Windows 98
Version of the Closed source | |
Released to manufacturing | May 15, 1998 |
---|---|
General availability | June 25, 1998 |
Final release | Second Edition (4.10.2222 A) / June 10, 1999[1] |
Platforms | IA-32 |
Kernel type | Monolithic kernel (DOS) |
License | Commercial software |
Preceded by | Windows 95 (1995) |
Succeeded by | Windows Me (2000) |
Official website | Windows 98 at the Wayback Machine (archived October 12, 1999) |
Support status | |
Mainstream support ended on June 30, 2002[2] Extended support ended on July 11, 2006[2] |
Windows 98 is a consumer-oriented
Windows 98 is web-integrated and bears numerous similarities to its predecessor. Most of its improvements were cosmetic or designed to improve the user experience, but there were also a handful of features introduced to enhance system functionality and capabilities, including improved USB support and accessibility, and support for hardware advancements such as DVD players. Windows 98 was the first edition of Windows to adopt the Windows Driver Model, and introduced features that would become standard in future generations of Windows, such as Disk Cleanup, Windows Update, multi-monitor support, and Internet Connection Sharing.
Microsoft had marketed Windows 98 as a "tune-up" to Windows 95, rather than an entirely improved next generation of Windows.[5]
Upon release, Windows 98 was generally well-received for its web-integrated interface and ease of use, as well as its addressing of issues present in Windows 95, although some pointed out that it was not significantly more stable than Windows 95.
Windows 98 sold an estimated 58 million licenses and saw one major update, known as Windows 98 Second Edition (SE), released on June 10, 1999.
After the release of its successor, Windows Me in 2000, mainstream support for Windows 98 and 98 SE ended on June 30, 2002, followed by extended support on July 11, 2006 along with Windows Me's end of extended support.
Development
Following the success of Windows 95, the development of Windows 98 began, initially under the development codename "Memphis". The first test version, Windows Memphis Developer Release, was released in January 1997.[6]
Memphis first entered beta as Windows Memphis Beta 1, released on June 30, 1997.[7] It was followed by Windows 98 Beta 2, which dropped the Memphis name and was released in July.[8] Microsoft had planned a full release of Windows 98 for the first quarter of 1998, along with a Windows 98 upgrade pack for Windows 95, but it also had a similar upgrade for Windows 3.x operating systems planned for the second quarter. Stacey Breyfogle, a product manager for Microsoft, explained that the later release of the upgrade for Windows 3 was because the upgrade required more testing than that for Windows 95 due to the presence of more compatibility issues, and without user objections, Microsoft merged the two upgrade packs into one and set all of their release dates to the second quarter.[9]
On December 15, 1997, Microsoft released Windows 98 Beta 3. It was the first build to be able to upgrade from
Build 1998 was compiled as Windows 98 on May 11, 1998,
A second major version of the operating system called Windows 98 Second Edition was later unveiled in March 1999.[16][17] Microsoft compiled the final build on April 23, 1999, before being fully released to manufacturing on May 5,[13][18] and publicly released on June 10, 1999.[1] Windows 98 was to be the final product in the Windows 9x line until Microsoft briefly revived the line to release Windows Me in 2000 as the final Windows 9x product before the introduction of Windows XP in 2001, which was based on the Windows NT architecture and kernel used in Windows 2000.[19]
New and updated features
Web integration and shell enhancements
The first release of Windows 98 included Internet Explorer 4.01. This was updated to 5.0 in the Second Edition. Besides Internet Explorer, many other Internet companion applications are included such as
The Windows 98
Windows 98 also integrates shell enhancements, themes and other features from
Title bars of windows and dialog boxes support two-color gradients, a feature ported from and refined from
Improvements to hardware support
Windows Driver Model
Windows 98 was the first operating system to use the Windows Driver Model (WDM). This fact was not well publicized when Windows 98 was released, and most hardware producers continued to develop drivers for the older VxD driver standard, which Windows 98 supported for compatibility's sake. The WDM standard only achieved widespread adoption years later, mostly through Windows 2000 and Windows XP, as they were not compatible with the older VxD standard.[35] With the Windows Driver Model, developers could write drivers that were compatible with other versions of Windows.[36] Device driver access in WDM is implemented through a VxD device driver, NTKERN.VXD
, which implements several Windows NT-specific kernel support functions.[37]
Support for WDM audio enables digital mixing, routing and processing of simultaneous audio streams, and
Windows Driver Model also includes
Other device support improvements
Windows 98 had more robust USB support than Windows 95, which only had support in OEM versions OSR2.1 and later..
Windows 98 introduced
Windows 98, in general, provides improved — and a broader range of — support for IDE and SCSI drives and drive controllers, floppy drive controllers and all other classes of hardware as compared to Windows 95.
Networking enhancements
Windows 98 networking enhancements to
The
Network Driver Interface Specification 5 support means Windows 98 can support a wide range of network media, including Ethernet, Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), Token Ring, Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), ISDN, wide area networks, X.25, and Frame Relay. Additional features include NDIS power management, support for quality of service, Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI) and support for a single INF file format across all Windows versions.[47]
Windows 98 Dial-Up Networking supports PPTP tunneling,[48] support for ISDN adapters, multilink support, and connection-time scripting to automate non-standard login connections. Multilink channel aggregation enables users to combine all available dial-up lines to achieve higher transfer speeds. PPP connection logs can show actual packets being passed and Windows 98 allows PPP logging per connection. The Dial-Up Networking improvements are also available in Windows 95 OSR2 and are downloadable for earlier Windows 95 releases.
For networked computers that have user profiles enabled, Windows 98 introduces Microsoft Family Logon which lists all users that have been configured for that computer, enabling users to simply select their names from a list rather than having to type them in.[49]
Windows 98 supports
UPnP and NAT traversal APIs can be installed on Windows 98 by installing the Windows XP Network Setup Wizard.[52] An L2TP/IPsec VPN client can also be downloaded. By installing Active Directory Client Extensions, Windows 98 can take advantage of several Windows 2000 Active Directory features.
Improvements to the system and built-in utilities
Performance improvements
Windows 95 introduced the 32-bit, protected-mode cache driver VCACHE (replacing SMARTDrv) to cache the most recently accessed information from the hard drive in memory, divided into chunks. However, the cache parameters needed manual tuning as it degraded performance by consuming too much memory and not releasing it quickly enough, forcing paging to occur far too early. The Windows 98 VCACHE cache size management for disk and network access, CD-ROM access and paging is more dynamic compared to Windows 95, resulting in no tuning being required for cache parameters.[53] On the FAT32 file system, Windows 98 has a performance feature called MapCache that can run applications from the disk cache itself if the code pages of executable files are aligned/mapped on 4K boundaries, instead of copying them to virtual memory. This results in more memory being available to run applications, and lesser usage of the swap file.
Windows 98 registry handling is more robust than Windows 95 to avoid corruption and there are several enhancements to eliminate limitations and improve registry performance.[54] The Windows 95 registry key size limitation of 64 KB is gone. The registry uses less memory and has better caching.[55]
Windows 98 also supports a Fast Shutdown feature that initiates shutdown without uninitializing
Other system tools
A number of improvements are made to various other system tools and accessories in Windows 98. Microsoft Backup supports differential backup and SCSI tape devices in Windows 98. Disk Cleanup, a new tool, enables users to clear their disks of unnecessary files. Cleanup locations are extensible through Disk Cleanup handlers. Disk Cleanup can be automated for regular silent cleanups.[61]
Scanreg (DOS) and ScanRegW are Registry Checker tools used to back up, restore or optimize the
Windows 98 Setup simplifies installation, reducing the bulk of user input required.[65] The Windows 98 Startup Disk contains generic, real-mode ATAPI and SCSI CD-ROM drivers that can be used instead in the event that the specific driver for a CD-ROM is unavailable.[66]
The system could be updated using Windows Update.[64] A utility to automatically notify the user of critical updates was later released.[67]
Windows 98 includes an improved version of the Dr. Watson utility that collects and lists comprehensive information such as running tasks, startup programs with their command line switches, system patches, kernel driver, user drivers, DOS drivers and 16-bit modules. With Dr. Watson loaded in the system tray, whenever a software fault occurs (general protection fault, hang, etc.), Dr. Watson will intercept it and indicate what software crashed and its cause.[64]
Windows Report Tool takes a snapshot of system configuration and lets users submit a manual problem report along with system information to technicians. It has e-mail confirmation for submitted reports.[62]
Accessories
Windows 98 includes
Users can configure the font in
Miscellaneous improvements
- Telephony API (TAPI) 2.1
- DCOM version 1.2
- Ability to list fonts by similarity determined using PANOSE information.
- Tools to automate setup, such as Batch 98 and INFInst.exe, support error-checking, gathering information automatically to create an INF file directly from a machine's registry, customizing IE4, shell and desktop settings and adding custom drivers.
- Several other Resource Kit tools are included on the Windows 98 CD.[70]
- Windows 98 has new system event sounds for Low Battery Alarm and Critical Battery Alarm.
- Windows 98 also introduced new and updated system sounds. The new startup sound for Windows 98 was composed by Microsoft sound engineer Ken Kato, who considered it to be a "tough act to follow".[71]
- Windows 98 shipped with Shockwave Player preinstalled.[72]
Windows 98 Second Edition
Windows 98 Second Edition (often shortened to Windows 98 SE and sometimes to Win98 SE or 98 SE)
Other features in the update include DirectX 6.1 which introduced major improvements to DirectSound and the introduction of DirectMusic,
Removed features
The Active Channels Channel bar from the original release of Windows 98 was removed in Windows 98 Second Edition and is not installed upon first boot, but is retained if upgrading from the original release of Windows 98 to Windows 98 Second Edition.
