Window
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A window is an
the window shut or to hold it open by various amounts.In addition to this, many
Types include the eyebrow window, fixed windows,
The Romans were the first known to use
Etymology
The English language-word window originates from the
Window is first recorded in the early 13th century, and originally referred to an unglazed hole in a roof. Window replaced the
History
Technologies
In the 13th century BC, the earliest windows were unglazed openings in a roof to admit light during the day.[citation needed] Later,[when?] windows were covered with animal hide, cloth, or wood. Shutters that could be opened and closed came next.[when?] Over time, windows were built that both protected the inhabitants from the elements and transmitted light, using multiple small pieces of translucent material, such as flattened pieces of translucent animal horn, paper sheets, thin slices of marble (such as fengite), or pieces of glass, set in frameworks of wood, iron or lead. In the Far East, paper was used to fill windows.[1] The Romans were the first known users of glass for windows, exploiting a technology likely first developed in
Over the centuries techniques were developed to shear through one side of a blown glass
Modern-style floor-to-ceiling windows became possible only after the industrial plate glass-making processes were perfected.[when?] Modern windows are usually filled using glass, although a few are transparent plastic.[1]
Fashions and trends
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The introduction of lancet windows into Western European church architecture from the 12th century CE built on a tradition of arched windows [9] inserted between columns,[10] and led not only to tracery and elaborate stained-glass windows but also to a long-standing motif of pointed or rounded window-shapes in ecclesiastical buildings, still seen in many churches today.
Peter Smith discusses overall trends in early-modern rural Welsh window architecture:
Up to about 1680 windows tended to be horizontal in proportion, a shape suitable for lighting the low-ceilinged rooms that had resulted from the insertion of the upper floor into the hall-house. After that date vertically proportioned windows came into fashion, partly at least as a response to the Renaissance taste for the high ceiling. Since 1914 the wheel has come full circle and a horizontally proportioned window is again favoured.[11]
The spread of plate-glass technology made possible the introduction of picture windows (in Levittown, Pennsylvania,[12] founded 1951–1952).
Gallery
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Ancient Egyptian sandstone window grill from a palace of Ramesses III, now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)
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Fragment of a Roman window glass plate dated to 1st to 4th century CE. Note the obvious curvature; this is not a flat pane
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Indian window of the Kalleshvara Temple(India)
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Part of aCathédrale Notre-Dame de Strasbourg (Strasbourg, France)
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North transept windows in the Chartres Cathedral (Chartres, France)
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Flamboyant Gothic window of a stair tower (Toulouse, France)
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, Russia)
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Brâncovenesc window of the Stavropoleos Monastery (Bucharest, Romania)
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Versailles, France), with a festoon-derived ornament at the top
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Neoclassical group of windows, on a lateral side of the Romanian Athenaeum (Bucharest)
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Gothic Revival window of a house on Strada Jean-Louis Calderon (Bucharest)
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Egyptian Revivalwindows of a building in Place du Caire (Paris)
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Romanian Revival window of a house on Bulevardul Dacia (Bucharest)
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19th century Eclectic Classicist windows on Rue Molitor (Paris)
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Beaux-Arts window of the Stroescu House on Strada Dianei (Bucharest)
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Art Deco house with stained glass windows on Stillemansstraat (Sint-Niklaas, Belgium)
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Chicago windows of the Reliance Building (Chicago)
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Art Nouveau windows of the Horta Museum (Brussels)
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Postmodern windows of the Cité de la musique (Paris)
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Contemporary windows of Cathedral Plaza Bucharest
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Very high windows in the entrance to a residential building in Ystad.
Types
Cross
A cross-window is a rectangular window usually divided into four lights by a mullion and transom that form a Latin cross.[13]
Eyebrow
The term eyebrow window is used in two ways: a curved top window in a wall or an eyebrow dormer; and a row of small windows usually under the front eaves such as the James-Lorah House in Pennsylvania.[14]
Fixed
A fixed window is a window that cannot be opened,[15] whose function is limited to allowing light to enter (unlike an unfixed window, which can open and close). Clerestory windows in church architecture are often fixed. Transom windows may be fixed or operable. This type of window is used in situations where light or vision alone is needed as no ventilation is possible in such windows without the use of trickle vents or overglass vents.
