Wildlife of China
Many species of animals are endemic to China, including the country's most famous wildlife species, the giant panda. In all, about one-sixth of mammal species and two-thirds of amphibian species in China are endemic to the country.[3][6]
Wildlife in China share habitat with and bear acute pressure from the world's largest population of
Mammals
Primates
China is home to 21
The only
The
The
The
The most commonly found primates in China are
Other Old World monkeys in China include the François' langur, white-headed langur, Phayre's leaf monkey, capped langur and Shortridge's langur, which are collectively categorized as lutungs and the Nepal gray langur, which is considered a true langur. All of these species are endangered. Lutungs, also called leaf monkeys, have relatively short arms, longer legs and long tails along with a hood of hair above their eyes.
François' langur is found only in southwest China and northern Vietnam. The range of the white-headed langur is much smaller—only in southern Guangxi and Cát Bà Island in Vietnam. Phayre's leaf monkey is native to Yunnan and a larger swath of Indochina. The capped and Shortridge's langurs live along the Yunnan-Myanmar border. The Nepal gray langur is larger than the lutungs and found in southern Tibet.
Whereas apes and monkeys are grouped as haplorhine or "dry nose" primates, lorises are strepsirrhine or "wet nose" primates. Lorises have big eyes, tiny ears, live in trees and are active at night. The pygmy slow loris and Bengal slow loris are both found in southern Yunnan and Guangxi and are Class I protected species.
Carnivores
Cats
China's big cat species include the tiger, leopard, snow leopard and clouded leopard. The
The
Three leopard subspecies are thought to occur in China:
- Leopards recorded in Qomolangma National Nature Preserve in southern Tibet are subsumed to the Indian leopard.[17]
- The Wolong Nature Reserve and other protected areas in Sichuan.[19]
- The Jiangxi provinces. It is listed as nationally critically endangered, but receives little attention from Chinese wildlife biologists and conservationists.[17] Fragmented leopard populations in central China have been subsumed to the Amur leopard, as there is no notable geographical barrier to northern China that would have prevented gene flow in the past.[23]
The range of the
The
The
The range of the Eurasian lynx includes the Greater Khingan Mountains of Northeast China.[29] Pallas's cat occurs at high altitudes on the Tibetan Plateau and in western China.[30]
The
The
Canines
The family
Some of the earliest
Dholes are now found in only six provinces: Gansu, Yunnan, Tibet, Sichuan, and Xinjiang.[34]
The red fox, the largest fox species, can be found in every part of China except the northwest. The corsac fox is found in Northeast China and the Tibetan sand fox in Tibet, Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu and Yunnan.
The raccoon dog, one of the few canids that can climb trees, is native to eastern and northeastern China.
Pandas, bears
The
Other more common bears in China include the
The red panda - which unlike the giant panda is not a bear and more closely resembles a raccoon - is from a separate family by itself (Ailuridae), and is found in Sichuan and Yunnan.
Viverridae and Herpestidae
The
Otter, badger, weasel, marten, wolverine
The
The sable, a species of marten, is prized for its fine fur, which along with ginseng and deer antler velvet, are known as the "three treasures of Manchuria". The sable is found in Manchuria (also called the Northeast) and Altai region of northern Xinjiang. The beech marten of western China and yellow-throated marten of southern China are closely related to the sable.
The Siberian weasel, known locally as the "yellow rat wolf", is the most common weasel in China. It is found throughout China proper and Manchuria, and known to steal poultry from farmers but helps to control the rodent population. Hair from the tail of the Siberian weasel is used to make ink brush for traditional Chinese calligraphy. Other weasel species include the least weasel and stoat in the north, yellow-bellied weasel and back-striped weasel in the south, and mountain weasel in the west. The steppe polecat is bigger than the Siberian weasel and found across northern China.
In Chinese, the wolverine is called "sable bear" because it is bigger than a sable and smaller than a bear and resembles both animals. The animal lives in caves and dens, which they do not dig but take from other animals such as bears, foxes and bobak marmots. Wolverines are fierce creatures that will fight bears and wolves for food. They are found in the Greater Khingan range of Heilongjiang and Inner Mongolia and the Altai Mountains of northern Xinjiang, and number only about 200.
The
Like sable and martens, otter fur is also used make clothing. Sables and wolverines are Class I protected species. Martens and otters are Class II protected species.
Seals, sea lions
True seals in China include the
The spotted seal is the only seal species that breeds in China. Its breeding grounds are found along the rim of
The northern fur seal, an eared seal, occasionally appears off the coast of eastern and southern China and southern Taiwan.[46] The largest of the eared seals is the Steller sea lion, who lives primarily in the Arctic but is also seen along the Yellow Sea coast in Jiangsu and Bohai Gulf in Liaoning. Among Yellow sea – adjacent areas within the Korean EEZ, occurrence can be on locations such as at Jeju Island.[47]
Whales, dolphins, porpoises
China has
In total, 22 species of smaller cetaceans inhabit within Chinese, Taiwanese, Hong Kong's, and Macau's waters including Baiji.[48] Although being not officially recognized, the presence of Irrawaddy dolphins have been questioned.
