William Ellery Channing

William Ellery Channing
Born	(1780-04-07)7 April 1780 Newport, Rhode Island, U.S.
Died	2 October 1842(1842-10-02) (aged 62) Old Bennington, Vermont, U.S.
Resting place	Mount Auburn Cemetery Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.
Education	Harvard University
Occupation	Unitarian preacher
Parent(s)	William Channing Lucy Ellery
Relatives	William Ellery (grandfather) William Francis Channing (son) William Ellery Channing (nephew) William Henry Channing (nephew)
Signature

William Ellery Channing (April 7, 1780 – October 2, 1842) was the foremost

Channing enrolled at Harvard College at a troubled time, particularly because of the recent French Revolution. He later wrote of these years:

College was never in a worse state than when I entered it. Society was passing through a most critical stage. The French Revolution had diseased the imagination and unsettled the understanding of men everywhere. The old foundations of social order, loyalty, tradition, habit, reverence for antiquity, were everywhere shaken, if not subverted. The authority of the past was gone.^[3]

Graduating first in his class in 1798, he was elected commencement speaker though he was prohibited by the Harvard College faculty from mentioning the Revolution and other political subjects in his address.^[3]

In opposition to traditional American Calvinist orthodoxy, Channing preferred a gentle, loving relationship with God. He opposed Reformed Christianity for

... proclaiming a God who is to be dreaded. We are told to love and imitate God, but also that God does things we would consider most cruel in any human parent, "were he to bring his children into life totally depraved and then to pursue them with endless punishment"

— Channing 1957: 56.^[4]

Channing's inner struggle continued through two years during which he lived in

In 1815, Channing engaged in a noted controversy on the principles of Unitarianism with Samuel Worcester, (1770–1821).^[6] A review of a pamphlet on American Unitarianism (American Unitarianism; or a Brief History of the Progress and Present State of the Unitarian Churches of America), attributed to Jeremiah Evarts, was published in The Panoplist in June 1815. Channing objected to the way Unitarians in the United States were portrayed in the review. Worcester replied to this objection, and an exchange of pamphlets followed.^[7]

Notwithstanding his moderate position, Channing later became the primary spokesman and interpreter of Unitarianism, after sixteen years at Boston's Federal Street Church. He was invited to come south again to

I have always inclined to the doctrine of the preexistence of Christ, though am not insensible to the weight of your objections

— Boston, March 31, 1832[10]

In later years, Channing addressed the topic of slavery although he was never an ardent abolitionist. Channing wrote a book in 1835 entitled Slavery.^[11] Channing has, however, been described as a romantic racist.^[12] He held a common American belief about the inferiority of African people and slaves and held a belief that once freed, Africans would need overseers. The overseers (largely former slave masters) were necessary because the slaves would lapse into laziness. Furthermore, he did not join the abolitionist movement because he did not agree with their way of conducting themselves, and he felt that voluntary associations limited a person's autonomy. Therefore, he often chose to remain separate from organizations and reform movements. This middle position characterized his attitude about most questions although his eloquence and strong influence on the religious world incurred the enmity of many extremists. Channing had an enormous influence over the religious (and social) life of New England, and America, in the nineteenth century.

Toward the end of his life, Channing embraced immediate abolitionism. His evolving view of abolitionism was fostered by the success of British abolition in the British West Indies in 1834 and the absence of the expected social and economic upheaval in the post-emancipated Caribbean.

In 1837, Channing published a pamphlet, in the form of an open letter to Senator Henry Clay, opposing the annexation of Texas, arguing that the revolution there was "criminal."^[13]

Channing wrote extensively about the emerging new national literature of the United States, saying that national literature is "the expression of a nation's mind in writing", and "the concentration of intellect for the purpose of spreading itself abroad and multiplying its energy".^[14]

Channing died in Old Bennington, Vermont, where a cenotaph is placed in his memory. He is buried in Mount Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge, Massachusetts.^[15]

Legacy

Statue in Touro Park

Statue in Boston Public Garden

Channing Memorial Church

Grave at Mount Auburn Cemetery

• Named in his honor, the Channing Home was founded by Harriet Ryan Albee in 1857 in the vestry of Channing's Federal Street Church.^[16]
• In 1880, a young Unitarian minister in Newport, Charles Timothy Brooks, published a biography, William Ellery Channing, A Centennial Memory.
• The Channing Memorial Church^[17] was built in Newport, Rhode Island in 1880 to commemorate the 100th anniversary of his birth.
• A bronze statue of Channing by William Clark Noble was erected in 1892 in Newport's Touro Park across from the Channing Memorial Church.
• A bronze statue of Channing by Herbert Adams was erected in 1903 on the edge of the Boston Public Garden, at Arlington St. and Boylston St. It stands across the street from the Arlington Street Church that he served (and from the Federal Street Church).
• A portrait of him also hangs in the foyer of the
  Baltimore, Maryland, along with the aforementioned "Union Sunday" annual commemoration services in May.^{[citation needed}
  ]
• Channing School, an independent day school for girls at Highgate Hill in Highgate, North London, originally founded in 1885 for the daughters of Unitarian ministers, was named after him.
• Channing had a profound impact on the Transcendentalism movement though he never officially subscribed to its views. However, two of Channing's nephews, Ellery Channing (1818–1901) and William Henry Channing (1810–1884), became prominent members of the movement.^{[citation needed]}

• 
  Portrait of Channing by Henry Cheever Pratt, 1857
• 
  Portrait of Channing by Washington Allston, 1811
• 
  1930 photo of No. 83 Mt. Vernon Street, Boston, Channing's home, c. 1835–1842
• 
  Plaque outside of No. 83 Mt. Vernon Street, Boston

• Channing Home
• Federal Street Church (Boston)

Further reading

• Amy Kittelstrom, The Religion of Democracy: Seven Liberals and the American Moral Tradition. New York: Penguin, 2015.

• Prescott Browning Wintersteen, Christology in American Unitarianism: An Anthology of Outstanding Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Unitarian Theologians, with Commentary. Boston: The Unitarian Universalist Christian Fellowship, 1977.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to William Ellery Channing.

Wikiquote has quotations related to William Ellery Channing.

Wikisource has original works by or about:
William Ellery Channing

• Channing biography at the Unitarian Universalist Association
• Channing Memorial Church in Newport, Rhode Island
• First Unitarian Church of Baltimore (Unitarian and Universalist).
• Works by William Ellery Channing at Project Gutenberg
• Works by or about William Ellery Channing at the Internet Archive
• Making of America e-texts of Channing's collected works
• Online works by Channing Archived 2005-10-23 at the Wayback Machine, including "Self-Culture," and "Likeness to God"
• The personal papers including manuscripts, of William Ellery Channing along with papers related to his work at Federal Street Church (now known as Arlington Street Church) are in the Harvard Divinity School Library at Harvard Divinity School in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
• Portrait at National Portrait Gallery