Windows 8
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Windows 8 is a major release of the Windows NT operating system developed by Microsoft. It was released to manufacturing on August 1, 2012, and was made available for download via MSDN and TechNet on August 15, 2012.[6] Nearly three months after its initial release, it finally made its first retail appearance on October 26, 2012.[7]
Windows 8 introduced major changes to the operating system's platform and
Windows 8 received a mostly negative reception. Although the reaction to its performance improvements, security enhancements, and improved support for touchscreen devices was positive, the new user interface was widely criticized as confusing and unintuitive, especially when used with a keyboard and mouse rather than a touchscreen. Despite these shortcomings, 60 million licenses were sold through January 2013, including upgrades and sales to
Microsoft released Windows 8.1 in October 2013, which addressed some aspects of Windows 8 that were criticized by reviewers and early adopters and also incorporated various improvements.[11] Windows 8 was ultimately succeeded by Windows 10 in July 2015. Support for RTM editions of Windows 8 ended on January 12, 2016, and with the exception of Windows Embedded 8 Standard users, all users are required to install the Windows 8.1 update. Mainstream support for the Embedded Standard edition of Windows 8 ended on July 10, 2018, and extended support ended on July 11, 2023.
Development
Early development
Development started in 2009 while Microsoft was finishing work on
The earliest available build of Windows 8 is build 7700, compiled in January 2010.[18] The build was identical to Windows 7 except for the wallpaper being different—the same one from the Beta and Release Candidate. In addition, there were a few references to Windows 8 in this build.[citation needed]
In late 2010, an optional 3D desktop user interface for high-end systems named "Wind" was rumored.[19]
Two
This build also leaked in the x86 architecture as a debug build, with the setup having a slight change – the theme was now Windows Basic in setup, rather than Classic.[citation needed]
Build 8008 was the first build to remove the User Tile. A new wallpaper was introduced and Metro was updated to be more like the final version of Windows 8.[25]
On June 1, 2011, Microsoft unveiled Windows 8's new user interface, as well as additional features at both
The "Building Windows 8" blog launched on August 15, 2011, featuring details surrounding Windows 8's features and its development process.[28]
Previews
Microsoft would unveil more Windows 8 features and improvements on the first day of the first
The build was released for download later that day in 32-bit and 64-bit variants, and a special 64-bit variant which included SDKs and developer tools (
On February 17, 2012, Microsoft unveiled a new logo for Windows 8. Designed by Pentagram partner Paula Scher, the Windows logo was changed to resemble a set of four window panes. Additionally, the entire logo is now rendered in a single solid color.[35]
On February 29, 2012, Microsoft released Windows 8 Consumer Preview, the beta version of Windows 8, build 8250. Alongside other changes, the build brought over the big change from build 8195: removing the
Many other builds may exist or were released until Japan's Developers Day conference when Sinofsky announced that Windows 8 Release Preview (build 8400) would be released during the first week of June.[39] On May 28, 2012, Windows 8 Release Preview (Standard Simplified Chinese x64 edition, not China-specific variant, build 8400) was leaked online on various Chinese and BitTorrent websites.[40] On May 31, 2012, Windows 8 Release Preview was released to the public by Microsoft.[41] Major items in the Release Preview included the addition of Sports, Travel, and News apps, along with an integrated variant of Adobe Flash Player in Internet Explorer.[42] Like the Developer Preview and the Consumer Preview, the release preview expired on January 15, 2013.[citation needed]
Release
On August 1, 2012, Windows 8 (build 9200
Relatively few changes were made from the Release Preview to the final version. These included updated versions of bundled apps, the renaming of Windows Explorer to File Explorer, the replacement of the Aero Glass theme from Windows Vista and 7 with a new flat and solid-color theme as seen in build 8432, and the addition of new background options for the Start screen, lock screen, and desktop.