In ancient China, inscriptions of the whales varied and inscriptions of whales and sharks were occasionally mixed. During the Qing dynasty, certain knowledge on whales had been deepened with the establishment of whaling industries in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan although both oceanic and freshwater dolphins had been classified as different animals from whales. It is said that climate change during the dynasty caused small fish to flourish within Yellow and Bohai Seas and drew large numbers of whales into the basins.[49]
The
Until recently, observing live cetaceans nonetheless of any species including minke whales and smaller dolphins and porpoises are very rare in Bohai and Yellow Seas within Chinese side, however, increases in confirmation of minke whales and other species[50] have been confirmed in larger part of Yellow Sea basin[51] especially around Changhai County due to improves in water quality and productivity achieved by fishery regulations and creating ocean farms on Zhangzi Island, and local industries have been considered to operate whale watching tours as a future prospect.[52] Modern distributions of cetaceans both on continent and oceanic islands including Taiwan are largely biased on toothed whales due to severe declines of baleen whales.[53][54][55][56]
Baiji
The baiji dolphin's habit historically covered much of the Yangtze River and its tributaries and lakes, from Yichang to Shanghai. It is mentioned in historical records going back 2,000 years. According to legend, the baiji dolphin is the reincarnation of a princess and called the Goddess of the Yangtze. As recently as the 1950s, there were as many as 6,000 baiji dolphins in China, but their number fell to the hundreds by the 1980s, under 100 in the 1990s and fewer than a dozen since 2000.
The Yangtze River catchment area is one of the most densely populated areas in China and the world. The river, China's longest, is also a major highway for ships. Water and noise pollution, commercial fishing, and large propellers of ships are all major threats to the baiji. The building of the Gezhouba Dam in the 1970s and the Three Gorges Dam in the 1990s blocked the access of the dolphins upstream, altered the seasonal flow of the river, and enabled large oceangoing ships to sail on the river.
By 1997, a survey of the river found only 13 baiji. A
Nature reserves to protect the baiji dolphin were established along the Yangtze in Hunan, Hubei and Anhui province, along with observation and captive centers. The longest living baiji dolphin in captivity, Qiqi, lived in a dolphinarium in Wuhan from 1980 to 2002. The Tian-e-Zhou Oxbow Nature Reserve, created out of an oxbow bend in the Yangtze was designed as a captive breeding area for the baiji. One baiji was sent there in 1995 but died in 1996. The reserve is now a breeding ground for the finless porpoise.
Finless porpoise
At least two subspecies of
As of 2012, the Tian-e-Zhou Oxbow Nature Reserve had about 40 finless porpoises with another 85 in Dongting Lake and 300–400 in Poyang Lake.[62] The freshwater finless porpoise, a Class II protected species, is rarer than the giant panda.[62] They are also well present in Gulf of Tonkin.[64]
In recent years, small concentrations have been confirmed at the estuaries on the mouth of Yellow River in Lijin County. Stable numbers of porpoises, two subspecies being involved, have been found recently along Chongming Island[65] where the local waters show drastic recovery[66] thanks to efforts to improve water quality.[67]
Oceanic dolphins
Sousa, the
Other oceanic dolphin species include the
Whales
Whales were historically abundant in Chinese and Taiwanese waters especially in the winter and spring whene they come to coastal areas to breed and calve, while especially
In the Chinese EEZ, critically endangered North Pacific right whales and western gray whales had been sighted in the East China Sea and Yellow Sea only on prior to the 1970s, especially for right whales. There had been records of gray whales and the only record in the 21st century was of a mature female accidentally killed in local fisheries near Pingtan in the Taiwan Strait in 2007.[87]
The following statements focus on right and gray whales because their behavioral patterns (high reliance on shallow waters compared to their size, such that they enter river mouths and estuaries regularly, and their curiosity about humans) made it easier for hunters to kill them and they were wiped out faster than other species, but they also apply to the larger whales. Rorquals' situations were similar, but their functional local extinction was caused later in the 20th century by modern Japanese whaling.
The biology and natural history of whales in Chinese waters prior to exploitation is unclear because academic studies or approaches to biology of cetaceans was minimal. The local populations of migratory whales appear to have been intensively hunted to the point of near-functional extinction on the main migratory collider (the Japanese archipelago) by Japanese whaling industries. The fates of right whales, for example, were threatened by legal, illegal and research whaling,[88] and the most devastatingly, the Soviet Union's mass illegal whaling in the 1960s and 1970s.[89]
Gray whales migrating on the coasts of Japanese were wiped out earlier than their Korean counterparts. Other populations along the Korean Peninsula were targeted later.[90] The most intensive hunts of all times were carried out by Japanese whaling industries in the 20th century; these covered a wide range of east Asian waters including almost entire EEZ of China, North Korea and South Korea. Whaling stations, such as at Daya Bay, were established along the Chinese and Korean coastlines[91][92] causing virtual, functional extinction of almost all species of larger baleen whales in east and southeast Asian nations. The presence of larger cetaceans has not been confirmed.[93]
Toothed whales, excluding dolphins, include the sperm, dwarf sperm, pygmy sperm,[94] Baird's beaked, Longman's beaked,[95] Cuvier's beaked,[96] Blainville's beaked,[97] ginkgo-toothed beaked whales,[98] and the orca and pilot whales (false killer, pygmy killer, melon-headed, short-finned pilot).[78] False killers still remain along coasts of mainland China, and are known to enter rivers regularly in particular regions.
