Cloud chamber

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
(Redirected from
Wilson cloud chamber
)
Radium 226 source in a cloud chamber.

A cloud chamber, also known as a Wilson cloud chamber, is a particle detector used for visualizing the passage of ionizing radiation.

A cloud chamber consists of a sealed environment containing a

electrostatic forces during collisions, resulting in a trail of ionized gas particles. The resulting ions act as condensation centers
around which a mist-like trail of small droplets form if the gas mixture is at the point of condensation. These droplets are visible as a "cloud" track that persists for several seconds while the droplets fall through the vapor. These tracks have characteristic shapes. For example, an alpha particle track is thick and straight, while a beta particle track is wispy and shows more evidence of deflections by collisions.

Cloud chambers were invented in the early 1900s by the Scottish physicist

cosmic rays were the source of ionizing radiation. Yet they were also used with artificial sources of particles, for example in radiography applications as part of the Manhattan Project.[2]

Invention

track of subatomic particle moving upward through cloud chamber and bending left (an electron would have turned right)
Fig. 1: Cloud chamber photograph used to prove the existence of the positron. Observed by C. Anderson.

Patrick Blackett who utilised a stiff spring to expand and compress the chamber very rapidly, making the chamber sensitive to particles several times a second. A cine film
was used to record the images.

Fig. 2: The original cloud chamber of C.T.R. Wilson at the Cavendish Lab, Cambridge England.

The diffusion cloud chamber was developed in 1936 by

freezing point. Cloud chambers cooled by dry ice or Peltier effect thermoelectric cooling are common demonstration and hobbyist devices; the alcohol used in them is commonly isopropyl alcohol or methylated spirit.[6]

Structure and operation

Fig. 3: A diffusion-type cloud chamber. Alcohol (typically isopropanol) is evaporated by a heater in a duct in the upper part of the chamber. Cooling vapor descends to the black refrigerated plate, where it condenses. Due to the temperature gradient, a layer of supersaturated vapor is formed above the bottom plate. In this region, radiation particles induce condensation and create cloud tracks.
Fig. 4: How condensation trails are formed in a diffusion cloud chamber.
Fig. 5: In a diffusion cloud chamber, a 5.3 MeV alpha-particle track from a Pb-210 pin source near Point (1) undergoes Rutherford scattering near Point (2), deflecting by angle theta of about 30 degrees. It scatters once again near Point (3), and finally comes to rest in the gas. The target nucleus in the chamber gas could have been a nitrogen, oxygen, carbon, or hydrogen nucleus. It received enough kinetic energy in the elastic collision to cause a short visible recoiling track near Point (2). (The scale is in centimeters.)

Diffusion-type cloud chambers will be discussed here. A simple cloud chamber consists of the sealed environment, a warm top plate and a cold bottom plate (See Fig. 3). It requires a source of liquid alcohol at the warm side of the chamber where the liquid evaporates, forming a vapor that cools as it falls through the gas and condenses on the cold bottom plate. Some sort of ionizing radiation is needed.

Isopropanol, methanol, or other alcohol vapor saturates the chamber. The alcohol falls as it cools down and the cold condenser provides a steep temperature gradient. The result is a supersaturated environment. As energetic charged particles pass through the gas they leave ionization trails. The alcohol vapor condenses around gaseous ion trails left behind by the ionizing particles. This occurs because alcohol and water molecules are polar, resulting in a net attractive force toward a nearby free charge (See Fig. 4). The result is a misty cloud-like formation, seen by the presence of droplets falling down to the condenser. When the tracks are emitted from a source, their point of origin can easily be determined.[7] Fig. 5 shows an example of an alpha particle from a Pb-210 pin-type source undergoing Rutherford scattering
.

Just above the cold condenser plate there is a volume of the chamber which is sensitive to ionization tracks. The ion trail left by the radioactive particles provides an optimal trigger for condensation and cloud formation. This sensitive volume is increased in height by employing a steep temperature gradient, and stable conditions.[7] A strong electric field is often used to draw cloud tracks down to the sensitive region of the chamber and increase the sensitivity of the chamber. The electric field can also serve to prevent large amounts of background "rain" from obscuring the sensitive region of the chamber, caused by condensation forming above the sensitive volume of the chamber, thereby obscuring tracks by constant precipitation. A black background makes it easier to observe cloud tracks, and typically a tangential light source is needed to illuminate the white droplets against the black background. Often the tracks are not apparent until a shallow pool of alcohol is formed at the condenser plate.

If a

Lorentz force law; strong-enough fields are difficult to achieve, however, with small hobbyist setups. This method was also used to prove the existence of the Positron in 1932, in accordance with Paul Dirac
's theoretical proof, published in 1928.

