William C. Sullivan
William C. Sullivan | |
---|---|
CPUSA and COINTELPRO investigations | |
Political party | Democrat |
Spouse | Marion Hawkes |
William Cornelius Sullivan (May 12, 1912 – November 9, 1977) was an assistant director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation who was in charge of the agency's domestic intelligence operations from 1961 to 1971. Sullivan was forced out of the FBI at the end of September 1971 due to disagreements with FBI director J. Edgar Hoover. The following year, Sullivan was appointed as the head of the Justice Department's new Office of National Narcotics Intelligence, which he led from June 1972 to July 1973. Sullivan died in a hunting accident in 1977. His memoir of his thirty-year career in the FBI, written with journalist Bill Brown, was published posthumously by commercial publisher W. W. Norton & Company in 1979.[1]
Sullivan led
Background
William Cornelius Sullivan was born on May 12, 1912, in the small town of Bolton, Massachusetts. His parents were farmers in the area who worked a family farm there for fifty years.[1] Sullivan later recounted that growing up in Bolton was a life without modern conveniences, including public transportation, school buses, telephone, mail service, or even electricity.[1] Sullivan graduated from Hudson High School in neighboring Hudson and held advanced degrees from American University and George Washington University.[citation needed]
Career
Upon graduation, Sullivan worked for a time as an English teacher in Bolton before entering the civil service as an employee of the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) in the agency's Boston office.[1]
FBI
On July 3, 1941, Sullivan received a letter from Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) director J. Edgar Hoover offering him a position as special agent with the Bureau.[1] Anticipating war in Europe, the young Sullivan had been working for the IRS prior to taking the FBI examination.[1] He reported to the Department of Justice on August 4 of that year for training as an FBI agent.[1]
There were two different sorts of agent trainees, Sullivan later recalled, those who had joined the FBI as clerks straight out of high school, when they were young, impressionable, and able to be trained to be fanatically loyal to the bureau and its leaders; and those like Sullivan who had graduated college and developed a professional skill-set before enlisting with the bureau.[1] "The pressure on a trainee to conform was unremitting," Sullivan remembered, with those questioning FBI policies or violating agency rules quickly funneled out of the system.[1] In addition, ideological homogeneity was reinforced by the universal recruitment of Anglo-Saxon candidates, with African-Americans, Jews, and Hispanics excluded from the training program as a matter of official policy.[1]
Sullivan successfully completed his training and on September 26, 1941 was assigned to the FBI's field office in
Break with Hoover
Sullivan was depicted as a realist by journalist Bill Brown, who collaborated with Sullivan in writing his posthumously published memoir, declaring at the time of their first meeting in 1968 that "only a tiny handful" of
Sullivan claimed[when?] Hoover's concerns about the American Communist Party were overemphasized when compared to violations of federal civil rights laws in the segregated South. This friction worsened as Sullivan made his opinions public. Many FBI insiders considered Sullivan the logical successor to Hoover. However, on October 1, 1971, Hoover abruptly had the locks changed on Sullivan's door and removed his nameplate. Under the circumstances, Sullivan was forced to retire.
Sullivan then became even more vocal about Hoover's controversial domestic counterintelligence programs, collectively labeled
Sullivan described the frameup of party leader
Civil rights feuding
Sullivan was instrumental in arranging for the mailing of a tape recording in 1964 to Coretta Scott King which contained secretly taped recordings of her husband Martin Luther King Jr. having relations with other women. In a memorandum, Sullivan called King "a fraud, demagogue and scoundrel". He also gave orders to track down fugitive members of the Weather Underground in the early 1970s.[citation needed]
Hoover had learned from the SOLO brothers,
A number of days after Hoover called King "the most notorious liar in the country" at a press conference, it has been suggested by some that Sullivan wrote an anonymous letter to King calling him a "filthy, abnormal animal" and telling him that there "is only one thing left for you to do".[9]
President
After Hoover's death in May 1972, U.S. Attorney General Richard Kleindienst appointed Sullivan director of the newly created Office of National Narcotics Intelligence under the Department of Justice in June 1972. Sullivan had hoped to replace Hoover as the director of the FBI, but was passed over by President Richard Nixon in favor of loyalist L. Patrick Gray.[citation needed]
Personal life and death
Sullivan married Marion Hawkes.[citation needed]
William C. Sullivan died age 65 on November 9, 1977, from an accidental gunshot wound, as recounted by
Sullivan is buried in his family's plot at St. Michael Cemetery in Hudson, Massachusetts, with his wife, as well as his parents, sister and other relatives.[citation needed
Works
- "Freedom is the Exception": Three Lectures on the Values of the Open Society. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University, 1964.
- The Bureau: My Thirty Years in Hoover's FBI. (with Bill Brown) New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1979. ISBN 9780393012361
- "The Need to Teach About Communism in Our Schools."
- "World Communism: Strategy and Tactics."
- "The University, Communism and the Community: An Address at Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas, October 18, 1961."
See also
References
- ^ ISBN 9780393012361. Retrieved July 11, 2020.
- ^ Weiner 2012, p. 196: "Sullivan would become Hoover's field marshal in matters of national security, chief of FBI intelligence, and commandant of COINTELPRO. In that top secret and tightly compartmentalized world, an FBI inside of the FBI, Sullivan served as the executor of Hoover's most clandestine and recondite demands.".
- ^ Jalon, Allan M. (March 8, 2006). "A break-in to end all break-ins". The Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
- ^ The Dangers of Domestic Spying by Federal Law Enforcement (PDF) (Report). American Civil Liberties Union. 2002. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 5, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2017.
- ^ "COINTELPRO Revisited – Spying & Disruption – In Black & White: The F.B.I. Papers". What Really Happened. Archived from the original on May 16, 2008. Retrieved June 23, 2008.
- ^ "A Huey P. Newton Story – Actions – COINTELPRO". PBS. Archived from the original on May 15, 2011. Retrieved June 23, 2008.
- ^ "ALBERTSON, William - FBI HQ file 65-38100 covering period from July 1951 through December 1990". FBI. December 1990. pp. 9–11 (bio), 89 (1951 arrest), 394 (separation), 500 (2nd marriage), 2098–2101 (bogus document). Retrieved April 15, 2018.
- ISBN 978-0-141-04795-9.
- ^ "What an Uncensored Letter to M.L.K. Reveals". New York Times. November 16, 2014. Retrieved July 11, 2020.
- ISBN 9781400052004.
Additional sources
- "William C. Sullivan, Ex-F.B.I. Aide, 65, Is Killed in a Hunting Accident". The New York Times, November 10, 1977. p. 94.
- Athan G. Theoharis, Tony G. Poveda, Susan Rosenfeld, and Richard Gid Powers, The FBI: A Comprehensive Reference Guide. 1999. OCLC 925107105.