Stranding of toothed whales has been common on Taiwanese coasts.[99]
Large whales have become very rare on today's Chinese coasts where only tiny remnants of minke whales or several more survived. However, whale watching industries became popular attractions along the east coast of Taiwan, offering excellent opportunities to observe majestic creatures, especially in the summer.[100] Recently, whale watching has been considered in the Yellow Sea based on recoveries whale populations.[52] Larger rorquals have been sighted in pelagic waters occasionally. Whales migrating through Tsushima Strait possibly to Chinese waters are under serious threat of being struck by high-speed vessels.[101]
Older and modern whaling records suggest that there had been historical summering and wintering/calving grounds for baleen whales in various areas along coastal China particularly in several locations. Below is a list showing some of those areas corresponding with baleen and few of larger toothed whales, but excluding undiscovered or unstudied regions and species.
Baleen whales
- Right whales – Yellow Sea (especially adjacent to the island of Shandong Province between 2000 and 2006.[106] The first sighting in China was at Shenzhen in 2015 although the observation was reported as a humpback, and the first of living animal in Sea of Japan since after the whaling was recorded at Namhae near Busan in February 2015 and this was the first confirmation of the species since after the last record in Korean EEZ in 1974. Since 1901, records have been concentrated to the vicinity of Amami Ōshima including sightings in 1997 and 2014,[107] and the first confirmed whale in west coast of Kyushu strayed into the port of Ushibuka, Kumamoto in 2014.[108]
- Based on studies to find coastal foraging grounds, wintering distributions may also include areas along the Zhejiang coast.[81] It is unknown if there had been a summer population of this species to in the Yellow and Bohai seas, however copepods within the basins and the geography indicate some whales might have summered there.[109]
- Gray and humpback whales – Yellow and Bohai Sea such as at Qingdao,[110] Zhoushan Islands, Taiwan, Zhejiang, Guangdong, Nánpēng Islands,[75] Liaonin, Fujian to south of Hailing Bay,[111] Daya Bay, Hong Kong, Hainan, Qizhou Liedao Islands (humpback),[112] Wailuo Harbour, Paracel Islands,[113] and so on.[114]
- Only about 130 gray whales survive today, but some recent studies indicate that the original Asian population might have been functionally extinct, and those whales seen on
- In 2011, gray whales were acoustically detected among pelagic waters in the East China Sea between China and Japan.[119]
- Historical catches of humpbacks on the southern coasts of the nation were small, hence it is difficult to determine the population before exploitation. There was once a foraging area on the southern coasts along the Xiaoliuqiu Island and Dapeng Bay. Today, their numbers[121][122] along the east coast of Taiwan are very small despite efforts of whale-watching companies.[123] Sightings, including of a cow-calf pair, have occurred the along east coast of Taiwan.[124][125][126][127] Whales were once abundant near Pingtung County and sporadic individuals have been observed off the east coast, Hualien[128][129] and at islands such as Green Island[130] and Orchid Island.[131][132] The first confirmation in Taiwan was of a pair off Hualien in 1994, and there was a successful unentanglement off Taitung in 1999.[133] In 2000 a whale was sighted around Orchid Island[134] and sightings have been reported almost annually at Green Island and Orchid Island, however, relative short stays in these waters indicate that they are not winter foraging grounds. There were documented sightings of humpback whales around Hong Kong in 2009 and 2016.[135][136][137] Possibly the first confirmed sighting, in the Yellow Sea, was of three animals including a cow-calf pair off Changhai County in 2015.[50][138][139] Few whales now migrate through the Sea of Japan, the Tsushima Strait, and further reaching the Korean Peninsula.
- Based on historical catches and observations, some gray whales could have occurred year round off China,[111] possibly summering in the Bohai Sea.[102] There had been at least 24 records of gray whales in Chinese waters since 1933 including sightings, strandings, and bycatch.[140] DNA analysis of a 2011 specimen indicates that this female might not originate in the western population. Whether or not humpback whales ever summered within Yellow and Bohai basins is unknown.
- Bryde's or
- Fin whales – Historically resident in the Yellow and Bohai seasby-catches along the coasts. Some whales still live in the Sea of Japan[158] and pass through the Tsushima Strait.[145] There had been congregation areas adjacent to Korean Peninsula such as in East Korea Bay and Ulleungdo,[159]although occurrences in these locations are unclear.
