Wilhelm Dörpfeld
Wilhelm Dörpfeld | |
---|---|
Greece | |
Nationality | German |
Scientific career | |
Fields | Archaeology |
Wilhelm Dörpfeld (26 December 1853 – 25 April 1940) was a
Early life and education
He was born in
Career
In 1873, Dörpfeld enrolled in architectural studies in Berlin, into the famous Academy of Architecture (Bauakademie). At the same time, he started to work for the Bergisch-Maerki industrial company. His father could not finance his studies and so his sister, Anna, lent him money. During holiday breaks, Dörpfeld worked for the Rheine railway company, drawing sketches of buildings and different architectural objects. Dörpfeld graduated with honours in 1876.
In 1877, Dörpfeld became an assistant at the excavations of
After his return from Olympia, Dörpfeld intended to take his architectural exam and settle down in Berlin. He needed a permanent source of income, as he prepared for the family life. In February 1883, he married Anne Adler, the daughter of his university professor Friedrich Adler. The couple had three children. Around the same time, he met Heinrich Schliemann, who persuaded him to join his archaeological expedition.
In 1882, Dörpfeld together with a team of archeologists joined Schliemann, who was then excavating
In 1886, Dörpfeld founded the
After his retirement in 1912, Dörpfeld engaged in numerous academic debates on different archaeological topics. For example, in the mid-1930s, he took part in a celebrated debate with American archaeologist William Bell Dinsmoor on the nature of configuration of the three phases of the Parthenon. At the beginning of the 1920s, he started to lecture at the University of Jena but was not satisfied with teaching as a profession and so returned to Greece.
In 1913 Döperfield became a signatary of the
Dörpfeld died in 1940 on the island of
Work
He developed a method of dating archaeological sites by the strata in which objects were found and the type of materials used for the buildings. He corrected many of Schliemann's previous conclusions, including the shaft burial sites at Mycenae. Dörpfeld realized that the site was a "tholos" tomb, not the "Treasury of Atreus", as Schliemann claimed.
During the excavations of
After Schliemann's death in 1890, his widow hired Dörpfeld to continue from where Schliemann had stopped in his excavations of
Dörpfeld spent a lot of time and energy trying to prove that Homer's epics were based on historical facts. He proposed that the bay of Nidri, on the eastern coast of Lefkada, was Ithaca, home of Odysseus. Dörpfeld compared several passages from the Odyssey to the actual geographical location of Lefkada, and he concluded that it must be the Homeric Ithaca. He was especially convinced by the passage:
- I dwell in shining Ithaca. There is a mountain there,
- high Neriton, covered in forests. Many islands
- lie around it, very close to each other,
- Doulichion, Same, and wooded Zacynthos—
- but low-lying Ithaca is farthest out to sea,
- towards the sunset, and the others are apart, towards the dawn and sun.
- It is rough, but it raises good men." Homer, Odyssey 9.1:
Lefkada is connected today to Mainland Greece by a causeway and floating bridge, but in ancient times, it was connected to the mainland by a narrow strip of land, making it a
Legacy
He was one of the seminal figures in classical archaeology. His stratigraphic method of dating archaeological sites, based on the strata in which objects were found and the type of building materials, remains at the core in archaeological site analyses. His excavations, however, had many flaws, and his seeking to prove that Homer based his Odyssey on real places was rather romantic. His fellow archaeologists remarked that he overemphasised the importance of buildings in the dating of sites and often neglected less visible artifacts, such as pottery. Dörpfeld, however, remains known as one who brought much order and integrity into archaeology, and one who saved many archaeological sites from Schliemann's reckless excavations.
In 1924, botanists (Britton) Urb. first published and described a plant found in Cuba, called Doerpfeldia cubensis in Symb. Antill. Vol.9 on page 218,[7] its genus name honours Dörpfeld.[8]
Publications
(see also external links: Wikisource)
- Dörpfeld, Wilhelm. Das griechische Theater. Berlin: Weidmannsche Buchhandlung, 1896.
