William IX, Duke of Aquitaine
William IX | |
---|---|
Duke of Aquitaine | |
Reign | 1086–1127 |
Predecessor | William VIII, Duke of Aquitaine |
Successor | William X, Duke of Aquitaine |
Born | 22 October 1071 |
Died | 10 February 1126 (aged 54) |
Spouse | Ermengarde of Anjou Philippa, Countess of Toulouse |
Issue | William X, Duke of Aquitaine Raymond of Poitiers Agnes of Aquitaine, Queen of Aragon |
House | Ramnulfids |
Father | William VIII, Duke of Aquitaine |
Mother | Hildegarde of Burgundy |
William IX (
Ducal career
William was the son of
Early career, 1088–1102
William inherited the duchy at the age of fifteen upon the death of his father. It has been generally believed that he was first married in 1088, at age sixteen, to
William invited
Likely motivated by many factors, religious as well as secular, William joined the Crusade of 1101, an expedition inspired by the success of the First Crusade in 1099. To finance it, he had to mortgage Toulouse back to
Conflict with Church and wife, 1102–1118
William, like his father and many magnates of the time, had a rocky relationship with the Church. He was excommunicated twice, the first time in 1114 for an alleged infringement of the Church's tax privileges. His response to this was to demand absolution from Peter, Bishop of Poitiers. As the bishop was at the point of pronouncing the anathema, the duke threatened him with a sword, swearing to kill him if he did not pronounce absolution. Bishop Peter, surprised, pretended to comply, but when the duke, satisfied, released him, the bishop completed reading the anathema, before calmly presenting his neck and inviting the duke to strike. According to contemporaries, William hesitated a moment before sheathing his sword and replying, "I don't love you enough to send you to paradise."
William was excommunicated a second time for "abducting" the Viscountess Dangereuse (Dangerosa), the wife of his vassal Aimery I de Rochefoucauld, Viscount of Châtellerault. The lady, however, appears to have been a willing party in the matter. He installed her in the Maubergeonne tower of his castle in Poitiers (leading to her nickname La Maubergeonne), and, as related by William of Malmesbury, even painted a picture of her on his shield.
Upon returning to Poitiers from Toulouse, Philippa was enraged to discover a rival woman living in her palace. She appealed to her friends at court and to the Church; however, no noble could assist her since William was their feudal overlord, and whilst the Papal legate Giraud (who was bald) complained to William and told him to return Dangerose to her husband, William's only response was, "Curls will grow on your pate before I part with the Viscountess." Humiliated, Philippa chose in 1114 to retire to the Abbey of Fontevrault. She did not survive there long, however; the abbey records state that she died on 28 November 1118.
Later career, 1118–1127
Relations between the Duke and his elder son William also became strained—although it is unlikely that he ever embarked upon a seven-year revolt in order to avenge his mother's mistreatment, as
In October 1119,
Between 1120 and 1123 William joined forces with the
In 1122, William lost control of Toulouse, Philippa's dower land, to Alfonso Jordan, the son and heir of Raymond IV, who had taken Toulouse after the death of William IV. He did not trouble to reclaim it. He died on 10 February 1126, aged 54, after suffering a short illness.[6] His nickname, "the Troubadour", was only applied in the nineteenth century. In contemporary documents, the only nickname he occasionally bears is "the Younger" to distinguish him from his father.[7]
Poetic career
William's greatest legacy to history was not as a warrior but as a troubadour—a
He was the earliest troubadour whose work survives. Eleven of his songs survive (Merwin, 2002). The song traditionally numbered as the eighth (Farai chansoneta nueva) is of dubious attribution, since its style and language are significantly different (Pasero 1973, Bond 1982). Song 5 (Farai un vers, pos mi sonelh) has two significantly different versions in different manuscripts. The songs are attributed to him under his title as Count of Poitou (lo coms de Peitieus). The topics vary, treating sex, love, women, his own sexual and literary prowess, and feudal politics.
An anonymous 13th-century vida of William remembers him thus:
The Count of Poitiers was one of the most courtly men in the world and one of the greatest deceivers of women. He was a fine knight at arms, liberal in his womanizing, and a fine composer and singer of songs. He traveled much through the world, seducing women.
It is possible, however, that at least in part it is not based on facts, but on literal interpretation of his songs, written in first person; in Song 5, for example, he describes how he deceived two women.
In a striking departure from the typical attitude toward women in the period, William seems to have held at least one woman in particularly high esteem, composing several poems in homage to this woman, who he refers to as midons (master):[8]
Every joy must abase itself,
and every might obey
in the presence of Midons, for the sweetness of her welcome,
for her beautiful and gentle look;
and a man who wins to the joy of her love
will live a hundred years.
The joy of her can make the sick man well again,
her wrath can make a well man die,
His frankness, wit, and vivacity caused scandal and won admiration at the same time. He is among the first Romance vernacular poets of the
mentions him in Canto VIII:And Poictiers, you know, Guillaume Poictiers,
had brought the song up out of Spain
with the singers and viels ...
In Spirit of Romance Pound also calls William IX "the most 'modern' of the troubadours":
For any of the later Provençals, i.e., the high-brows, we have to ... 'put ourselves into the Twelfth Century' etc. Guillaume, writing a century earlier, is just as much of our age as of his own.