- Fin whales in the Yellow Sea could have been a unique form from outer Pacific populations due to their smaller size,[160] and breeding season was mainly in winter.
- Minke whales – Still be present regularly (although very rare to observe live individuals) in the Yellow and Bohai seas (resident group), Zhoushan, and in coastal and oceanic island areas (e.g. Zhoushan, Penghu,
- Blue, sei and Omura's whales – Largely unknown. Blues were known to visit the Yellow and Bohai seas[169] and migrate further south to the Paracel Islands.[113] One was sighted off Weizhou Island in 2017.[170]
- Blue whales in the coastal northwestern Pacific likely became extinct due to heavy exploitation in the 20th century along southern Japan especially on Wakayama and Shikoku and MiyazakiAmami Oshima) were in 1934.[172] The most recent recorded stranding on the Japanese archipelago, other than the Ryukyu Islands, was in the 1950s,[173] and only three blue whales were recorded in Far Eastern Russian waters from 1994 to 2004.[174] Gigantic whales exceeding 20 m in length have been observed in the Tsushima Strait in recent years although their species are unknown.[145] There was a stranding in Wanning in 2005.[152] It is unclear if the whales confirmed in the Bohol Sea in recent years include of the blue whales which had been seen in the Chinese EEZ;[175] it was speculated that these were pygmy blue whales from the Southern Hemisphere.[176]
- Historic distributions, occurrences, and current statuses of sei, Bryde's (offshore form) and Omura's whales in Chinese and Korean waters are unclear, but their known ranges in Chinese waters reach from the mid to southern coasts facing from the East China Sea and Taiwan[122][148] to the South China Sea.[177][178][179] Scientific confirmation of Omura's whales among continental waters was rather recent.[180] Strandings of Omura's whales have been recorded only south of Zhejiang County. Occasionally, either Bryde's or Omura's whales have been spotted along Taiwan's east coast during whales-watch cruises.[181][182] There have been sightings along the Taiwanese coast in Hualien and there was a case of re-floating a stranded Bryde's whale near Nantong in 2005.[183]
- Blue whales in the coastal northwestern Pacific likely became extinct due to heavy exploitation in the 20th century along southern Japan especially on Wakayama and Shikoku and Miyazaki
Toothed whales
- sea canyons. Sperm whales appear in near-shore waters in some cases; at locations where deep waters approach shores, or some particular individuals or groups have learned to come to rest in shallow bays, straits or along beaches. There were sightings of nine whales in the East China Sea off the Korean Peninsula in 1999, and eight whales off the eastern Korean Peninsula in 2004.[159] The last catches were of five whales off Ulsan in 1911.[188]
- Huangdao District or the mouth of Jiaozhou Bay and off Dalian at least until the mid-16th century, but they were seemingly wiped out by Japanese whalers.[189] Southern limits of their distributions in Chinese waters are unclear while a stranding or a catch was recorded in Zhoushan in the 1950s.[190][191] Twelve whales were caught as bycatch along the eastern Korean Peninsula between 1996 and 2012.[159]
- Longman's beaked whales and other beaked whales – Being one of newly classified and less known species, their overall distributions have been rather unclear. They are the second largest of beaked whales and third largest of toothed whales that can be seen in the Chinese EEZ. In Chinese waters records of these whales are concentrated on the east coast of Taiwan[192] and surrounding waters[95][193] including Lanyu and Green Island.[130] Based on studies, presences of other beaked whales, being lesser known as well, have been confirmed to be common around Taiwanese waters, and Taiwan is one of few locations where beaked whales have been observed with regularity during whale watching tours. Stejneger's beaked whales are resident in the Sea of Japan, and are one of the most commonly recorded Ziphiidae species of the Korean Peninsula although their presence within the Yellow Sea is unclear.[159]
- Zhoushan Archipelago in the east, and along the southern coasts and islands including Paracel Islands as well.[48] There was a commercial catch newar southern Taiwan in the 1990s.[48][195] They still occur occasionally in the Korean side of the Yellow Sea or nearby; there was a sighting of pairs in 2001[196] and five or six whales off Wando (island) within the Dadohaehaesang National Park in 2016.[197]
- Short-finned pilot whales – The so-called the "Southern Form" of the species ranges within the Chinese waters. Most of records concentrate on the eastern coasts of Taiwan.[99][198] Mainland distributions are rather unclear as there had been only one stranding record in Hainan,[48] including regularities of occurrences within the Yellow Sea, but occasional strandings have been recorded such as at Taeanhaean National Park[199] and Jeju.[200] There was a mass stranding on the Nanji Islands in 2004.[201]
- False killer whales – One of few species surviving today in descent numbers on mainland coasts, but in peril; any warmer regions such as Taiwan, Nánpēng Islands,[75] Nanji Island Marine Sanctuary,[58] Matsu Islands,[202] Langyatai on Huangdao District,[203] Dongshan County, Hong Kong, Paracel Islands, and so on.