Single-hung sash
A single-hung sash window is a window that has one sash that is movable (usually the bottom one) and the other fixed. This is the earlier form of sliding sash window and is also cheaper.[1]
Double-hung sash
A sash window is the traditional style of window in the United Kingdom, and many other places that were formerly colonized by the UK, with two parts (sashes) that overlap slightly and slide up and down inside the frame. The two parts are not necessarily the same size; where the upper sash is smaller (shorter) it is termed a cottage window. Currently, most new double-hung sash windows use spring balances to support the sashes, but traditionally, counterweights held in boxes on either side of the window were used. These were and are attached to the sashes using pulleys of either braided cord or, later, purpose-made chain. Three types of spring balances are called a tape or clock spring balance; channel or block-and-tackle balance, and a spiral or tube balance.
Double-hung sash windows were traditionally often fitted with shutters. Sash windows can be fitted with simplex hinges that let the window be locked into hinges on one side, while the rope on the other side is detached—so the window can be opened for fire escape or cleaning.
Foldup
A foldup has two equal sashes similar to a standard double-hung but folds upward allowing air to pass through nearly the full-frame opening. The window is balanced using either springs or counterbalances, similar to a double-hung. The sashes can be either offset to simulate a double-hung, or in-line. The inline versions can be made to fold inward or outward. The inward swinging foldup windows can have fixed screens, while the outward swinging ones require movable screens. The windows are typically used for screen rooms, kitchen pass-throughs, or egress.
Horizontal sliding sash
A horizontal sliding sash window has two or more sashes that overlap slightly but slide horizontally within the frame. In the UK, these are sometimes called Yorkshire sash windows, presumably because of their traditional use in that county.
Casement
A casement window is a window with a hinged sash that swings in or out like a door comprising either a side-hung, top-hung (also called "awning window"; see below), or occasionally bottom-hung sash or a combination of these types, sometimes with fixed panels on one or more sides of the sash.
Awning
An awning window is a casement window that is hung horizontally, hinged on top, so that it swings outward like an awning. In addition to being used independently, they can be stacked, several in one opening, or combined with fixed glass. They are particularly useful for ventilation.[16]
Hopper
A hopper window is a bottom-pivoting casement window that opens by tilting vertically, typically to the inside, resembling a hopper chute.[17]
Pivot
A pivot window is a window hung on one hinge on each of two opposite sides which allows the window to revolve when opened. The hinges may be mounted top and bottom (Vertically Pivoted) or at each jamb (Horizontally Pivoted). The window will usually open initially to a restricted position for ventilation and, once released, fully reverse and lock again for safe cleaning from inside. Modern pivot hinges incorporate a friction device to hold the window open against its weight and may have restriction and reversed locking built-in. In the UK, where this type of window is most common, they were extensively installed in high-rise social housing.
Tilt and slide
A tilt and slide window is a window (more usually a door-sized window) where the sash tilts inwards at the top similar to a hopper window and then slides horizontally behind the fixed pane.
Tilt and turn
A tilt and turn window can both tilt inwards at the top or open inwards from hinges at the side. This is the most common type of window in Germany, its country of origin. It is also widespread in many other European countries. In Europe, it is usual for these to be of the "turn first" type. i.e. when the handle is turned to 90 degrees the window opens in the side hung mode. With the handle turned to 180 degrees the window opens in bottom hung mode. Most usually in the UK the windows will be "tilt first" i.e. bottom hung at 90 degrees for ventilation and side hung at 180 degrees for cleaning the outer face of the glass from inside the building.[18]
Transom
A window above a door; in an exterior door the
Side light
Windows beside a door or window are called side-, wing-, margen-lights, and flanking windows.[19]
Jalousie window
Also known as a
Clerestory
A clerestory window is a window set in a roof structure or high in a wall, used for daylighting.
Skylight
A skylight is a window built into a roof structure.[20] This type of window allows for natural daylight and moonlight.
Roof
A sloped window used for daylighting, built into a roof structure. It is one of the few windows that could be used as an exit. Larger roof windows meet building codes for emergency evacuation.
Roof lantern
A roof lantern is a multi-paned glass structure, resembling a small building, built on a roof for day or moon light. Sometimes includes an additional clerestory. May also be called a cupola.