Windows 98 Second Edition did not ship with the WinG API or RealPlayer 4.0, unlike the original release of Windows 98, due to both of these having been superseded by DirectX and Windows Media Player, respectively.
Upgradeability
Several components of Windows 98 can be updated to newer versions. These include:
- Internet Explorer 6 SP1 and Outlook Express 6 SP1
- Windows Media Format Runtime and Windows Media Player 9 Series
- Windows Media Encoder 7.1 and Windows Media 8 Encoding Utility
- DirectX 9.0c (the latest compatible runtime is from October 2007.)[80]
- MSN Messenger 7.0
- Significant features from newer Microsoft operating systems can be installed on Windows 98. Chief among them are Remote Desktop Connection client 5.2 and the Text Services Framework.
- Several other components such as MSXML 3.0 SP7, Microsoft Agent 2.0, NetMeeting 3.01, MSAA 2.0, ActiveSync 3.8, WSH 5.6, Microsoft Data Access Components 2.81 SP1, WMI 1.5 and Speech API 4.0.
- Office XP SP3[81]
- Although Windows 98 does not fully support Unicode, certain Unicode applications can run if the Microsoft Layer for Unicode is installed.
System requirements
The majority of copies of Windows 98 were distributed in CD-ROM. A 3+1⁄2-inch floppy disk version was available for older machines, albeit only via mail order. The floppy disk version of Windows 98 came on 39 DMF formatted floppy disks and excluded some additional software components that the CD-ROM version might have featured. The original release of Windows 98 was the last version of Windows to be available on floppy disks, as Windows 98 Second Edition was only available on CD-ROMs. Microsoft Plus! for Windows 98 was also only available on CD-ROMs.
The two major versions of Windows 98 have minimum requirements needed to be run.
Field | System | Comments | |
---|---|---|---|
Windows 98[82] | Second Edition[83] | ||
Processor | Intel 80486 66 MHz or higher
|
Pentium processor recommended[84] | |
RAM | 16 MB | 24 MB | 24 MB recommended; it is possible to run on 8 MB machines with /nm option used during the installation process |
Storage |
|
The amount of space required depends on the installation method and the components selected, but virtual memory and system utilities as well as drivers should be taken into consideration. | |
Display | VGA or higher resolution monitor (640×480)
|
||
Media drive | CD-ROM or DVD-ROM drive | Floppy install is possible but slow | |
Input | Microsoft Mouse or compatible pointing device |
Users can bypass processor requirement checks with the undocumented /NM setup switch. This allows installation on computers with processors as old as the
Limitations
The original release of Windows 98 may fail to boot on computers with a processor faster than 2.1 GHz. Windows 98 is only designed to handle up to 512 MB of RAM without changes.[86] The maximum amount of RAM the operating system is designed to use is up to 1 GB of RAM. Systems with more than 1.5 GB of RAM may continuously reboot during startup.[87]
Windows 98 may have problems running on hard drives of capacities larger than 32 GB in systems with certain Phoenix BIOS configurations. A software update fixed this shortcoming.[88]
The original release of Windows 98 may have a bug with the Active Channels Channel bar not setting up properly on computers with a processor faster than 1.5 GHz.[citation needed]
Support lifecycle
Computers running Windows 98 can be directly upgraded to Windows XP, providing they meet the requirements for Windows XP. Support for Windows 98 under Microsoft's consumer product life cycle policy was originally planned to end on June 30, 2003,[89] however, in December 2002,[90] Microsoft extended the support window to January 16, 2004.[91] This date would then be extended again to June 30, 2006 on January 13, 2004[92] up to a final end of support date of July 11, 2006,[93] citing support volumes in emerging markets as the reason for the extension.[90]
Retail availability for Windows 98 ended on June 30, 2002,[91] and later became completely unavailable from Microsoft in any form (through MSDN or otherwise) due to the terms of Java-related settlements Microsoft made with Sun Microsystems.[94]
In 2011, Microsoft retired the Windows Update v4 website.[95] An independent project named Windows Update Restored aims to restore the Windows Update websites for older versions of Windows, including Windows 98.[96][95]
Reception
Windows 98 was released to positive reviews, with praise directed to its improved graphical user interface and customizability, ease of use,
Sales
Windows 98 sold 530,000 licenses in its first four days of availability, overtaking Windows 95's 510,000.[99] It later sold a total of 580,000 and 350,000 licenses in the first and second months of availability, respectively.[100]
In the first year of its release, Windows 98 sold a total of 15 million licenses – 2 million more than its predecessor. However,
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Further reading
- Davis, Fred; Crosby, Kip (1998). The Windows 98 Bible. Berkeley, California: Peachpit Press. ISBN 0-201-69690-8.
External links
- "Windows 98." – Microsoft (Archive)
- GUIdebook: Windows 98 Gallery Archived September 27, 2010, at the Wayback Machine – A website dedicated to preserving and showcasing Graphical User Interfaces