Willow flycatcher

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Willow flycatcher
E. t. extimus
Empidonax traillii callⓘ

Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Tyrannidae
Genus: Empidonax
Species:
E. traillii
Binomial name
Empidonax traillii
(Audubon, 1828)
Approximate distribution map
  Breeding
  Migration
  Nonbreeding
Summer breeding and winter ranges of willow flycatcher subspecies from USGS southwestern willow flycatcher survey protocol

The willow flycatcher (Empidonax traillii) is a small insect-eating,

neotropical migrant bird of the tyrant flycatcher family native to North America
.

Taxonomy

There are four subspecies currently recognized, all of which breed in North America (including three subspecies that breed in California).

binomial commemorates the Scottish zoologist Thomas Stewart Traill
.

Subspecies

The subspecies are best distinguished from each other by their songs. In addition, the four subspecies have significant genetic differences based on mitochondrial DNA analysis. Their winter ranges have been elucidated using mitochondrial DNA genetic studies of 172 birds sampled in winter combined with plumage coloration and morphological differences.

The four subspecies of the willow flycatcher are:

E. t. brewsteri – Little willow flycatcher

The little willow flycatcher (E.t. brewsteri) is the Pacific Slope subspecies of the willow flycatcher. Described by Oberholser in 1918, it breeds in California from Tulare County north along the western side of the Sierra Nevada, and in Oregon and Washington west of the Cascade range.

E. t. adastus

The Great Basin/Northern Rockies subspecies of the willow flycatcher (E. t. adastus) breeds in California east of the Sierra/Cascade axis, from the Oregon border into Modoc County and possibly into northern Inyo County. Populations at high elevation just east of the Sierra Nevada crest but south of Modoc County are assumed to be E. t. brewsteri. There has been very little study of E. t. adastus in California. It was described by Oberholser in 1932.

E. t. extimus – Southwestern willow flycatcher

The southwestern willow flycatcher (E. t. extimus) is a federally endangered subspecies and it is known to be found in Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas, and Utah. It was listed in 1995, at which time it was known to breed at only about 75 sites in riparian areas throughout the American southwest. The known breeding population was estimated at between 300 and 500 pairs. Breeding occurs from near sea level on the Santa Margarita River to 800 m (2,640 ft) at the South Fork Kern River and 910 m (3,000 ft) at upper San Luis Rey River in California and to over 2,600 m (8,530 ft) in Arizona, southwestern Colorado, and north-central New Mexico. This subspecies was described by A.R. Phillips in 1948.

The largest remaining population in California is on the

Camp Pendleton, the Santa Margarita River and Pilgrim, De Luz, French, and Las Flores creeks; as well as on the Santa Ynez River. In 1996, breeding was confirmed along the Arizona side of the lower Colorado River at Lake Mead Delta and at Topock Marsh. Examination of museum specimens of 578 migrating and wintering E. t. extimus indicating that Guatemala to Costa Rica
constitutes the main winter range.

This species is experiencing population declines throughout the Southwest due to

habitat loss/alteration and invasive species of grass. One of these is saltcedar (Tamarix ramosissima), found throughout the Southwest, where it has replaced essential vegetation by outcompeting native species in riparian areas where the southwestern willow flycatcher is found.[5] In two sites, one in Arizona and the other in New Mexico, native trees were able to replace patches of saltcedar and populations of willow flycatchers increased. It was documented that in these sites 90% of the willow flycatcher's nests were found in native vegetation, only 10% were in mixed vegetation (native species and saltcedar) and few were in areas dominated by saltcedar.[6] However, it is important to note that because willow flycatchers can and do breed, in some locations, within saltcedar habitat, it can occasionally serve as vital habitat in the recovery of this species.[7]

The

Nature Conservancy to preserve habitat for this subspecies. NatureServe considers the subspecies Imperiled.[8] North American beavers
(Castor canadensis) are thought to play a critical role in widening riparian width, openings in dense vegetation, and retention of surface water through the willow flycatcher breeding season.

E. t. traillii

The eastern

nominate subspecies of the willow flycatcher (E. t. traillii) was described by Audubon in 1828. It breeds from the eastern coast of the United States to the western Rocky Mountains
.

Description

Adults have brown-olive upperparts, darker on the wings and tail, with whitish underparts; they have an indistinct white eye ring, white wing bars and a small bill. The breast is washed with olive-gray. The upper part of the bill is gray; the lower part is orangish.

Standard Measurements[9][10]
length 130–150 mm (5.2–6 in)
weight 13.5 g (0.48 oz)
wingspan 220 mm (8.5 in)
wing 68.7–75.6 mm (2.70–2.98 in)
tail 54–64.5 mm (2.13–2.54 in)
culmen 10.5–12.3 mm (0.41–0.48 in)
tarsus 15.5–18.0 mm (0.61–0.71 in)

Distribution and habitat

Their breeding habitat is

cup nest
in a vertical fork in a shrub or tree.

These neotropical birds migrate to Mexico and Central America, and in small numbers as far south as Ecuador in South America, often selecting winter habitat near water. Willow flycatchers travel approximately 1,500–8,000 km (930–4,970 mi) each way between wintering and breeding areas.[11]

This bird's song is a sneezed fitz-bew. The call is a dry whit.

Food resources

Willow flycatcher feed on insects; common hoverflies (Syritta pipiens) have been found in their fecal samples. They wait on a perch near the top of a shrub and fly out to catch insects in flight, also sometimes picking insects from foliage while hovering. They may eat some berries. This bird competes for habitat with the alder flycatcher where their ranges overlap.

References

  1. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22699848A93751510.en
    . Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. S2CID 59414997
    .
  3. ^ "Southwestern Willow Flycatcher (Empidonax traillii extimus)". U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Nevada Office. Retrieved 16 February 2013.
  4. ^ "Willow flycatcher". All About Birds. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Retrieved 16 February 2013.
  5. S2CID 35498749
    .
  6. S2CID 16497604
    .
  7. S2CID 56042221
    .
  8. ^ "Empidonax traillii extimus. NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2023-06-23.
  9. ^ Godfrey, W. Earl (1966). The Birds of Canada. Ottawa: National Museum of Canada. p. 255.
  10. ISBN 0-679-45122-6
    .
  11. ^ Sogge, Mark K.; Marshall, Robert M.; Sferra, Susan J.; Tibbitts, Timothy J. (May 1997). A Southwestern Willow Flycatcher Natural History Summary and Survey Protocol: Technical Report NPS/NAUCPRS/NRTR-97/12 (PDF) (Report). National Park Service and Northern Arizona University. p. 37. Retrieved 17 February 2012.


External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Empidonax traillii.
Wikispecies has information related to Empidonax traillii.
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