Bay
A bay window is a multi-panel window, with at least three panels set at different angles to create a protrusion from the wall line.[2]
Oriel
This form of bay window most often appears in Tudor-style houses and monasteries. It projects from the wall and does not extend to the ground. Originally a form of porch, they are often supported by brackets or corbels.
Thermal
Thermal, or Diocletian, windows are large semicircular windows (or niches) which are usually divided into three lights (window compartments) by two mullions. The central compartment is often wider than the two side lights on either side of it.
Picture
A picture window is a large fixed window in a wall, typically without glazing bars, or glazed with only perfunctory glazing bars (muntins) near the edge of the window. Picture windows provide an unimpeded view, as if framing a picture.[21]
Multi-lite
A multi-lite window is a window glazed with small panes of glass separated by wooden or lead glazing bars, or
Emergency exit/egress
An emergency exit window is a window big enough and low enough so that occupants can escape through the opening in an emergency, such as a fire. In many countries, exact specifications for emergency windows in bedrooms are given in many
Stained glass
A stained glass window is a window composed of pieces of colored glass,
French
A French door[24] has two rows of upright rectangular glass panes (lights) extending its full length; and two of these doors on an exterior wall and without a mullion separating them, that open outward with opposing hinges to a terrace or porch, are referred to as a French window.[25] Sometimes these are set in pairs or multiples thereof along the exterior wall of a very large room, but often, one French window is placed centrally in a typically sized room, perhaps among other fixed windows flanking the feature. French windows are known as porte-fenêtre in France and portafinestra in Italy, and frequently are used in modern houses.
Double-paned
Double-paned windows have two parallel panes (slabs of glass) with a separation of typically about 1 cm; this space is permanently sealed and filled at the time of manufacture with dry air or other dry nonreactive gas. Such windows provide a marked improvement in thermal insulation (and usually in acoustic insulation as well) and are resistant to fogging and frosting caused by temperature differential. They are widely used for residential and commercial construction in intemperate climates. In the UK, double-paned and triple-paned are referred to as double-glazing and triple-glazing. Triple-paned windows are now a common type of glazing in central to northern Europe. Quadruple glazing is now being introduced in Scandinavia.
Hexagonal window
A hexagonal window is a hexagon-shaped window, resembling a bee cell or crystal lattice of graphite. The window can be vertically or horizontally oriented, openable or dead. It can also be regular or elongately-shaped and can have a separator (mullion). Typically, the cellular window is used for an attic or as a decorative feature, but it can also be a major architectural element to provide the natural lighting inside buildings.
Guillotine window
A guillotine window is a window that opens vertically. Guillotine windows have more than one sliding frame, and open from bottom to top or top to bottom.
Terms
EN 12519 is the European standard that describes windows terms officially used in EU Member States. The main terms are:
- Light, or Lite, is the area between the outer parts of a window (
- Lattice light is a compound window pane madeup of small pieces of glass held together in a lattice.
- Fixed window is a unit of one non-moving lite. The terms single-light, double-light, etc., refer to the number of these glass panes in a window.
- Sash unit is a window consisting of at least one sliding glass component, typically composed of two lites (known as a double-light).
- Replacement window in the United States means a framed window designed to slip inside the original window frame from the inside after the old sashes are removed. In Europe, it usually means a complete window including a replacement outer frame.
- New construction window, in the US, means a window with a nailing fin that is inserted into a rough opening from the outside before applying siding and inside trim. A nailing fin is a projection on the outer frame of the window in the same plane as the glazing, which overlaps the prepared opening, and can thus be 'nailed' into place.
- In the UK and mainland Europe, windows in new-build houses are usually fixed with long screws into expanding plastic plugs in the brickwork. A gap of up to 13 mm is left around all four sides, and filled with expanding polyurethane foam. This makes the window fixing weatherproof but allows for expansion due to heat.
- transom.
- Window sill is the bottom piece in a window frame. Window sills slant outward to drain water away from the inside of the building.
- Secondary glazing is an additional frame applied to the inside of an existing frame, usually used on protected or listed buildings to achieve higher levels of thermal and sound insulation without compromising the look of the building
- Decorative millworkis the moulding, cornices and lintels often decorating the surrounding edges of the window.
Labeling
The United States NFRC Window Label lists the following terms:
- Thermal transmittance (U-factor), best values are around U-0.15 (equal to 0.8 W/m2/K)
- Solar heat gain coefficient(SHGC), ratio of solar heat (infrared) passing through the glass to incident solar heat
- Visible transmittance(VT), ratio of transmitted visible light divided by incident visible light
- Air leakage (AL), measured in cubic foot per minute per linear foot of crack between sash and frame
- Condensation resistance (CR), measured between 1 and 100 (the higher the number, the higher the resistance of the formation of condensation)[27]
The European harmonised standard hEN 14351–1, which deals with doors and windows, defines 23 characteristics (divided into essential and non essential). Two other, preliminary European Norms that are under development deal with internal pedestrian doors (prEN 14351–2), smoke and fire resisting doors, and openable windows (prEN 16034).[28]
Construction
Windows can be a significant source of heat transfer.[29] Therefore, insulated glazing units consist of two or more panes to reduce the transfer of heat.
Grids or muntins
These are the pieces of framing that separate a larger window into smaller panes. In older windows, large panes of glass were quite expensive, so muntins let smaller panes fill a larger space. In modern windows, light-colored muntins still provide a useful function by reflecting some of the light going through the window, making the window itself a source of diffuse light (instead of just the surfaces and objects illuminated within the room). By increasing the indirect illumination of surfaces near the window, muntins tend to brighten the area immediately around a window and reduce the contrast of shadows within the room.
Frame and sash construction
Frames and sashes can be made of the following materials:
Material | Thermal resistance
|
Durability | Maintenance | Cost | Recycled content | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wood | very good | variable | low | average | high | a well-maintained wood window built before 1950 can last 50–100 years[30][31] |
uPVC ("vinyl") | very good | very good[i] | very low | average | very low | has a life span of 25–50 years in average[31] |
Aluminum
|
very good[ii] | good | very low | low | typically > 95% | mostly thermally broken by a thermal insulation profile |
Composites | very good | good | very low | high | high | used in modern buildings |
Steel | medium | superior | very low | high | > 98% | typically welded at corner joints |
Fiberglass | very good | very good[i] | very low | high | medium |
- ^ a b PVC and fiberglass frames perform well in accelerated weathering tests. Because PVC is not as strong as other materials, some PVC frames are reinforced with metal or composite materials to improve their structural strength.
- ^ Modern aluminium window frames are typically separated by a thermal break made of a glass fibre reinforced polyamide. With a 34 mm thermal insulation profile it is possible to reach Uf= 1.3 W/m2K for a metal window. This greatly increases thermal resistance, while retaining virtually all of the structural strength.
Composites (also known as Hybrid Windows) are start since early 1998 and combine materials like aluminium + pvc or wood to obtain aesthetics of one material with the functional benefits of another.
A special class of PVC window frames, uPVC window frames, became widespread since the late 20th century, particularly in Europe: there were 83.5 million installed by 1998[32] with numbers still growing as of 2012.[33]
Glazing and filling
High thermal resistance can be obtained by evacuating or filling the insulated glazing units with gases such as
Modern double-pane and triple-pane windows often include one or more low-e coatings to reduce the window's U-factor (its insulation value, specifically its rate of heat loss). In general, soft-coat low-e coatings tend to result in a lower solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC) than hard-coat low-e coatings.
Modern windows are usually glazed with one large sheet of glass per sash, while windows in the past were glazed with multiple panes separated by glazing bars, or muntins, due to the unavailability of large sheets of glass. Today, glazing bars tend to be decorative, separating windows into small panes of glass even though larger panes of glass are available, generally in a pattern dictated by the architectural style at use. Glazing bars are typically wooden, but occasionally lead glazing bars soldered in place are used for more intricate glazing patterns.
Other construction details
Many windows have movable
Impact of the sun
Sun incidence angle
Historically, windows are designed with surfaces parallel to vertical building walls. Such a design allows considerable solar light and heat penetration due to the most commonly occurring incidence of sun angles. In
An alternative method is to calculate an optimum window mounting angle that accounts for summer sun load minimization, with consideration of actual latitude of the building. This process has been implemented, for example, in the
Solar window
Photovoltaic windows not only provide a clear view and illuminate rooms, but also convert sunlight to electricity for the building.[35] In most cases, translucent photovoltaic cells are used.