Microsoft began an advertising campaign centered around Windows 8 and its
In May 2013, Microsoft launched a new television campaign for Windows 8 illustrating the capabilities and pricing of Windows 8 tablets in comparison to the iPad, which featured the voice of Siri remarking on the iPad's limitations in a parody of Apple's "Get a Mac" advertisements.[57][58] On June 12, 2013, during game 1 of the 2013 Stanley Cup Finals, Microsoft premiered the first ad in its "Windows Everywhere" campaign, which promoted Windows 8, Windows Phone 8, and the company's suite of online services as an interconnected platform.[59][60] Microsoft also announced that it would partner with electronics store chain Best Buy to convert PC departments at locations in the United States and Canada into a Windows-branded store-within-a-store that would showcase Microsoft products, services, and Windows devices.[61][62][63]
New and updated features
New features and functionality in Windows 8 include a faster startup through
Safety and security
New security features in Windows 8 include two new authentication methods tailored towards touchscreens (
Windows 8 supports a feature of the
Online services and functionality
Windows 8 provides tighter integration with online services from Microsoft and others. A user can now log into Windows with a
Windows 8 also incorporates improved support for
Windows Store apps
Windows 8 introduces a new style of application,
Windows Store apps run within a new set of
Retail variants of Windows 8 are only able to install these apps through
The term "Immersive app" had been used internally by Microsoft developers to refer to the apps prior to the first official presentation of Windows 8, after which they were referred to as "Metro-style apps" in reference to the Metro design language. The term was phased out in August 2012; a Microsoft spokesperson denied rumors that the change was related to a potential trademark issue, and stated that "Metro" was only a codename that would be replaced prior to Windows 8's release.[17][104] Following these reports, the terms "Modern UI-style apps",[105] "Windows 8-style apps",[106] and "Windows Store apps" began to be used in various Microsoft documents and material to refer to the new apps. In an interview on September 12, 2012, Soma Somasegar (vice president of Microsoft's development software division) confirmed that "Windows Store apps" would be the official term for the apps.[107] An MSDN page explaining the Metro design language uses the term "Modern design" to refer to the language as a whole.[108]
Web browsers
Exceptions to the restrictions faced by Windows Store apps are given to
The developers of both
Interface and desktop
Windows 8 introduces significant changes to the operating system's user interface, many of which are aimed at improving its experience on tablet computers and other touchscreen devices. The new user interface is based on Microsoft's Metro design language and uses a Start screen similar to that of Windows Phone 7 as the primary means of launching applications. The Start screen displays a customizable array of tiles linking to various apps and desktop programs, some of which can display constantly updated information and content through "live tiles".[99] As a form of multi-tasking, apps can be snapped to the side of a screen.[99] Alongside the traditional Control Panel, a new simplified and touch-optimized settings app known as "PC Settings" is used for basic configuration and user settings. It does not include many of the advanced options still accessible from the Control Panel.[116]
A vertical toolbar known as the charms[117] (accessed by swiping from the right edge of a touchscreen, swiping from the right edge of a touchpad, or pointing the cursor at hotspots in the right corners of a screen) provides access to system and app-related functions, such as search, sharing, device management, settings, and a Start button.[117][118] The traditional desktop environment for running desktop applications is accessed via a tile on the Start screen. The Start button on the taskbar from previous versions of Windows has been converted into a hotspot (or "hot corner") in the lower-left corner of the screen, which displays a large tooltip displaying a thumbnail of the Start screen. Windows 8.1 added the start button back to the taskbar after many complaints, but removed the preview thumbnail.[119][120] Swiping from the left edge of a touchscreen or clicking in the top-left corner of the screen allows one to switch between apps and Desktop. Pointing the cursor at the top-left corner of the screen and moving down reveals a thumbnail list of active apps.[120] Aside from the removal of the Start button and the replacement of the Aero Glass theme with a flatter and solid-colored design, the desktop interface on Windows 8 is similar to that of Windows 7.[121]
Removed features
Several notable features were removed in Windows 8; support for playing DVD-Video was removed from Windows Media Player due to the cost of licensing the necessary decoders (especially for devices which do not include optical disc drives at all) and the prevalence of online streaming services. For the same reasons, Windows Media Center is not included by default on Windows 8, but Windows Media Center and DVD playback support could be purchased in the "Pro Pack" (which upgrades the system to Windows 8 Pro) or the "Media Center Pack" add-on for Windows 8 Pro. As with prior versions, third-party DVD player software can still be used to enable DVD playback.[122]
Hardware requirements
PCs
The minimum system requirements for Windows 8 are higher than
Component | Minimum | Recommended |
---|---|---|
Processor | 1 | |
Memory (RAM) | IA-32 edition: 1 GB x64 edition: 2 GB |
4 GB |
Graphics Card
|
DirectX 9 graphics device 1.0 or higher driver
WDDM |
DirectX 10 graphics device
|
Display screen | — | 1024×768 pixels |
Input device | mouse
|
multi-touch display screen |
Hard disk space | IA-32 edition: 16 GB x64 edition: 20 GB |
— |
Other | — | UEFI v2.3.1 Errata B with Microsoft Windows Certification Authority in its database Trusted Platform Module (TPM) Internet connectivity |
Microsoft's
32-bit SKUs of Windows 8 only support a maximum of 4 GB of RAM. 64-bit SKUs, however, support more: Windows 8 x64 supports 128 GB while Windows 8 Pro and Enterprise x64 support 512 GB.[130]
In January 2016, Microsoft announced that, effective July 17, 2018, it would no longer support Windows 8.1 or 7 on devices using Intel's Skylake CPU family, and that all future CPU microarchitectures, as well as Skylake systems after this date, would only be supported on Windows 10. After the deadline, only critical security updates would be released for users on these platforms.[131][132][133][134] When this new policy faced criticism from users and enterprise customers, Microsoft partially retracted the change and stated that both operating systems would remain supported on Skylake hardware through the end of their extended-support lifecycle. Windows 8.1 remains officially unsupported on all newer CPU families, and neither AMD or Intel will provide official chipset drivers for Windows operating systems other than Windows 10.[135][136] However, in August 2016, Microsoft again extended the Skylake support policy until the end of support for Windows 7 and 8.1 (2020 and 2023, respectively).[137][136]
Tablets and convertibles
Microsoft released minimum hardware requirements for tablet and
Graphics card | DirectX 10 graphics device with WDDM 1.2 or higher driver |
---|---|
Storage | 10 GB free space, after the out-of-box experience completes |
Standard buttons | Power, Rotation lock, Windows key, Volume up, Volume down |
Screen | Touch screen supporting a minimum of 5-point digitizers and resolution of at least 1024×768. The physical dimensions of the display panel must match the aspect ratio of the native resolution, which can be greater than 1024 (horizontally) and 768 (vertically). Minimum native color depth is 32-bits. If the display resolution is below 1366×768, disclaimers must be included in documentation to notify users that the Snap function is not available.[140]
|
Camera | Minimum 720p |
Accelerometer | 3 axes with data rates at or above 50 Hz |
USB 2.0
|
At least one controller and exposed port. |
Connect | Bluetooth 4.0 + LE (low energy)
|
Other | .
If a mobile broadband device is integrated into a tablet or convertible system, then an near field communication need to have visual marks to help users locate and use the proximity technology. The new interrupt button combination, to replace Ctrl + Alt + Del , is Windows Key + Power.
|
Updated certification requirements were implemented to coincide with Windows 8.1. As of 2014, all certified devices with integrated displays must contain a 720p webcam and higher quality speakers and microphones, while all certified devices that support Wi-Fi must support Bluetooth as well. As of 2015, all certified devices must contain Trusted Platform Module 2.0 chips.[142][143]
Editions
Windows 8 is available in three different editions—Windows 8, Windows 8 Pro, and Windows 8 Enterprise—were sold at retail in most countries, with Windows 8, the most basic, being pre-loaded on new computers. Each edition of Windows 8 includes all of the capabilities and features of the edition preceding it, and add additional features oriented towards their market segments. For example, Pro added
Windows 8 was distributed as a retail box product on DVD, and through a digital download that could be converted into DVD or USB install media. From its launch until January 31, 2013, as part of a launch promotion, Microsoft offered Windows 8 Pro upgrades at a discounted price of US$39.99 online, or $69.99 for a retail box; afterward the Windows 8 price has been $119.99 and the Pro price $199.99.[147][148] Those who purchased new PCs pre-loaded with Windows 7 Home Basic, Home Premium, Professional, or Ultimate between June 2, 2012, and January 31, 2013, could digitally purchase a Windows 8 Pro upgrade for US$14.99.[149] Several PC manufacturers offered rebates and refunds on Windows 8 upgrades obtained through promotions on select models, such as those of Hewlett-Packard (in the U.S. and Canada on select models) and Acer (in Europe on selected Ultrabook models).[150][151] During these promotions, the Windows Media Center add-on for Windows 8 Pro was also offered for free.[144]
Unlike previous versions of Windows, Windows 8 was distributed at retail only under "Upgrade" licenses, which require an onboard version of Windows to install. The "full version software" SKU, which was more expensive but could be installed on computers without an eligible OS or none at all, was discontinued. In lieu of a full version, a specialized "System Builder" SKU was introduced. The "System Builder" replaced the original equipment manufacturer (OEM) SKU, which was only allowed for use on PCs meant for resale but added a "Personal Use License" exemption that officially allowed its purchase and personal use by users on homebuilt computers.[152][153][154]
Retail distribution of Windows 8 has since been discontinued in favor of
Software compatibility
The three desktop editions of Windows 8 support 32-bit and 64-bit architectures; retail copies of Windows 8 include install DVDs for both architectures, while the online installer automatically installs the variant corresponding with the architecture of the system's existing Windows installation.
The 64-bit variant runs on CPUs compatible with the
Windows RT, the only edition of Windows 8 for systems with
Support for IE10 on
Reception
Pre-release
Following the unveiling of Windows 8, Microsoft faced criticism (particularly from
Several notable video game developers criticized Microsoft for making its Windows Store a closed platform, subject to its own regulations, as it conflicted with their view of the PC as an open platform. Markus "Notch" Persson (creator of the indie game Minecraft),[171] Gabe Newell (co-founder of Valve and developer of software distribution platform Steam),[172] and Rob Pardo from Activision Blizzard voiced concern about the closed nature of the Windows Store.[173] However, Tom Warren of The Verge stated that Microsoft's addition of the Store was simply responding to the success of both Apple and Google in pursuing the "curated application store approach."[174]
Critical reception
Reviews of the various editions of Windows 8 were mixed to negative. Tom Warren of
The user interface of Windows 8 has been the subject of negative reaction. Bright wrote that its system of hot corners and edge swiping "wasn't very obvious" due to the lack of instructions provided by the operating system on the functions accessed through the user interface, even by the video tutorial added on the
In 2013, Frank X. Shaw, a Microsoft corporate vice president, said that while many of the negative reviews were extreme, it was a "good thing" that Microsoft was "listening to feedback and improving a product".[180]
The American Customer Satisfaction Index (ACSI) reported a decline in Microsoft's customer satisfaction, the lowest it has been since Windows Vista.[181]
Microsoft says that about 4 million users upgraded to Windows 8 over the weekend after its release,[182][183] which CNET says was well below Microsoft's internal projections and was described inside the company as disappointing.[184]
On November 27, 2012, Microsoft announced that it had sold 40 million licenses of Windows 8 in the first month, surpassing the pace of Windows 7.[185]
However, according to research firm NPD, sales of devices running Windows in the United States had declined 21 percent compared to the same time period in 2011.
Windows 8 surpassed
In March 2013, Microsoft also amended its certification requirements to allow tablets to use the 1024×768 resolution as a minimum; this change is expected to allow the production of certified Windows 8 tablets in smaller form factors—a market which is currently dominated by Android-based tablets.[140] Despite the reaction of industry experts, Microsoft reported that they had sold 100 million licenses in the first six months. This matched sales of Windows 7 over a similar period.[192] This statistic includes shipments to channel warehouses which now need to be sold in order to make way for new shipments.[193]
In January 2014, Hewlett-Packard began a promotion for desktops running Windows 7, saying that it was "back by popular demand". Outside sources have suggested that this might be because HP or its customers thought the Windows 8 platform would be more appropriate for mobile computing than desktop computing, or that they were looking to attract customers forced to switch from XP, who wanted a more familiar interface.[194][195]
In February 2014,
Based on information gathered by Net Applications, the market share of Windows 8 had consistently dropped below the 1% mark by June 2022.[200]
Chinese government ban
In May 2014, the Government of China banned the internal purchase of Windows 8–based products under government contracts requiring "energy-efficient" devices. The Xinhua News Agency claimed that Windows 8 was being banned in protest of Microsoft's support lifecycle policy and the end of support for Windows XP (which, as of January 2014, had a market share of 49% in China), as the government "obviously cannot ignore the risks of running an OS without guaranteed technical support." However, Ni Guangnan of the Chinese Academy of Sciences had also previously warned that Windows 8 could allegedly expose users to surveillance by the United States government due to its heavy use of Internet-based services.[201][202][203][204]
In June 2014, state broadcaster
Windows 8.1
A feature update to Windows 8, known as
Windows 8.1 addressed a number of criticisms faced by Windows 8 upon its release, with additional customization options for the Start screen, the restoration of a visible Start button on the desktop, the ability to snap up to four apps on a single display, and the ability to boot to the desktop instead of the Start screen. Windows 8's stock apps were also updated, a new
Microsoft marketed Windows 8.1 as an "update" rather than as a "service pack", as it had done with such revisions for previous versions of Windows.[223] Nonetheless, Microsoft's support lifecycle policy treats Windows 8.1 similarly, to previous Windows service packs: With the exception of Windows Embedded 8 Standard users, upgrading to 8.1 has been required to maintain access to mainstream support and updates after January 12, 2016.[4][224][225] Although Windows 8 RTM is unsupported, Microsoft released an emergency security patch in May 2017 for Windows 8 RTM, as well as other unsupported versions of Windows (including Windows XP and Windows Server 2003), to address a vulnerability that was being leveraged by the WannaCry ransomware attack.[226][227] Updates to apps published on Windows Store after July 1, 2019, are no longer available to Windows 8 RTM users.[228]
Retail and OEM installations of Windows 8, Windows 8 Pro, and
See also
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Further reading
- Paul, Ian (November 20, 2012). "Downgrading from Windows 8 to Windows 7: What you need to know". PC World. IDG. Retrieved November 21, 2012.—Analysis of Windows 8 downgrade rights