- Dörpfeld, Wilhelm. Troja und Ilion. Athens: Beck & Barth, 1902.
- Dörpfeld, Wilhelm. Olympia in römischer Zeit. Berlin: Weidmannsche Buchhandlung, 1914.
- Dörpfeld, Wilhelm. Alt-Ithaka: Ein Beitrag zur Homer-Frage, Studien und Ausgrabungen aus der insel Leukas-Ithaka. München: R. Uhde, 1927.
- Dörpfeld, Wilhelm. Alt-Olympia: Untersuchungen und Ausgrabungen zur Geschichte des ältesten Heiligtums von Olympia und der älteren griechischen Kunst. Berlin: E. S. Mittler & Sohn, 1935.
- Dörpfeld, Wilhelm. Meine Tätigkeit für die griechische Archäologische Gesellschaft. Athenais: Archaiologikē Hetaireia, 1937.
- Dörpfeld, Wilhelm, and Walther Kolbe. Die beiden vorpersischen Tempel unter dem Parthenon des Perikles. Berlin: Verlag von E.S. Mittler & Sohn, 1937.
See also
References
- ISBN 978-1-317-99941-6.
- ISBN 978-1-61530-028-0.
- ISBN 978-1-000-50524-5.
- ^ "The Ninety-Three Today". The New York Times. New York City. 1921-03-02.
{{cite news}}
: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - ^ "did he come hither on foot" (passage from Odyssey) 16.59
- ^ S2CID 191378100.
This is the only Greek Doric building that is known to have had no frieze.
- ^ "Doerpfeldia cubensis (Britton) Urb. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 29 August 2021.
- S2CID 187926901. Retrieved 1 January 2021.
Sources
- Bittlestone, Robert, James Diggle, and John Underhill. Odysseus unbound: The search for Homer's Ithaca. Cambridge University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-521-85357-5
- Dörpfeld, Wilhelm. arthistorians.info. Retrieved July 20, 2007.
- Harris, E. C. Principles of Archaeological Stratigraphy (2nd Ed.). Academic Press: London and San Diego, 1989. ISBN 0-12-326651-3
- Kawerau, Georg. The excavation of the Athenian Acropolis 1882-1890: The original drawings. Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1974. ISBN 87-00-54491-4
- Schuchhardt, Carl. Schliemann's discoveries of the ancient world. Avenel Books, 1979. ISBN 0-517-27930-4
- Tolman, Cushing H. Mycenaean Troy: Based on Dörpfeld's excavations in the sixth of the nine buried cities at Hissarlik. American Book Co., 1903.
- Trigger, Bruce G. A history of archaeological thought. Cambridge University Press, 2006. ISBN 0-521-84076-7
External links
- Media related to Wilhelm Dörpfeld at Wikimedia Commons
- Wikisource (German) – links to digitised publications of Dörpfeld.
- Biography – Dörpfeld's biography in German. Retrieved July 20, 2007.
- Dörpfeld on the wall of Troy – Photo of Dörpfeld standing on Troy VI site. Retrieved July 20, 2007.
- Excavations of Troy – History of the excavations of Troy. Retrieved July 20, 2007.
- Map of Troy – Dörpfeld's map of Troy, from his 1904 monograph Troja und Ilion. Retrieved July 20, 2007.
- The archeology of Hissarlik – History of the excavations of Troy conducted by Schliemann, Dörpfeld, and Blegen. Retrieved July 20, 2007.
- The theory of William Dörpfeld – Map of the world as Dörpfeld knew it. Retrieved July 20, 2007.
- Wilhelm Dörpfeld on Schliemann – Preface by Dörpfeld to the book "Schliemann Briefe" (1932), published by Ernst Meyer. Retrieved July 20, 2007.
- Photo of Dörpfeld's excavation site, near Leukas. Digital library of Heidelberg University.
- Map of Homer's Ithaka, Same and Asteris according to Wilhelm Dörpfeld. Digital library of Heidelberg University.
- Newspaper clippings about Wilhelm Dörpfeld in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW