William McDougall (psychologist)

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William McDougall
William McDougall
Born22 June 1871 (1871-06-22)
Chadderton, Lancashire, England, UK
Died28 November 1938 (1938-11-29) (aged 67)
Durham, North Carolina, US
Scientific career
FieldsPsychology
Doctoral advisorW. H. R. Rivers

William McDougall FRS[1] (/məkˈduːɡəl/; 22 June 1871 – 28 November 1938) was an early 20th century psychologist who spent the first part of his career in the United Kingdom and the latter part in the United States. He wrote a number of influential textbooks, and was important in the development of the theory of instinct and of social psychology in the English-speaking world.

McDougall was an opponent of

behaviourism
and stands somewhat outside the mainstream of the development of Anglo-American psychological thought in the first half of the 20th century; but his work was known and respected among lay people.

Biography

He was born at

self-raising flour, but concentrated on his own business as a chemical manufacturer.[3]

McDougall was educated at a number of schools, and was a student at

Owens College, Manchester and St John's College, Cambridge.[4] He studied medicine and physiology in London and Göttingen. After teaching at University College London and Oxford, he was recruited to occupy the William James chair of psychology at Harvard University in 1920, where he served as a professor of psychology from 1920 to 1927. He then moved to Duke University, where he established the Parapsychology Laboratory under J. B. Rhine, and where he remained until his death. He was a Fellow of the Royal Society. Among his students were Cyril Burt, May Smith, William Brown and John Flügel.[5]

Views

McDougall's interests and sympathies were broad. He was interested in eugenics, but departed from neo-Darwinian orthodoxy in maintaining the possibility of the inheritance of acquired characteristics, as suggested by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck; he carried out many experiments designed to demonstrate this process.[6]

Opposing behaviourism, McDougall argued that behaviour was generally goal-oriented and purposive, an approach he called hormic psychology. The term “hormic” comes from hormḗ (ὁρμή), the Greek word for "impulse" and according to Hilgard (1987) was drawn from the work of T. P. Nunn, a British colleague (Larson, 2014). He first outlined hormic psychology in An Introduction to Social Psychology (1908). Hormic psychology serves as one of the foundational frameworks for understanding the wide range of human motivational forces. He listed the following innate principal instincts and primary emotions that are “probably common to the men of every race and of every age”:[7]

  • Flight (Fear)
  • Repulsion (Disgust)
  • Curiosity (Wonder)
  • Pugnacity (Anger)
  • Self-assertion (Elation)
  • Self-abasement (Subjection)
  • Parental Instinct (Tender)
  • Reproduction
  • Feeding
  • Gregarious Instinct
  • Acquisition
  • Construction
  • Crawling and Walking

However, in the theory of

C. G. Jung, and was also prepared to study parapsychology
.

Because of his interest in eugenics and his unorthodox stance on evolution, McDougall has been adopted as an iconic figure by proponents of a strong influence of inherited traits on behavior, some of whom are regarded by most mainstream psychologists as scientific racists. He wrote:

"...; the few distinguished Negroes, so called, of America – such as Douglass, Booker Washington, Du Bois – have been, I believe, in all cases mulattoes or had some proportion of white blood. We may fairly ascribe the incapacity of the Negro race to form a nation to the lack of men endowed with the qualities of great leaders, even more than to the lower level of average capacity" (McDougall, William., The Group Mind, p.187, Arno Press, 1973; Copyright, 1920 by G.P. Putnam's Sons).

McDougall married at the age of 29 ("against my considered principles", he reports in his autobiographical essay, "for I held that a man whose chosen business in life was to develop to the utmost his intellectual powers should not marry before forty, if at all"). He had five children.

McDougall's book The Group Mind received "very hostile reviews" from psychologists but sold well to the public. The

American Press was critical of McDougall as his lectures on national eugenics were seen as racist.[6]

Psychical research

McDougall was a strong advocate of the scientific method and academic professionalisation in psychical research. He was instrumental in establishing parapsychology as a university discipline in the US in the early 1930s. The traditional historiography of psychical research, dominated by the ‘winners’ of the race for ‘the science of the soul’, reveals fascinating epistemological incommensurabilities and a complex set of interplays between scientific and metaphysical presuppositions in the making and keeping alive of the scientific status of psychology. Thus, revised histories of psychical research and its relationship to psychology with a critical thrust not limited to that which has been viewed with suspicion anyway, offer both a challenge and a promise to historians, the discussion of which the present article hopes to stimulate (Sommer, 2012).[8] In 1920, McDougall served as president of the Society for Psychical Research, and in the subsequent year of its US counterpart, the American Society for Psychical Research.[9]

McDougall worked to enlist a number of scientific, religious, ethical, political and philosophical issues and causes into a wide “actor-network” which finally pushed through the institutionalization and professionalization of parapsychology (Asprem, 2010). He was also a member of the Scientific American committee that investigated the medium Mina Crandon.[6] He attended séances with the medium and was sceptical about her "ectoplasmic hand". He suspected that it was part of an animal, artificially manipulated to resemble a hand. McDougall's suspicion was confirmed by independent experts who had examined photographs of the hand.[6]

McDougall was critical of spiritualism, he believed that some of its proponents such as Arthur Conan Doyle misunderstood psychical research and "devote themselves to propaganda".[6] In 1926, McDougall concluded "I have taken part in a considerable number of investigations of alleged supernormal phenomena; but hitherto have failed to find convincing evidence in any case, but have found rather much evidence of fraud and trickery."[10]

McDougall, however, continued to encourage scientific research on psychic phenomena and in 1937 was a founding co-editor (with Joseph Banks Rhine) of the peer-reviewed Journal of Parapsychology, which continues to be published. Because he was the first to formulate a theory of human instinctual behavior, he influenced the development of the new field of social psychology.

Animism

In 1911, McDougall authored Body and Mind: A History and Defence of Animism. In the work he rejected both

dualism and monism.[12][13] As a parapsychologist he also claimed telepathy had been scientifically proven, he used evidence from psychic research as well as from biology and psychology to defend his theory of animism.[14]

McDougall produced another work attacking materialism titled Materialism and Emergent Evolution (1929). Materialism and Emergent Evolution (1929) was the only distinctive psychological approach to the field other than Floyd Allpott's book titled Social Psychology, written in 1924. In the book he had also criticised the theory of emergent evolution as he claimed it had ignored the evidence of Lamarckism and had ignored the evidence of mind guiding evolution. McDougall's last work on the subject titled The Riddle of Life (1938) criticised organicism as according to McDougall even though the theory of organicism had rejected materialism it had not gone far enough in advocating an active role for a nonphysical principle.[15]

Selected bibliography

By William McDougall:

  • Physiological Psychology (1905)
  • An Introduction to Social Psychology. Methuen & Co, p. x, 355 (London 1908). A second edition appeared in 1909.
This book has been reprinted several times. For example, in 1960, University Paperbacks, an imprint of Methuen & Co and Barnes & Noble, published a reprint of the 23rd edition.[16]
  • Body and Mind: A History and a Defense of Animism (1913)
  • The Group Mind: A Sketch of the Principles of Collective Psychology with Some Attempt to Apply Them to the Interpretation of National Life and Character (1920, reprinted 1973)
  • Is America Safe for Democracy? Six Lectures Given at the Lowell Institute of Boston, Under the Title Anthropology and History, or the Influence of Constitution on the Destinies of Nations (1921)
  • Outline of Psychology (1923)
  • An Outline of Abnormal Psychology (1926)
  • Character and the Conduct of Life (1927)
  • Modern Materialism and Emergent Evolution (1929)
  • Energies of Men (1932)
  • The Riddle of Life (1938)

By Margaret Boden:

  • Purposive Explanation in Psychology (1972)

See also

References

  1. S2CID 178691073
    .
  2. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/34716. (Subscription or UK public library membership
    required.)
  3. ISBN 978-0-09-956573-4
    .
  4. ^ "McDougall, William (MDGL890W)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
  5. ISBN 9780521026185
    . Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  6. ^
    ISBN 0-89950-345-4
  7. ^ W. McDougall: An Introduction to Social Psychology. 6th ed. John W. Luce & Co., Boston 1912, pp. 19, 45–89. (online)
  8. ^ Asprem, E. (2010), "A Nice Arrangement of Heterodoxies: William McDougall and the Professionalization of Psychical Research", Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 46 (2):123–143.
  9. PMID 11610086
  10. ^ Valentine, Elizabeth R. (2011). Spooks and Spoofs: Relations Between Psychical Research and Academic Psychology in Britain in the Inter-War Period. History of the Human Sciences 25: 67–90.
  11. ^ The New international encyclopaedia, Volume 7, Dodd, Mead and company, 1923, p. 282
  12. ^ David Ray Griffin Parapsychology, philosophy, and spirituality: a postmodern exploration 1997, p. 139
  13. ^ William McDougall Body and mind: a history and a defense of animism Methuen, 1911
  14. ^ Janet Oppenheim The Other World: Spiritualism and Psychical Research in England, 1850–1914 1988, pp. 263–264
  15. ^ Peter J. Bowler Reconciling science and religion: the debate in early-twentieth-century Britain 2001, pp. 181–184
  16. ^ McDougall, William (1960), An Introduction to Social Psychology (23rd ed.), University Paperbacks. Imprint of Methuen & Co (London) and Barnes & Noble (New York)., pp. xxi–xxii (Note: Preface to 23rd edition commences p.xxi, with date of this preface [October 1936] on p.xxii.)

Further reading

External links

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