William Howard, 1st Baron Howard of Effingham

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House of Howard-Effingham
Spouse(s)Katherine Broughton
Margaret Gamage
IssueAgnes Paulet, Marchioness of Winchester
Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham
Sir William Howard
Edward Howard
Henry Howard
Margaret Howard-married Richard Allen Hinson
Douglas Sheffield, Lady Sheffield
Mary Sutton, Lady Dudley
Frances Seymour, Countess of Hertford
Martha, Lady Bourchier
Katherine Howard
ParentsThomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk
Agnes Tilney
Arms of Sir William Howard, 1st Baron Howard of Effingham, KG

William Howard, 1st Baron Howard of Effingham (c. 1510 – 12 January 1573) was an English diplomat and military leader. He served four monarchs,

Lord Chamberlain of the Household
.

Early life

William Howard was born about 1510, the ninth son of

Agnes Tilney.[1][a]

Howard was brought to court at a young age after completing his education at Trinity Hall, Cambridge.[2]

Embassies

In 1531 Howard was sent on an embassy to Scotland by

Lord High Treasurer of Scotland. Then Howard's tailor would make Henry VIII's nephew a new suit of clothes as a present. Howard would then broach the subject of the two kings meeting in person.[4]

In February 1535, he was sent again to Scotland to invest James V with the Order of the Garter and brought a present of "great horses". Howard met James V at Stirling Castle on Good Friday. They discussed a possible meeting of the two Kings at Newcastle at Michaelmas. Margaret Tudor praised his abilities and wrote that her son James V, "lykkis hym right weill."[5]

In June 1535, he was in France as a member of the English embassy authorized to negotiate with the French Admiral,

Philippe de Chabot. In February 1536 he was again in Scotland, this time for the purpose of persuading James V to adopt Henry VIII's religious policy. He returned to Scotland again in April when he heard rumours from Margaret Tudor and others that James V intended to marry his mistress, Margaret Erskine, Lady Lochleven.[6] He was again in France in 1537. On 11 December 1539, he was among those who welcomed King Henry VIII's fourth bride, Anne of Cleves at Calais.[7]

While on an embassy to France in 1541 William Howard was charged with concealing the sexual indiscretions of his young niece, Catherine Howard, Henry VIII's fifth wife, and was recalled to England to stand trial. On 22 December 1541, Howard, his wife, and a number of servants who had been alleged witnesses to the Queen's misconduct were arraigned for misprision of treason, convicted, and sentenced to life imprisonment and loss of goods. He and most of the others were pardoned after Queen Catherine's execution on 13 February 1542.[8]

Military career

In 1544 Howard accompanied the

Treaty of Ardres on 7 June 1546, he turned command of the English fleet over to Howard.[10]

Howard's career received a check in 1547 with the downfall of his half-nephew

Queen Mary I against the supporters of her rival, Lady Jane Grey.[14]

On 2 January 1554 he was appointed to meet the Spanish ambassadors who had come to London to negotiate a marriage between Queen Mary I and King Philip II of Spain.[15] Wyatt's rebellion broke out on 25 January, and Howard was among those who raised the militia to defend London. On 7 February 1554 he held Ludgate, preventing the rebels from entering the city and leading to their surrender a few hours later.[16] He was appointed to Queen Mary's Privy Council on 3 January 1554, and on 11 March was created Baron Howard of Effingham. On 20 March 1554 he was granted a patent as Lord Admiral, replacing Lord Clinton. On 9 October of that year he was made a Knight of the Garter.[17] Around this date there was a masque at court, featuring mariners' costumes made of gold and silver cloth, which Francis Yaxley thought was Howard's production.[18]

As Lord Admiral, Howard, with a fleet of 28 ships, met King Philip II on his arrival in England in 1555, and in August of that year escorted the King to

Lord Chamberlain of the Household and an annuity of 200 marks, effective the previous September.[23]

Landholdings

Howard inherited a number of manors and estates, some from the Howard family, some through his first wife Katherine, and others by gift of the Crown. These included lands at Broughton in Buckinghamshire; Billeshurst, Bletchingley, Kingswood, Little Bookham and Tillingdown in Surrey;[24] Lowick in Northamptonshire; Shaw-cum-Donnington in Berkshire; and Tottenham in north London.

In 1566, Howard had some financial difficulties, and handed some of his Surrey estates to his great-nephew Thomas, Duke of Norfolk, retaining Little Bookham for his second wife, Margaret.[25]

Final years

After Queen Elizabeth's accession on 17 November 1558, Howard succeeded

Earl of Sussex, to replace him, appointing Howard as Lord Privy Seal. Howard died at Hampton Court Palace on 12 January 1573, and was buried on 29 January at Reigate.[28]

Whitgift School currently stands on the site of the former Howard estate in Croydon.[29]

Family

Monumental brass of Katherine Broughton, first wife of Lord Howard; St Mary's Church, Lambeth, Surrey (destroyed in WWII)

William Howard married firstly, before 18 June 1531, Katherine (died 23 April 1535), the daughter of John Broughton (died 23 January 1518)[30] of Toddington, Bedfordshire, by Anne Sapcote (died 14 March 1559), the daughter and heir of Sir Guy Sapcote by Margaret Wolston, daughter and heir of Sir Guy Wolston.[31][32] [33][34][35] They had one daughter, Agnes Howard, who married William Paulet, 3rd Marquess of Winchester. Katherine (née Broughton) was buried in the parish church of St Mary at Lambeth, where there is a monument to her memory.[35][36]

He married secondly, on 29 June 1535,

Glamorganshire and his wife, Margaret Saint John, the half-second cousin of Henry VIII - her paternal grandfather, John, was a half-sister of Margaret Beaufort - and the daughter of Sir John Saint John of Bletsoe
, Bedfordshire, by whom he had four sons and five daughters.

Notes

  1. ^ Howard was thus the half-brother of Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, the 2nd Duke's eldest son and heir by his first marriage to Agnes Tilney's cousin, Elizabeth Tilney.
  1. ^ Richardson 2004, p. 237.
  2. ^ Richardson 2004, p. 237; McDermott 2008.
  3. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Howard of Effingham, William Howard, 1st Baron" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 634–635.
  4. ^ State Papers Henry VIII, vol 5, part IV part 2 (1836), 1–6, instruction for William Howard.
  5. ^ State Papers Henry VIII, vol 5, part IV part 2 (1836), 19–20, 38-42: Diurnal of Occurrents, Bannatyne Club, (1830)
  6. ^ State Papers Henry VIII, vol 5, part IV part 2 (1836), pp. 40-41.
  7. ^ Weir 1991, pp. 392–393; McDermott 2008.
  8. ^ Weir 1991, pp. 474–475; Richardson 2004, p. 237; McDermott 2008
  9. ^ Calendar of State Papers, Spain, vol.7, (1899), no. 89, French copy of an Imperial newsletter.
  10. ^ McDermott 2008; Loades 2008.
  11. ^ McDermott 2008.
  12. ^ McDermott 2008.
  13. ^ Cokayne 1926, p. 9.
  14. ^ McDermott 2008.
  15. ^ McDermott 2008.
  16. ^ Archer 2006; McDermott 2008.
  17. ^ Cokayne 1926, p. 9; McDermott 2008.
  18. ^ Henry Ellis, Original Letters, 3rd series vol. 3 (London, 1846), pp. 312-15, citing Lansdown MS 3/44.
  19. ^ McDermott 2008.
  20. ^ McDermott 2008; Sil 2009.
  21. ^ McDermott 2008.
  22. ^ Duffin 2008.
  23. ^ McDermott 2008.
  24. ^ "Victoria County History - Surrey. Originally published by Victoria County History, London, 1912". British History Online. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
  25. ^ "Parishes: Little Bookham Pages 335-338 A History of the County of Surrey: Volume 3. Originally published by Victoria County History, London, 1911". British History Online. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
  26. ^ McDermott 2008.
  27. ^ Cokayne 1926, p. 9.
  28. ^ McDermott 2008; Cokayne 1926, p. 9.
  29. ^ "Whitgift School". Archived from the original on 26 March 2019.
  30. ^ A Who’s Who of Tudor Women: Brooke-Bu, compiled by Kathy Lynn Emerson to update and correct Wives and Daughters: The Women of Sixteenth-Century England (1984) Archived 20 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 1 June 2013. Katherine's death date is confirmed by a memorial brass in St. Mary's Church, Lambeth, now destroyed, but recorded by John Aubrey in his Natural History and Antiquities of the County of Surrey, vol. V (London, 1719), p, 231-2.
  31. ^ Howard & Armytage 1869, p. 84.
  32. ^ After the death of John Broughton, Anne (née Sapcote) married secondly Sir Richard Jerningham (died 1525), and thirdly John Russell, 1st Earl of Bedford.
  33. ^ Ross 2011, p. 187.
  34. ^ Richardson II 2011, p. 417.
  35. ^ a b Lysons 1792, pp. 278–9.
  36. ^ 'Church of St Mary, Lambeth', Survey of London: volume 23: Lambeth: South Bank and Vauxhall (1951), pp. 104-117 Retrieved 1 June 2013.
  37. ^ Misdated 1533 in Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, vol. 6, 728. See McDermott 2008
  38. ^ Richardson 2004, pp. 237–238, 648.
  39. ^ Doran 2010.
  40. ^ Richardson 2004, p. 237; McDermott 2008.

References

Attribution:

External links

Media related to William Howard, 1st Baron Howard of Effingham at Wikimedia Commons

Political offices
Preceded by
Lord High Admiral

1554–1558 		Succeeded by
Preceded by
Lord Chamberlain of the Household

1558–1572 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Custos Rotulorum of Surrey
bef. 1562–1573 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Lord Privy Seal
1572–1573 		Succeeded by
Peerage of England
New creation
Baron Howard of Effingham

1554–1573 		Succeeded by
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