Passive solar
Passive solar windows allow light and solar energy into a building while minimizing air leakage and heat loss. Properly positioning these windows in relation to sun, wind, and landscape—while properly shading them to limit excess heat gain in summer and shoulder seasons, and providing thermal mass to absorb energy during the day and release it when temperatures cool at night—increases comfort and energy efficiency. Properly designed in climates with adequate solar gain, these can even be a building's primary heating system.
Coverings
A window covering is a shade or screen that provides multiple functions. Some coverings, such as drapes and blinds provide occupants with privacy. Some window coverings control solar heat gain and glare. There are external shading devices and internal shading devices.[36] Low-e window film is a low-cost alternative to window replacement to transform existing poorly-insulating windows into energy-efficient windows. For high-rise buildings, smart glass can provide an alternative.
See also
References
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- ^ a b c "Window". The Free Dictionary By Farlex. Retrieved May 19, 2012.
- S2CID 251121476. Retrieved November 9, 2022.
- ^ "New Oxford American Dictionary". 2010.
- ^ "Hvaðan kemur orðið gluggi? Af hverju notum við ekki vindauga samanber window?". Vísindavefurinn (in Icelandic). Retrieved September 17, 2018.
- ISBN 978-1-135-45670-2.
- JSTOR 41405704.
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- ^ Kleinschmidt, Beda Julius (1912). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 15.
In general two or three windows united in a group, as was later the rule in Roman architecture, were even then of frequent occurrence in the early Christian architecture of Asia Minor. The form of the window is nearly everywhere the same; a rectangle that usually has a rounded top, but seldom a straight lintel.
. - ^ Kleinschmidt, Beda Julius (1912). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 15.
The place of the window was determined by the architectural membering of the basilica, the distance between two columns generally indicating the position of a window.
. - ^
ISBN 9780521257756. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
- ^
ISBN 9780743235976. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
The casual, spread-out ranch house [...] by 1950 accounted for nine out of ten new houses. [...] Its one extravagance was a large window facing the street - the picture window. As far as I have been able to determine, picture windows made their first appearance in Levittown, Pennsylvania.
- ISBN 978-0-19-860678-9.
- ^ Harris, Cyril M. (1998). American Architecture: An Illustrated Encyclopedia. New York: W. W. Norton.
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- ^ "Tilt-and-Turn Windows Gain Popularity". June 11, 2021. Retrieved January 25, 2023.
- ^ Curl, James Stevens. "Flanking window". A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture. 2nd ed. Oxford England: Oxford University Press, 2006. 285. Print.
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- ^ "Picture window". The Free Dictionary. Farlex. Retrieved May 19, 2012.
- ^ "U.S. Dept. of Transportation: Safety information for bus/motorcoach passengers" (PDF). Retrieved February 11, 2012.
- ^ "Stained glass". The Free Dictionary. Farlex. Retrieved May 19, 2012.
- Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, access date July 4, 2017
- Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, access date July 4, 2017
- ISBN 978-0-7487-8502-5.
- NFRCHeat Loss Fact Sheet
- ^ "CPR guideline" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 6, 2013. Retrieved February 13, 2013.
- ^ Carmody, J., Selkowitz, S., Lee, E. S., Arasteh, D., & Willmert, T. (2004). Window Systems for High-Performance Buildings. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
- ^ "Saving Windows, Saving Money: Evaluating the Energy Performance of Window Retrofit and Replacement". Resource Library – National Trust for Historic Preservation. National Trust for Historic Preservation. Retrieved March 31, 2020.
- ^ a b Peterson Wasielewski, Shannon. "Windows: Energy Efficiency Facts and Myths" (PDF). Washington Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation. Retrieved March 31, 2020.
- ISBN 978-1-85957-183-5.
- ^ "Global Vinyl Windows Market to Reach 163 Million Units by 2017, According to a New Report by Global Industry Analysts, Inc". PRWeb. April 18, 2012. Retrieved February 11, 2012.
- ^ Howell, Sandra C. (1976). Designing for the Elderly; Windows. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Architecture. Design Evaluation Project.
- ^ "MIT opens new 'window' on solar energy". Web.mit.edu. July 10, 2008. Retrieved February 11, 2012.
- ^ Beckett, H. E., & Godfrey, J. A. (1974). Windows: Performance, design and installation. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company.