhnke (1997). "Apollo i dwie Muzy - szczęśliwy powrót z Pawłowska". www.nimoz.pl (in Polish). valuable, priceless, lost. Archived from the original on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 21 February 2008.
- ^ "Walka o zabytki Wilanowa". wilanow-palac.art.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 21 February 2008.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Augustyn Wincenty Locci, the author of Wilanów Palace at the Wilanów Palace Museum retrieved 9 November 2011
- ^ a b c d Fijałkowski 1983, pp. 17–20
- ^ Fijałkowski 1983, p. 21
- ^ Statues of Polesia, Podolia, Volhynia and Smolensk with Chernihiv, intended to embellish the façade of the southern gallery were never accomplished. Fijałkowski 1983, pp. 45–47, 53
- ^ Wiesław Gierlowski. "The Amber Study of King Frederick I". amber.com.pl. Retrieved 5 November 2011.
- ^ Fijałkowski 1983, p. 30,38
- ^ Fijałkowski 1983, p. 54
- ^ "Astronomia w Wilanowie". wilanow-palac.art.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 21 February 2008.
- ^ Z. Mrugalski. "Historia zegarmistrzostwa - osoby polskiego zegarmistrzostwa". zegarkiclub.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 21 February 2008.
- ^ Fijałkowski 1983, p. 12,111
- ^ Fijałkowski 1983, p. 112
- ^ a b Fijałkowski 1983, pp. 21–23
- ^ Fijałkowski 1983, pp. 23–24
- ^ "Fashion for chinoiserie at Wilanów Palace". wilanow-palac.art.pl. Retrieved 2 November 2011.
- ^ a b Fijałkowski 1983, pp. 96–97
- ^ Kieniewicz 1984, p. 149,212
- ^ Monika Kuhnke (2000). "Cenny dar dla zwycięzcy spod Wiednia". www.nimoz.pl (in Polish). valuable, priceless, lost. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 21 February 2008.
- ^ Fijałkowski 1983, p. 114
- ^ a b Fijałkowski 1983, p. 115
- ^ Fijałkowski 1983, p. 116
- ^ Fijałkowski 1983, p. 117
- ^ Fijałkowski 1983, p. 102
- ^ Fijałkowski 1983, p. 104
- ^ Fijałkowski 1983, p. 120
Sources
- Fijałkowski, Wojciech (1983), Wilanów. Rezydencja Króla Zwycięzcy (Wilanów. The residence of the Victorious King) (in Polish), Warsaw: Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza.
- Kieniewicz, Stefan (1984), Warszawa w latach 1526-1795 (Warsaw in 1526-1795) (in Polish), Warsaw: Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza, ISBN 83-01-03323-1.