Wind power in Turkey

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Gökçeada
in the far west

Energy Ministry plans to have almost 30 GW by 2035, including 5 GW offshore.[1]

The state-owned Electricity Generation Company (EÜAŞ) has about 20% of the market,[2] and there are many private companies.[3] The highest ever daily share of wind power was 25%, in 2022.[4]

Building new wind farms is cheaper than running existing coal plants which depend on imported coal.[5] According to modelling by Carbon Tracker, new wind will be cheaper than all existing coal plants by 2027.[6][7]

History

Round stone building with a circle of triangular sails, and in the distance a red flag with white crescent and star
Historical windmill in Bodrum
Bozcaada
island in the country's west, where most wind power is concentrated

Some of the earliest windmills were built 400 years ago out of stone.

Bozcaada, two derelict mills have been reconstructed and are used for tourist demonstrations.[12]

The first

carbon offsets.[14]

A wind turbine factory was completed in 2019, also in İzmir.[15]: 57  In 2020 1.6 billion euros were invested in wind power.[16] Hybrid generation became more popular in the early 2020s.[17]

Wind farms

There are about 300

Energie Baden-Wurttemberg.[21] The maximum power of unlicensed installations is 5 MW.[22] One billion euros was invested in 2021 and 1.4 GW built: average power rating was over 5 GW, which was higher than other European countries onshore.[23]: 24  As of 2021 the largest wind farm in the country is Soma, followed by Karaburun.[24]

Aliağa Wind Farm

This section is an excerpt from Aliağa Wind Farm.[edit]

Aliağa Wind Farm is an onshore wind power plant in Aliağa district of İzmir Province in western Turkey.

The wind farm consists of four fields operated by different companies. A total of 83
GWh a year.[25]

Bahçe Wind Farm

This section is an excerpt from Bahçe Wind Farm.[edit]

country's largest one when it was commissioned in 2009.[26][27]

The licence for the wind farm was obtained in 2003 and will expire in 2033. Construction works at the site began in 2008.[28] It was constructed on Gökçedağ, a mountain between Bahçe and Hasanbeyli, south of the Osmaniye-Gaziantep highway D.400. It is operated by Rotor Co., a subsidiary of Zorlu Holding. The wind farm cost €200 million.[26]

Çanta Wind Farm

This section is an excerpt from Çanta Wind Farm.[edit]
The Çanta Wind Farm

Istanbul Province, northwestern Turkey
.

The wind farm was initially projected by Bora Wind Energy Company in 2011. After Boydak Energy Company took over Bora Co., construction began in 2012. The farm went into production in May 2014 with six turbines, each with a capacity to generate 2.5 MW. By the end of June 2014, eight more turbines were in service, increasing the total installed capacity to 35 MW.[29][30]

Dağpazarı Wind Farm

These paragraphs are an excerpt from Dağpazarı Wind Farm.[edit]
Dağpazarı Wind Farm is a wind power plant consisting of 13 wind turbines in Dağpazarı in the Taurus Mountains in the Mut district of Mersin Province, southern Turkey. It came online in 2012.[31][32]

Mut Wind Farm

This section is an excerpt from Mut Wind Farm.[edit]
Mut Wind Farm is a wind power plant consisting of eleven wind turbines situated on Mt. Magras in Özlü in the Mut district of Mersin Province in southern Turkey. The wind farm went into service in 2010.[33]

Şamlı Wind Farm

This section is an excerpt from Şamlı Wind Farm.[edit]

Şamlı Wind Farm is an onshore wind power plant in Şamlı in Balıkesir Province in western Turkey.