- False killer whales along continental China are known to often enter and swim up large rivers in pods or large numbered schools, reaching more than 30 to 50 km, or individuals have traveled 220 to 300 km.Tongyu (通榆河) rivers[204][205] have local legends of "鲸拜龙王" (Worshiped Whale Dragon King), telling that every spring whales gather at river mouths and swim up. In recent years, especially from earlier 2000s, false killer whales have been observed to swim up rivers rather regularly, showing dramatic recoveries[206] and their numbers are rising once again, up to more than 200 whales.[207] Whales occasionally appear in Jiaozhou Baywhich was part of the regular range for the species until in the 1980s.
- False killer whales along continental China are known to often enter and swim up large rivers in pods or large numbered schools, reaching more than 30 to 50 km, or individuals have traveled 220 to 300 km.
Dugongs
They are considered regionally extinct in Taiwan. The dugong is a Class I protected species. They were hunted for their meat in the late 1950s and early 1960s during the
Elephant
Odd-toed ungulates
Rhino
Records and artwork from antiquity indicate that three species of Asian rhinoceros, the Indian, Javan and Sumatran, more specially the Northern Sumatran rhinoceros have lived in China.[214][215] During the Shang dynasty, some 3,000 years ago, rhinoceros ranged as far north as Inner Mongolia.[215] By the beginning of the Han dynasty, 2,200 years ago, they had disappeared from the Central Plains of northern China.[215]
During the Tang dynasty, about 1,200 years ago, rhinos were found across southern China and the imperial zoo had a captive breeding program that returned some animals to the wild.[215] Cooler climate in northern China may have caused rhinoceros habitat to shrink, but it was demand for rhino horns for use in traditional Chinese medicine, documented in as early as the Song dynasty 1,000 years ago, that drove the animal toward extinction.[215]
In the Ming dynasty about 650 years ago, rhinoceros were confined to Yunnan and Guizhou, and by the Qing dynasty to only Yunnan.[215] The Qing government limited the hunting of rhinos to only officials, and some 300 horns were harvested between 1900 and 1910.[215] The collapse of the Qing dynasty in 1911 allowed individuals to hunt the animal.[215] The last Sumatran rhino was killed in 1916, the last Indian rhino in 1920 and the last Javan rhino in 1922.[215]
In 2010, a herd of nine southern white rhinoceros were imported from South Africa and shipped to Yunnan, where they were kept in a wild animal park for acclimation. In March 2013, seven of the animals were shipped to the Laiyanghe National Forest Park, a habitat where Asian rhinoceros once lived.[216] Two of the African rhinos began the process of being released into the wild on 13 May 2014.[217]
Horses and wild asses
The Przewalski's horse, the only species of wild horses never to have been domesticated, once roamed free in large parts of northwestern China but became locally extinct in 1957. In the 1980s, herds from Europe have been introduced to habitats in Xinjiang and Gansu.
The other
Even-toed ungulates
Deer
China has a great variety of
China also contains the closely related elk and red deer, the second and fourth largest deer species, which until 2004 were considered the same species. The elk (also known as wapiti) has four subspecies in Asia – the Altai wapiti, Tian Shan wapiti, Manchurian wapiti and Alashan wapiti – all of which are present in China. The red deer, though quite common in Europe, has subspecies in China that are endangered. The red deer are the deer that have been most important to human societies.[219]
The Yarkand deer lives along the Tarim River in Xinjiang south of the Tian Shan. The Bactrian deer lives north of the Tian Shan in northern Xinjiang and Central Asian Republics. The Tibetan red deer, Gansu red deer, Sichuan deer have been alternatively categorized as subspecies of the elk or the Central Asian red deer.
The
Water deer,
Deer is prized in China for the velvet of their antlers. Antler velvet is rich in growth hormone and is used in traditional Chinese medicine.[220] The most valuable antler velvet comes from the sika deer which is raised on farms. Several subspecies of the sika deer, including the Shanxi sika and the North China sika may have become extinct in the wild and survive exclusively in captivity. The Sichuan sika deer, another subspecies, was discovered in 1978 and lives in mountains of northern Sichuan and southern Gansu. The Formosan sika deer is endemic to Taiwan.
