William Augustus Bowles

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William Augustus Bowles
Director General and Commander-In-Chief of the Muskogee Nation
In office
1799 – May 24, 1803
Personal details
Bornc. 1763
Castillo Morro, Havana, Cuba
Military service
Allegiance Great Britain
State of Muskogee
Branch/serviceBritish Army
UnitMaryland Loyalists Battalion
Battles/warsAmerican Revolutionary War

William Augustus Bowles (c. 1763c. 1805) was an American-born military officer and adventurer. Born in

Morro Castle
, where he died two years later.

Early life

Some sources give his date of birth as 1764.

Pensacola, Florida.[2] Upon arrival, Bowles resigned his commission, and left the fortification, where he was captured by Muscogee
raiders and brought back to one of their settlements.

While he was living with the

Spanish expeditionary force mustered and began to lay siege to British forts along the Gulf Coast.[3]
Bowles convinced the Creeks to support the British garrison stationed in Pensacola against the invading Spanish force, but the garrison surrendered when the powder magazine at the fortress was hit by artillery fire from a Spanish warship. The survivors of the garrison were taken as prisoners of war, but Bowles escaped into the wilderness with his Creek allies. This occurred May 9, 1781, when Bowles was either 16 or 17 years old.

After this battle, he was reinstated in the British Army and went to the Bahamas. After a few months there, the Governor of the Bahamas, Lord Dunmore, sent Bowles back among the Muscogee with a mission to establish a trading house among them. Bowles established a trading post along the Chattahoochee River. He would marry two wives, one Cherokee and the other a daughter of the Hitchiti Muscogee chieftain, William Perryman, and used this union as the basis for his claim to exert political influence among the Muscogee,[4] later styling himself "Director General of the Muskogee Nation".[5] Interracial marriages were common among the Seminoles and Muscogee according to historian James Leitch Wright,[6] but historian Kevin Mulroy disagrees strongly with Wright's contention.[7]

Later life and death

After retiring from the army at half-pay, Bowles returned to the Floridas to live amongst the Creeks until he 1785, when he left for New Providence in the Bahamas. A trading firm in nearby Nassau, who sought to break the Panton, Leslie & Company's monopoly in Florida, decided to employ Bowles thanks to his knowledge of territory and his good standing with the tribes and, more specifically, the Creek leader Alexander McGillivray. In June 1788, Bowles was sent to Florida. However, by the end of the year, the men he had brought with him from New Providence had deserted and he found himself named a fugitive by the Spanish. Despite the massive failure of his mission, Bowles was not about to give up and began to focus on the idea of carving out a sovereign Indian nation in Florida.[8]

In 1795, along with the Seminoles, he formed a short-lived state in northern Florida (part of Spanish East Florida) known as the State of Muskogee, with himself as its "Director General." After designing a flag and constitution for his state, Bowles raised an army and began to carry out raids of Spanish territories in Florida.[9] In 1800, he declared war on Spain. Bowles operated two schooners and boasted of a force of 400 frontiersmen, former slaves, and warriors.

A furious Spain offered $6,000 and 1,500 kegs of rum for his capture. When he was finally captured, he was transported to Madrid where he was unmoved by King Charles IV's attempts to make him change sides. He then escaped, commandeering a ship and returning to the Gulf of Mexico. One of the main victims of his piratical attacks was the Scottish trading firm of Panton, Leslie & Company.

In 1803, not long after having declared himself "Chief of all Indians present" at a tribal council, he was betrayed and turned over to the

Havana, Cuba
, having deliberately starved himself to death in defiance.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Bowles, William Augustus, General
  2. ^ McAlister, Lyle N. (April 1962). "William Augustus Bowles and the State of Muskogee". The Florida Historical Quarterly. 40 (4): 318. Retrieved January 3, 2023.
  3. ^ Din, Gilbert C. (2004). "William Augustus Bowles on the Georgia Frontier: A Reexamination of the Spanish Surrender of Fort San Marcos de Apalache in 1800". Georgia Historical Quarterly. 88 (3): 305–337. Retrieved February 15, 2018.
  4. .
  5. .
  6. .
  7. .
  8. ^ McAlister, p. 319
  9. ^ Landers, Jane (2010). Atlantic Creoles in the Age of Revolutions. London: Harvard University Press. pp. 102–103.

References

  • Jasanoff, Maya, Liberty's Exiles, American Loyalists in the Revolutionary World, Knopf, 2011

External links