The wind farm consists of three fields operated by different companies. A total of 91
GWh a year.[34]

Soma Wind Farm

This section is an excerpt from Soma Wind Farm.[edit]

Turkey's largest wind farms.[35]

The wind farm, distributed over a large mountainous terrain, extends over a land area of 123 km2 (47 sq mi).
EDF Energies Nouvelles.[35][36]

Planned and under construction

In 2022 contracts for 20 wind farms totalling 850 MW were auctioned at prices from 408 lira (USD 24/EUR 22) to 778 lira per MWh.[37] However the government target of 20 GW by 2023 was not met.[22] The government published a long-term National Energy Plan in 2023 which targets almost 30 GW by 2035.[38][39]

Onshore wind potential

The

Energy Ministry estimates onshore potential as 48 GW at 50 m altitude in places with wind speed over 7.5 m/s: the estimate assumes 5 MW capacity turbines.[40] The north-west is the windiest, averaging about 7 m/s at 50 m high, and has the most wind farms.[22] Mountain ranges in the west run at right angles to the coast, so wind flows easily inland.[41]: 182  Also, the north-west uses a lot of energy, so there are only a few wind farms in other parts of the country.[22]

A

battery has been suggested.[43] The politics of electricity generation are almost all about its price, not about wind power specifically.[44] In general public opinion supports wind power,[45] although sometimes locals complain of insufficient consultation.[46]

Offshore wind potential

Technical potential is 12 GW fixed and 63 GW

ride-through capabilities should be clarified in detail".[52]

Areas off the coasts of Bandırma, Karabiga, Bozcaada and Gelibolu are being considered for Renewable Energy Resource Areas (YEKA).[1] In 2023 Shura Energy Center made several recommendations for tendering.[1]

Environmental impact

Wind farms are prohibited on globally important

Environmental impact reports are more stringent for wind farms over 50 MW.[53]

As the wind farms are relatively new and are assumed to operate for 25 years, their lifecycle environmental impact, such as what percentage of various metals will be recycled, is not yet known exactly.[55] However, as their electricity is substituting that of coal and gas-fired power stations, it is certain that they are an overall good for the environment by helping to limit greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by Turkey.[56] Lifecycle GHG emissions have been estimated at 15 g CO2eq/kWh (whereas fossil fuel power emits hundreds of g CO2 eq./kWh).[57]

Economics

The Turkish Wind Energy Association said in 2021 that over 20 thousand people were directly employed by the sector.

gas imports in the preceding 12 months.[59]

Feed-in tariff

See also: Electricity sector in Turkey § Feed-in-tariffs

From 2005, there was a feed-in tariff in Turkish lira which met with poor market uptake.[22] After being denominated in dollars from 2011 to 2020, the tariff reverted to lira with new rules.[22] The feed-in tariff applies for 10 years.[22] There are extra payments for domestic content.[16]

Auctions

TWh energy generated annually,[60] an extra 1% of electricity in Turkey
.

The German-Turkish consortium of

MWh. The consortium is carrying out research and development, for ten years, on wind turbine blades, generator design, material technologies and production techniques, software and innovative gearboxes. The R&D is done by fifty technical personnel, 80% of whom are Turkish engineers, with a budget of US$5 million per year.[60]

In 2019, the second 1 GW tender was won for four equal capacity projects in Balıkesir, Çanakkale, Aydın and Muğla, which are all provinces on the west coast.[61] The same year the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development invested US$100 million in wind and solar power in Turkey.[62] As of 2020 auction prices were around US$40 per MWh.[63] Think tank Ember say that energy policy should be changed to auction for far more solar and wind power.[59]

Since April 2022 low-cost generators such as wind have had their wholesale prices capped (this does not affect unlicensed and FiT): this can be considered a type of

windfall tax.[59] As of 2022 it is unclear whether the money will be a general tax or will be used to subsidise high-cost generators such as gas.[59]

Merchant projects have won licences with negative bids (meaning the companies pay the government for licences) and are expected to come online in the mid-2020s.[64]

Manufacturing

Nacelles are manufactured locally by Siemens,[65] but most wind turbines are imported.[22] Over half of the supply chain is local, from about 80 companies.[16] It has been estimated that there is potential for about 240 million tons of green hydrogen to be produced by electrolysis of water by wind power.[66]

See also

External links

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wind power in Turkey.
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