William Davison (diplomat)

William Davison (c. 1541 – 21 December 1608) was an English diplomat and

According to James Melville of Halhill, Davison claimed to be Scottish descent. He first visited Scotland in June 1566, acting as secretary to Henry Killigrew. They were in Edinburgh when Mary Stuart gave birth to her son.^[1] Davison was a member of the English Council's Puritan group around the Earl of Leicester and Francis Walsingham.^[2]

In 1576-7 Davison was sent on at least three separate missions to France to attempt to broker peace, and prevent war with England. He perceived the Spanish Governor of the Netherlands to be cruel and vengeful. He wrote his patron Leicester many times, strongly urging an alliance with the Prince of Orange to stop a Catholic alliance forming for an invasion of England. As his influence slipped away, Davison complained of ill-health and the cost of his embassy. In May 1579 he returned to England.^[i] He was granted, by the Queen herself, the reversion of the Clerk of Treasury's office on 16 January 1578, to which he eventually succeeded years later.^[3]

Scotland in 1583 and 1584

In December 1582, he was sent to Scotland by Elizabeth I to join the ambassador

On 1 March 1583, Davison and Bowes presented Elizabeth's requests to James VI, including her concerns that Mothe-Fénelon had discussed an "association" of James and his mother, Mary, Queen of Scots.^[6] Tactful and helpful, Davison worked closely with the Queen's agent in Scotland, Robert Bowes until September 1584. In this period he returned to England briefly, and came back to Scotland. He crossed the border with Alexander Hume and James Melville escorted him to Falkland Palace. Melville recalled that Davison had favoured the cause of James to inherit the English throne rather than his mother.^[7]

Davison reported on the ascendency of the royal favourite, James Stewart, Earl of Arran and his wife, Elizabeth Stewart. He wrote that she had obtained keys to the chests containing the royal jewels, and wore Queen Mary's clothes. Arran was becoming unpopular, and Davison heard that witches had foretold he would die a violent death.^[8] In March 1583, Davison delivered letters addressed to Mainville, and had to explain a delay because they had been intercepted and passed to Francis Walsingham. Davison gathered information about a goldsmith John Mosman who was carrying letters for Maineville and the French ambassador in London, Michel de Castelnau.^[9]

Amsterdam

The death of the Anglophile William the Silent, Prince of Orange, necessitated yet another mission to the Netherlands for Davison, already an experienced diplomat. He was assisted by William Brewster, who was later a passenger on the Mayflower.

Although praised for his diplomatic role by the Puritan Earl of Leicester, when he returned he found the Queen incensed by their assumption of the Governorship in Amsterdam; they had behaved too independently for an English mission. In a typically trenchant mood, Davison saw no need to apologise, but rather insisted that he would pray the Queen changed course. His biographer,

Davison was a member of the commission appointed to try Mary, Queen of Scots, although he took no part in its proceedings. The judges sat on 11 October and proceedings began on the 14th. It was prorogued four days later, only to meet again on the 25th in the Star Chamber at Westminster. In her absence the Queen was still found guilty. On the 29th Parliament petitioned for execution to be carried out.

Meanwhile, the

When the news of the execution reached Elizabeth she was extremely indignant, and her wrath was chiefly directed against Davison, who, she asserted, had disobeyed her instructions not to seal the warrant, but this instruction did not arrive until 2 February 1587, and Burghley had already taken the initiative.[ii] The secretary was arrested and thrown into the Tower, but although he defended himself vigorously, he did not say anything about the Queen's wish to get rid of Mary by assassination.^[iii] Charged before the Star Chamber with misprision and contempt, he was acquitted of evil intention, but was sentenced to pay a fine of 10,000 marks and to imprisonment during the Queen's pleasure.^[11][12][13]

Owing to the exertions of several influential men he was released in September 1588, after the invasion crisis had passed; the Queen, however, refused to employ him again in her service, but he kept his office, and probably never paid the fine.^[14] His friends, notably the Earl of Essex, tried to get him the exercise of the Secretary's office, particularly after Walsingham's death in 1590. However, Burghley coveted the post, keeping it vacant for his son Robert Cecil. Davison was excluded from the emoluments of office for the remainder of the reign. And James I was even less likely to offer preferment.

Davison and family retired to Stepney, where he died on 21 December 1608, and was buried on the 24th. The fruits of the office of Custos Brevium were "benefit of said office wholly to me and my assigns". Despite mortgaging his home in 1579, it seems his widow was not evicted; the debt was not called until much later.

Davison appears to have been an industrious and outspoken man, and was undoubtedly made the scapegoat for the Queen's conduct. By his wife, Catherine Spelman, daughter of Henry Spelman of Norfolk, whom he married around 1570, he had a family of four sons and two daughters.^[11] His wife was Leicester's 'cousin' by marriage.

Two of his sons, Francis and Walter, obtained some celebrity as poets.^[11][15]

Many state papers written by him, and many of his letters, are extant in various manuscript collections.^[11] His will's executors were brothers of Gray's Inn, George and Robert Byng, who had mortgaged his house in Stepney.^[16] Davison left his widow with large debts. When all debts were paid on the sale of the house, his second son Christopher Davison was to inherit the right to a Treasury Office as stated in the will proven 9 January 1609.^[17]

In popular culture

He is a minor character in the play

References

Bibliography

• Nicholas Harris Nicolas, Life of William Davison: Secretary of State and Privy Counsellor to Queen Elizabeth, Nichols (1823)
•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Davison, William". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 869.
• "Davison, William (1541?-1608)" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.