— Ezra Pound, cited in Bond 1982, p. lxxvi
William was a man who loved scandal and no doubt enjoyed shocking his audiences. In fact, William granted large donations to the church, perhaps to regain the
One of William's poems, possibly written at the time of his first excommunication, since it implies his son was still a minor, is partly a musing on mortality: Pos de chantar m'es pres talenz (Since I have the desire to sing,/I'll write a verse for which I'll grieve). It concludes:
I have given up all I loved so much:
chivalry and pride;
and since it pleases God, I accept it all,
that He may keep me by Him.
I enjoin my friends, upon my death,
all to come and do me great honor,
since I have held joy and delight
far and near, and in my abode.
Thus I give up joy and delight,
and squirrel and grey and sable furs.
Orderic Vitalis refers to William composing songs (c. 1102) upon his return from the Crusade of 1101. These might be the first "Crusade songs":
Then the Poitevin duke many times related, with rhythmic verses and witty measures, the miseries of his captivity, before kings, magnates, and Christian assemblies.[9]
Family
In 1094, William married
Armenian sources,
See also
- Dukes of Aquitaine family tree
Notes
References
- ^ Anglade 1921, p. 33.
- ^ Bouchard 2004, p. 140.
- ^ Bouchard 2002, p. 226.
- ^ Harvey 1993, p. 314-315.
- ^ a b Gillingham 1999, p. 29.
- ^ William of Malmesbury 1999, p. 392.
- ^ Morby 1978, p. 12.
- ^ Bogin 1980, p. 37-38.
- ^ Translation based on Marjorie Chibnall, in Bond, p. 240.
- ^ a b Beech 1996, pp. 45–46.
- ^ Graham-Leigh 2005, table 5.
- ^ Murray 2016, p. 86.
- ^ McDougall 2016, p. 199.
- ^ Beech 1996, p. 50.
Sources
- Anglade, Joseph (1921). Grammaire de l'ancien provençal ou ancienne langue d'oc (in French). Librairie c. Klincksieck.
- Beech, George T. (1993). "The Ventures of the Dukes of Aquitaine into Spain and the Crusader East in the Early 12th Century". Haskins Society Journal. 5: 61–75.
- Beech, George T. (1996). "The Crusader Lordship of Marash in Armenian Cilicia, 1104–1149". Viator. 27: 35–52. .
- Bogin, Meg (1980). The Women Troubadours. W. W. Norton and Company. pp. 37–38.
- Bouchard, Constance Brittain (2002). "Eleanor's divorce from Louis VII: The uses of Consanguinity". In Wheeler, B.; Parsons, John C. (eds.). Eleanor of Aquitaine: Lord and Lady. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 223–236.
- Bouchard, Constance Brittain (2004). "The kingdom of the Franks to 1108". In Luscombe, David; Riley-Smith, Jonathan (eds.). The New Cambridge Medieval History. Vol. 4, C.1024–c.1198, Part 2. Cambridge University Press.
- Gillingham, John (1999). Richard I. Yale University Press.
- Graham-Leigh, Elaine (2005). The Southern French Nobility and the Albigensian Crusade. The Boydell Press.
- Harvey, Ruth (1993). "The wives of the 'first troubadour', Duke William IX of Aquitaine". Journal of Medieval History. 19 (4). Elsevier.
- McDougall, Sara (2016). Royal Bastards: The Birth of Illegitimacy, 800-1230. Oxford University Press.
- Morby, John E. (1978). "The Sobriquets of Medieval European Princes". Canadian Journal of History. 13:1.
- Murray, Alan V. (2016). "Constance, Princess of Antioch (1130-1164): Ancestry, Marriages and Family". In Van Houts, Elisabeth (ed.). Anglo-Norman Studies XXXVIII: Proceedings of the Battle Conference 2015. The Boydell Press. pp. 81–96.
- William of Malmesbury (1999). Greenway, D.E.; Harvey, B.F.; Lapidge, M. (eds.). Gesta Regum Anglorum. Vol. 2. Clarendon Press.
Further reading
- Biographies des troubadours ed. J. Boutière, A.-H. Schutz (Paris: Nizet, 1964) pp. 7–8, 585–587.
- Bond, Gerald A., ed., transl. intro. The Poetry of William VII, Count of Poitier, IX Duke of Aquitaine, (Garland Publishing Co.:New York) 1982
- Duisit, Brice. Las Cansos del Coms de Peitieus (CD), Alpha 505, 2003
- Harvey, Ruth E. The wives of the 'first troubadour', Duke William IX of Aquitaine (Journal of Medieval History), 1993
- Meade, Marion. Eleanor of Aquitaine, 1991
- Merwin, W.S. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, 2002. pp xv-xvi. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-375-41476-2.
- Owen, D.D.R. Eleanor of Aquitaine: Queen and Legend
- Parsons, John Carmi. Eleanor of Aquitaine: Lord and Lady, 2002
- Pasero, Nicolò, ed.: Guglielmo IX d'Aquitania, Poesie. 1973
- Verdon, J. La chronique de Saint Maixent, 1979.
- Waddell, Helen. The Wandering Scholars: the Life and Art of the Lyric Poets of the Latin Middle Ages, 1955