Reindeer, which are found in the forests of the Greater Khingan range in northern Inner Mongolia, are domesticated by the ethnic Ewenki and Oroqen people.[221] The Oroqen call themselves, "people who use the reindeer". One branch of the Ewenki rely on reindeer to haul goods through swampy forests. They use reindeer milk and meat for nourishment, hides for clothing and tents, and antlers for medicine and income. The Kyrgyz people, who now reside in Central Asia and western Xinjiang, used to live in northeast Asia and regard the sika deer as a holy animal. According to Kyrgyz legend, the Kyrgyz Bugu tribe descended from a mother deer.[222]
The
Perhaps the most remarkable endangered deer species in China is
The Siberian roe deer, once plentiful in the Northeast and favored as game meat, has also become a protected species. Hunting of roe deer was banned in 2000.[224]
Antelope
The grasslands, plateau and deserts of northern and western China are home to several species of
The
The saiga antelope's horns are used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat a variety of ailments including the common cold.[225] Despite its status as a Class I protected species, the saiga antelope has been poached to extinction in the Dzungar Basin of northern Xinjiang and is critically endangered in Central Asia and Russia. Chinese police routinely interdict large batches of smuggled horns into Xinjiang.[226] Attempts have been made to reintroduce the saiga antelope to habitats in China.[227]
Goat antelopes
The largest of these goat antelope is the takin, a relative of the musk ox. It lives in highlands from the eastern foothills of the Himalayas to the Qinling and shares habitat with the giant panda in Sichuan and Shaanxi. The takin is a Class I protected species.
Serows are smaller than takins but significantly larger than gorals. Both serows and gorals live in rainy mountainous regions and are excellent climbers. Serows have shorter and coarser wool than gorals. The mainland serow is spread across southern China. The range of the Chinese goral is even broader, extending to Korea in the northeast. The long-tailed goral lives in the northeast, along the borders with Russia and North Korea. The Himalayan serow, Himalayan goral, and red goral are found in southern Tibet. The Taiwan serow is endemic to Taiwan.
Mountain sheep and goat
The
The
The Siberian ibex, the largest and heaviest goat, is found in the Tian Shan range of Xinjiang.
Cattle, camel, pig
There are large numbers of domesticated
The
Pangolin
The pangolin, a scaly anteater that feed on ants and termites and curl into a ball when threatened, is prized in China for its flesh, which is considered a delicacy and scales, which used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat among other ailments, inadequate lactation in breast-feeding mothers.[229] The Chinese pangolin is found throughout southern China, Hainan and Taiwan and the Sunda pangolin in western Yunnan. In Chinese, the pangolin is called "that which wears mountain armor" and the animal is believed by local shamans to hold magical powers such that hunters must utter incantation before killing them to ward off bad luck.[230] As a Class II protected species, trading of wild pangolins is prohibited, but poaching and illegal trade remains rampant. The pangolin can be farm-raised, but pangolin farms must generally also raise termites to feed the livestock.[231] In recent years, Chinese customs have intercepted large shipments of pangolin from Southeast Asia and Africa.
Rodents
Porcupine
The porcupine, called haozhu or "pig with long thin hair" in Chinese, should not be confused with hedgehog, ciwei or the "thorned creature". Porcupines are rodents and hedgehogs belong to a separate order. Three species of Old World porcupine are found in China: the Asiatic brush-tailed porcupine, Indian crested porcupine, and Malayan porcupine. Many parts of the porcupine including the brain, organs, fat, quills and even the feces can be used to make traditional Chinese medicine. Porcupines are raised on farms.[232]
Beaver
In the early 20th century, the
Squirrels
The red squirrel common in Europe and the black giant squirrel of Southeast Asia are found, respectively, in the northern and southern parts of China. Other tree squirrel species include the Pallas's, inornate, Phayre's, Irrawaddy, Anderson's, orange-bellied Himalayan, Perny's long-nosed, red-hipped, Asian red-cheeked, Himalayan striped, Maritime striped, and Swinhoe's striped squirrel.
Flying squirrels are found in almost every part of China, from the Himalayas to the tropical island of Hainan to the rural outskirts of Beijing. Flying squirrel species include the groove-toothed, complex-toothed, hairy-footed, particolored, Indochinese, red giant, red and white giant, spotted giant, Indian giant, Chinese giant, Japanese giant, Bhutan giant, Siberian, Yunnan giant (petaurista yunnanensis), and Hodgson's giant. Several are endemic to China.
Flying squirrels are timid creatures that are active at nighttime and use the patagium, a membrane connecting the fore and hind limbs to glide from trees. They do not build nests and live in caves or rock crevices.[234] They also defecate at specific locations, which facilitates the harvest of their fecal pellets.[234] The pellets are made into wulingzhi, a traditional Chinese medicine used to facilitate blood flow and ease pain.[234] Flying squirrel pellets can accumulate on the floor of caves for years and not rot.[235] Several species of flying squirrels are farm-raised to produce wulingzhi.[234]
The groove-toothed flying squirrel, also known as the North Chinese flying squirrel, is endemic to eastern Hebei Province and the suburbs of Beijing in North China and northern Sichuan. The complex-toothed flying squirrel is endemic to southern China.
belong to the same tribe within the squirrel family.In China, ground squirrels are found in arid regions of the north and west where the animals live in burrows. Ground squirrel species include the Alashan, Daurian, red-cheeked, long-tailed and yellow ground squirrel.
Two species of rock squirrels are endemic to China, the
The Siberian chipmunk, the only chipmunk species found outside North America, has six subspecies in China, all in northern parts of the country. The animal is raised as pets and for its tender flesh, fine fur and ingredients for traditional Chinese medicine.