Benefits and functionality

  1. Particle visualization: Cloud chambers allow scientists to observe the paths of charged particles as they pass through the chamber. By creating a supersaturated vapor environment, the particles ionize the vapor molecules, creating a visible trail of tiny droplets or clouds. This visualization helps researchers study the behavior, properties, and interactions of these particles.
  2. Particle identification: Cloud chambers can be used to identify different types of particles based on their path and characteristics. By analyzing the curvature, density, and other properties of the particle tracks, scientists can distinguish between various particles, such as electrons, muons, alpha particles, and more.
  3. Studying radioactivity: Cloud chambers are particularly useful in studying radioactive decay and radiation. Radioactive particles emitted from a radioactive source can be observed and their properties analyzed within the cloud chamber. This helps scientists understand the nature of radioactivity, decay processes, and the behavior of radioactive particles.
  4. Educational tool:
  5. Research and discovery: Cloud chambers have been instrumental in numerous scientific discoveries throughout history, including the identification of new particles and the study of particle interactions. By providing a means to observe and analyze particle tracks, cloud chambers have contributed significantly to advancing our knowledge of the subatomic world.

Other particle detectors

The bubble chamber was invented by Donald A. Glaser of the United States in 1952, and for this, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1960. The bubble chamber similarly reveals the tracks of subatomic particles, but as trails of bubbles in a superheated liquid, usually liquid hydrogen. Bubble chambers can be made physically larger than cloud chambers, and since they are filled with much-denser liquid material, they reveal the tracks of much more energetic particles. These factors rapidly made the bubble chamber the predominant particle detector for a number of decades, so that cloud chambers were effectively superseded in fundamental research by the start of the 1960s.[8]

A

digital computer
.

Similar condensation effects can be observed as

Wilson clouds, also called condensation clouds, at large explosions in humid air and other Prandtl–Glauert singularity
effects.

Gallery

  • Thorium rod in a cloud chamber.
    Thorium rod in a cloud chamber.
  • Radon gas within a cloud chamber.
    Radon gas within a cloud chamber.
  • A home-made cloud chamber.thin: β-particles). See also animated version
  • Example of watercooled thermoelectric cloud chamber
    Example of watercooled thermoelectric cloud chamber
  • Radioactivity of a thorite mineral seen in a cloud chamber
    Radioactivity of a thorite mineral seen in a cloud chamber
  • Diffusion cloud chamber with 4.6kV ion scrubber
    Diffusion cloud chamber with 4.6kV ion scrubber
  • Homebrewed TEC / water-cooled (5-stage) diffusion cloud chamber
    Homebrewed TEC / water-cooled (5-stage) diffusion cloud chamber
  • Video of a Wilson chamber
  • Cloud chamber during the European Researchers' Night at FZU.
    Cloud chamber during the European Researchers' Night at FZU.
  • Cloud chamber with visible tracks from ionizing radiation (short, thick: α-particles; long,
    Cloud chamber with visible tracks from ionizing radiation (short, thick: α-particles; long,
  • Particle tracks from radioisotopes in an expansion cloud chamber. (Left) Alpha tracks from Am-241 source, with one beta track possibly from its daughter radionuclide, Pa-233. (Right) Beta tracks from Sr-90/Y-90 source.
    Particle tracks from radioisotopes in an expansion cloud chamber. (Left) Alpha tracks from Am-241 source, with one beta track possibly from its daughter radionuclide, Pa-233. (Right) Beta tracks from Sr-90/Y-90 source.
  • Image taken in the Pic du Midi at 2877 m in a Phywe PJ45 cloud chamber (size of surface is 45 × 45 cm). This rare picture shows in a single shot the 4 particles that are detectable in a cloud chamber : proton, electron, muon (probably) and alpha
    Image taken in the Pic du Midi at 2877 m in a Phywe PJ45 cloud chamber (size of surface is 45 × 45 cm). This rare picture shows in a single shot the 4 particles that are detectable in a cloud chamber : proton, electron, muon (probably) and alpha

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1936". The Nobel Prize. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
  2. .
  3. ^ Ples, Marek (2020-04-02). "Lab Snapshots: Expansion cloud chamber". weirdscience.eu. Retrieved 2023-07-03.
  4. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1927". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2015-04-07.
  5. .
  6. ^ Ples, Marek (2019-04-15). "Lab Snapshots: Diffusion cloud chamber". weirdscience.eu. Retrieved 2023-07-03.
  7. ^ a b Zani, G. Dept. of Physics, Brown University, RI USA. "Wilson Cloud Chamber" Archived 2017-08-01 at the Wayback Machine. Updated 05/13/2016.
  8. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1960". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2015-04-07.

References

  • Das Gupta, N. N.; Ghosh S. K. (1946). "A Report on the Wilson Cloud Chamber and its Applications in Physics". Reviews of Modern Physics. 18 (2): 225–365. .

External links