The marmot, called hanta in Chinese for "land" or "dry otter", is related to ground squirrels but are bigger, have shorter tails and are more social animals. They can grow to be the size of a cat and live in large colonies. Four species are found in China, all along the northern and western periphery of the country: gray, long-tailed, Himalayan, and Tarbagan. Of these, the tarbagan marmot is an endangered, Class III protected species. Marmots are also farm-raised for food and fur.
Jumping rodents
A wide variety of jumping rodents belonging to the family
Zokors, bamboo rats
Zokors and bamboo rats are chubby and furry rodents with short limbs that burrow underground.
Zokors have strong front limbs for digging. Zokor bones are used in traditional Chinese medicine and can substitute tiger bones. The Chinese zokor, Rothschild's zokor and Smith's zokor are endemic to China. The range of the Chinese zokor extends across north China from Qinghai to Beijing while that of the Rothschild's and Smith's zokors are confined to Gansu, Shaanxi, Hubei and Qinghai. The false zokor and Transbaikal zokor are found along China's border region with Russia and Mongolia.
All four bamboo rat species in the world are found in China: the
Both the zokor and bamboo rat are farm-raised for their fur, meat and use in medicine.
Hamsters
About half of the world's 25 species of
- Eurasian water vole(Arvicola amphibius)
Mice and rats
- Brown rat
- Chinese dormouse (Chaetocauda sichuanensis)
- Sichuan niviventer(Niviventer excelsior)
- Yunnan hadromys(Hadromys yunnanensis)
Gerbils
- Great gerbil (Rhombomys opimus)
Shrew moles
- Chinese mole shrew (Anourosorex squamipes)
Pikas
- Glover's pika (Ochotona gloveri)
Moles
- Large mole(Mogera robusta)
Gymnures
- Northern short-tailed gymnure (Hylomys peguensis)
Treeshrews
- Northern treeshrew (Tupaia belangeri)
Hedgehogs
The Amur hedgehog (Erinaceus amurensis) hails from Manchuria, China.
Hares
- Chinese hare (Lepus sinensis)
- Hainan hare
- Manchurian hare
Bats
Bats, the only mammals capable of sustained flight, are the second largest order of mammals after rodents. They are divided broadly into
Megabats
Megabats, also called fruit bats, include
Geoffroy's rousette and Leschenault's rousette, both dog-faced fruit bats, are the only megabats in China that can echolocate.[236] Unlike microbats, which generate ultrasound with their larynx, rousettes generate sonar sound waves with tongue clicks.
Other fruit bat species include the greater and lesser short-nosed fruit bat, Blanford's fruit bat and the cave nectar bat. Fruit bats are sometimes considered pests by fruit farmers, and are hunted and eaten in parts of Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan.[237] They also help pollinate certain species of tropical fruit trees.[238]
Microbats
Vesper bats
Myotis or mouse-eared bats are delicate and furry bats with pointed ears. Of the 90 or so species in the world, about one-fifth are found in China.
The
Most mouse-eared bats are insectivores. Rickett's big-footed bat, which is distributed across China proper into Laos, lives near water and feeds on fish. The large-footed bat of Taiwan hunts insects on the surface of the water.
Barbastelles are called wide-eared bats in Chinese. The range of the
Tube-nosed bats have longer nostrils than other vespers and funnel-shaped ears. Chinese species include the greater, little, round-eared, Hutton's, and dusky tube-nosed bat. The dusky tube-nosed bat is endemic to Heilongjiang and Jilin in northeastern China. The greater tube-nosed bat of Beijing feeds on aerial beetles.[241]
The painted bat and Hardwicke's woolly bat, also vesper bats, live in the forests of southern China.
Long-winged bats
Long-winged bats in China include the common and western bent-winged bats. The common bent-wing bats can form large colonies and migrate hundreds of kilometers.
Free-tailed bats
Microhylidae
- Calluella yunnanensis
- Boreal digging frog
- Kalophrynus interlineatus
- Kalophrynus menglienicus
- Kaloula nonggangensis
- Kaloula rugifera
- Kaloula verrucosa
- Microhyla berdmorei
- Microhyla fissipes
- Microhyla heymonsi
- Microhyla pulchra
- Micryletta inornata
- Microhyla butleri
Litter frogs
- Brachytarsophrys carinense
- Brachytarsophrys feae
- Brachytarsophrys popei
- Buergeria oxycephala
- Leptolalax alpinus
- Leptolalax liui
- Leptolalax oshanensis
- Leptolalax sungi
- Leptolalax tengchongensis
- Leptolalax ventripunctatus
- Megophrys binchuanensis
- Megophrys brachykolos
- Megophrys cheni
- Megophrys huangshanensis
- Megophrys lini
- Megophrys major
- Megophrys parva
- Megophrys sangzhiensis
- Megophrys shuichengensis
- Megophrys wawuensis
- Oreolalax chuanbeiensis
- Oreolalax granulosus
- Oreolalax jingdongensis
- Oreolalax liangbeiensis
- Oreolalax lichuanensis
- Oreolalax major
- Oreolalax multipunctatus
- Oreolalax nanjiangensis: only in Nanjiang County, Sichuan
- Oreolalax omeimontis
- Oreolalax pingii
- Oreolalax popei
- Oreolalax puxiongensis
- Oreolalax rhodostigmatus
- Oreolalax rugosus
- Oreolalax schmidti
- Oreolalax weigoldi
- Oreolalax xiangchengensis
- Scutiger boulengeri
- Scutiger brevipes
- Scutiger chintingensis
- Scutiger glandulatus
- Scutiger gongshanensis
- Scutiger jiulongensis
- Scutiger liupanensis
- Scutiger maculatus
- Scutiger mammatus
- Muli, Sichuan
- Scutiger ningshanensis
- Scutiger nyingchiensis
- Scutiger pingwuensis
- Scutiger sikimmensis
- Scutiger tuberculatus
- Scutiger wanglangensis
Shrub frogs (Rhacophoridae)
- Liuixalus hainanus
- Liuixalus ocellatus
- Theloderma kwangsiense: only in Dayaoshan Nature Reserve (大瑶山自然保护区), Guangxi
- Philautus kempii
- Polypedates impresus
- Polypedates megacephalus
- Polypedates mutus
- Theloderma asperum
- Theloderma kwangsiense
- Theloderma moloch
- Theloderma rhododiscus
Salt water frogs
China is home to one of only 144 known modern amphibians which can tolerate brief excursions into sea water.
Toads
True toads (Bufo)
- Ailao toad
- Asiatic toad
- Bufo cryptotympanicus
- Bufo pageoti
- Bufo tuberculatus
- Wolong Nature Reserve, Sichuan
- Korean water toad
- Pseudepidalea pewzowi
Horned toads (Xenophrys)
- Convex-tailed horned toad
- Convex-vented horned toad
- Great piebald horned toad
- Jingdong horned toad
- Kuatun horned toad
- Mangshan horned toad
- Medog horned toad
- Mount Dawei horned toad
- Nankiang horned toad
- Boettger's horned toad
- Glandular horned toad
- Omei horned toad
- Spiny-fingered horned toad
- Wuliangshan horned toad
- Wushan horned toad
- Zhang's horned toad
Other toads
- Mongolian toad
- Bombina maxima
- Duttaphrynus himalayanus
- Duttaphrynus melanostictus
- Leptobrachium ailaonicum
- Leptobrachium boringii
- Leptobrachium hainanense
- Leptobrachium leishanense
- Leptobrachium liui
- Little horned toad
- Ophryophryne microstoma
- Ophryophryne pachyproctus
- Oriental fire-bellied toad
- Rough-skinned horned toad
- Shaping horned toad
- Spiny-fingered horned toad
Salamanders and newts
- Amji's salamander
- Black knobby newt
- Central Asian salamander
- Chenggong fire belly newt
- Chiala mountain salamander
- Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus)
- Chinese fire belly newt
- Chinese warty newt
- Chinhai spiny newt
- Chuxiong fire-bellied newt
- Siberian salamander
- Kunming City, Yunnan
- Dayang newt
- Fischer's clawed salamander
- Fuding fire belly newt
- Guabang Shan salamander
- Guangxi warty newt
- Guizhou salamander
- Hainan knobby newt
- Hong Kong warty newt
- Jinfo Mountain salamander
- Korean salamander
- Kuankuoshui salamander
- Pachyhynobius shangchengensis
- Paramesotriton labiatus
- Paramesotriton maolanensis
- Paramesotriton yunwuensis
- Puxiong salamander
- Shuicheng salamander
- Siberian salamander
- Spot-tailed warty newt
- Spotted paddle-tail newt
- Taliang knobby newt
- Wanggao warty newt
- Wenxian knobby newt
- Western Chinese mountain salamander
- Xingan salamander
- Yellow-spotted salamander
- Yiwu salamander
- Yunnan lake newt
- Zhijin warty newt
Caecilians
- Banna caecilian(Ichthyophis bannanicus)
Fish
In freshwater alone, China has more than 1,000 fish species. By far the most diverse order are the
With a long coastline that ranges from temperate to tropical oceans, China has many marine fish species such as the Pacific cod.
Invertebrates
Freshwater crabs
China is home to more than 250 different species of freshwater crabs (families Potamidae and Gecarcinucidae), many of them endemics. It is thus the country with the highest species richness in freshwater crabs.[251] The most speciose genera are Sinopotamon,[252] Longpotamon,[252] Indochinamon[253] and Nanhaipotamon.[254]
Molluscs
Butterflies
Centipedes
Endangered species
See also
- List of endangered and protected species of China
- Animal welfare and rights in China
- List of mammals of China
- List of mammals of Taiwan
- List of mammals of Hong Kong
- List of amphibians of China
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External links
- China Wildlife Conservation Association Archived 11 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine