Windows 98

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Windows 98
Version of the
Closed source
Released to
manufacturing
May 15, 1998; 26 years ago (1998-05-15)
General
availability
June 25, 1998; 26 years ago (1998-06-25)
Final releaseSecond Edition (4.10.2222 A) / June 10, 1999; 25 years ago (1999-06-10)[1]
PlatformsIA-32
Kernel typeMonolithic kernel (DOS)
LicenseCommercial software
Preceded byWindows 95 (1995)
Succeeded byWindows Me (2000)
Official websiteWindows 98 at the Wayback Machine (archived October 12, 1999)
Support status
Mainstream support ended on June 30, 2002[2]
Extended support ended on July 11, 2006[2]

Windows 98 is a consumer-oriented

32-bit[3] monolithic product with the boot stage based on MS-DOS.[4]

Windows 98 is web-integrated and bears numerous similarities to its predecessor. Most of its improvements were cosmetic or designed to improve the user experience, but there were also a handful of features introduced to enhance system functionality and capabilities, including improved USB support and accessibility, and support for hardware advancements such as DVD players. Windows 98 was the first edition of Windows to adopt the Windows Driver Model, and introduced features that would become standard in future generations of Windows, such as Disk Cleanup, Windows Update, multi-monitor support, and Internet Connection Sharing.

Microsoft had marketed Windows 98 as a "tune-up" to Windows 95, rather than an entirely improved next generation of Windows.[5]

Upon release, Windows 98 was generally well-received for its web-integrated interface and ease of use, as well as its addressing of issues present in Windows 95, although some pointed out that it was not significantly more stable than Windows 95.

Windows 98 sold an estimated 58 million licenses and saw one major update, known as Windows 98 Second Edition (SE), released on June 10, 1999.

After the release of its successor, Windows Me in 2000, mainstream support for Windows 98 and 98 SE ended on June 30, 2002, followed by extended support on July 11, 2006 along with Windows Me's end of extended support.

Development

Following the success of Windows 95, the development of Windows 98 began, initially under the development codename "Memphis". The first test version, Windows Memphis Developer Release, was released in January 1997.[6]

Memphis first entered beta as Windows Memphis Beta 1, released on June 30, 1997.[7] It was followed by Windows 98 Beta 2, which dropped the Memphis name and was released in July.[8] Microsoft had planned a full release of Windows 98 for the first quarter of 1998, along with a Windows 98 upgrade pack for Windows 95, but it also had a similar upgrade for Windows 3.x operating systems planned for the second quarter. Stacey Breyfogle, a product manager for Microsoft, explained that the later release of the upgrade for Windows 3 was because the upgrade required more testing than that for Windows 95 due to the presence of more compatibility issues, and without user objections, Microsoft merged the two upgrade packs into one and set all of their release dates to the second quarter.[9]

On December 15, 1997, Microsoft released Windows 98 Beta 3. It was the first build to be able to upgrade from

Blue Screen of Death. Bill Gates remarked after derisive applause and cheering from the audience, "That must be why we're not shipping Windows 98 yet." Video footage of this event became a popular Internet phenomenon.[12]

Build 1998 was compiled as Windows 98 on May 11, 1998,

Internet Explorer 4.0 in an alleged effort to expand its software monopoly. Microsoft's critics believed the lawsuit would further delay Windows 98's public release;[15] it did not, and the operating system was released on June 25, 1998.[14]

A second major version of the operating system called Windows 98 Second Edition was later unveiled in March 1999.[16][17] Microsoft compiled the final build on April 23, 1999, before being fully released to manufacturing on May 5,[13][18] and publicly released on June 10, 1999.[1] Windows 98 was to be the final product in the Windows 9x line until Microsoft briefly revived the line to release Windows Me in 2000 as the final Windows 9x product before the introduction of Windows XP in 2001, which was based on the Windows NT architecture and kernel used in Windows 2000.[19]

New and updated features

Web integration and shell enhancements

The first release of Windows 98 included Internet Explorer 4.01. This was updated to 5.0 in the Second Edition. Besides Internet Explorer, many other Internet companion applications are included such as

NetMeeting allows multiple users to hold conference calls and work with each other on a document.[23]

The Windows 98

Quick Launch. With the Address Bar, the user accesses the Web by typing in a URL, and Quick Launch contains shortcuts or buttons that perform system functions such as switching between windows and the desktop with the Show Desktop button.[29] Another feature of this new shell is that dialog boxes[clarification needed
] show up in the Alt-Tab sequence.

Windows 98 also integrates shell enhancements, themes and other features from

Title bars of windows and dialog boxes support two-color gradients, a feature ported from and refined from

Windows 95 PowerToys
are integrated into the core operating system.

Improvements to hardware support

Windows Driver Model

The Windows 98 architecture is set up as a tier of layers in which the higher layers depend on any component of the layers below them. The difference between the architectures of this and Windows 95 is that the Windows Driver Model can now be used to access the Windows 98 core and the registry.[33][34]

Windows 98 was the first operating system to use the Windows Driver Model (WDM). This fact was not well publicized when Windows 98 was released, and most hardware producers continued to develop drivers for the older VxD driver standard, which Windows 98 supported for compatibility's sake. The WDM standard only achieved widespread adoption years later, mostly through Windows 2000 and Windows XP, as they were not compatible with the older VxD standard.[35] With the Windows Driver Model, developers could write drivers that were compatible with other versions of Windows.[36] Device driver access in WDM is implemented through a VxD device driver, NTKERN.VXD, which implements several Windows NT-specific kernel support functions.[37]

Support for WDM audio enables digital mixing, routing and processing of simultaneous audio streams, and

KMixer sample-rate conversion for capture streams, and multichannel audio support. All audio is sampled by the Kernel Mixer to a fixed sampling rate, which may result in some audio getting upsampled or downsampled and having a high latency, except when using Kernel Streaming or third-party audio paths like ASIO which allow unmixed audio streams and lower latency. Windows 98 also includes a WDM streaming class driver
(Stream.sys) to address real time multimedia data stream processing requirements and a WDM kernel-mode video transport for enhanced video playback and capture.

Windows Driver Model also includes

WebTV for Windows utilized BDA to allow viewing television on the computer if a compatible TV tuner card is installed. TV listings could be updated from the Internet and WaveTop Data Broadcasting allowed extra data about broadcasts to be received via regular television signals using an antenna or cable, by embedding data streams into the vertical blanking interval
portion of existing broadcast television signals.

Other device support improvements

Windows 98 had more robust USB support than Windows 95, which only had support in OEM versions OSR2.1 and later.

USB Human Interface Device class (USB HID) and PID class devices such as USB mice, keyboards, force feedback joysticks etc. including additional keyboard functions through a certain number of Consumer Page HID controls.[40] Windows 98 also supports UDMA, 3DNow! and SSE
.

Windows 98 introduced

FAT32 file system,[41]
making hibernation problematic and unreliable.

Windows 98, in general, provides improved — and a broader range of — support for IDE and SCSI drives and drive controllers, floppy drive controllers and all other classes of hardware as compared to Windows 95.

UDF 1.02 read support. The Still imaging architecture (STI) with TWAIN support was introduced for scanners and cameras and Image Color Management 2.0 for devices to perform color space transformations.[42] Multiple monitor support allows using up to nine multiple monitors on a single PC, with the feature requiring one PCI graphics adapter per monitor.[43] Windows 98 shipped with DirectX 5.2,[44] which notably included DirectShow. Windows 98 Second Edition would later ship with DirectX 6.1.[45]

Networking enhancements

Windows 98 networking enhancements to

Automatic Private IP Addressing (also known as link-local addressing), IP multicasting, and performance enhancements for high-speed high bandwidth networks. Multihoming support with TCP/IP is improved and includes RIP
listener support.

The

WINS
client has been improved to continue persistently querying multiple WINS servers if it failed to establish the initial session until all of the WINS servers specified have been queried or a connection is established.

Network Driver Interface Specification 5 support means Windows 98 can support a wide range of network media, including Ethernet, Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), Token Ring, Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), ISDN, wide area networks, X.25, and Frame Relay. Additional features include NDIS power management, support for quality of service, Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI) and support for a single INF file format across all Windows versions.[47]

Windows 98 Dial-Up Networking supports PPTP tunneling,[48] support for ISDN adapters, multilink support, and connection-time scripting to automate non-standard login connections. Multilink channel aggregation enables users to combine all available dial-up lines to achieve higher transfer speeds. PPP connection logs can show actual packets being passed and Windows 98 allows PPP logging per connection. The Dial-Up Networking improvements are also available in Windows 95 OSR2 and are downloadable for earlier Windows 95 releases.

For networked computers that have user profiles enabled, Windows 98 introduces Microsoft Family Logon which lists all users that have been configured for that computer, enabling users to simply select their names from a list rather than having to type them in.[49]

Windows 98 supports

IrDA 3.0 which specifies both Serial Infrared Devices and Fast Infrared devices, which are capable of sending and receiving data at 4 Mbit/s. Infrared Recipient, a new application for transferring files through an infrared connection is included. The IrDA stack in Windows 98 supports networking profiles over the IrCOMM kernel-mode driver. Windows 98 also has built-in support for browsing Distributed File System trees on Server Message Block shares such as Windows NT servers.[50][51]

UPnP and NAT traversal APIs can be installed on Windows 98 by installing the Windows XP Network Setup Wizard.[52] An L2TP/IPsec VPN client can also be downloaded. By installing Active Directory Client Extensions, Windows 98 can take advantage of several Windows 2000 Active Directory features.

Improvements to the system and built-in utilities

Performance improvements

Windows 95 introduced the 32-bit, protected-mode cache driver VCACHE (replacing SMARTDrv) to cache the most recently accessed information from the hard drive in memory, divided into chunks. However, the cache parameters needed manual tuning as it degraded performance by consuming too much memory and not releasing it quickly enough, forcing paging to occur far too early. The Windows 98 VCACHE cache size management for disk and network access, CD-ROM access and paging is more dynamic compared to Windows 95, resulting in no tuning being required for cache parameters.[53] On the FAT32 file system, Windows 98 has a performance feature called MapCache that can run applications from the disk cache itself if the code pages of executable files are aligned/mapped on 4K boundaries, instead of copying them to virtual memory. This results in more memory being available to run applications, and lesser usage of the swap file.

Windows 98 registry handling is more robust than Windows 95 to avoid corruption and there are several enhancements to eliminate limitations and improve registry performance.[54] The Windows 95 registry key size limitation of 64 KB is gone. The registry uses less memory and has better caching.[55]

Disk Defragmenter has been improved to rearrange program files that are frequently used to a hard disk region optimized for program start.[56] Despite this, however, the message "Drive contents changed....restarting." still exists in this version (i.e. if the contents of the hard drive changed, then the entire drive is then rescanned and then progress resumed where it had left off), as with Windows 95. If it gets stuck on the same area too many times, it will ask the user if it should keep trying or give up. This quirk was removed with Windows Me's version of Disk Defragmenter and will function on Windows 98 or Windows 95 if the user simply copies it over.[57]

Windows 98 also supports a Fast Shutdown feature that initiates shutdown without uninitializing

FAT16 partitions to FAT32 without formatting the partition is also included,[59] however it is not compatible with DriveSpace.[60]

Other system tools

A number of improvements are made to various other system tools and accessories in Windows 98. Microsoft Backup supports differential backup and SCSI tape devices in Windows 98. Disk Cleanup, a new tool, enables users to clear their disks of unnecessary files. Cleanup locations are extensible through Disk Cleanup handlers. Disk Cleanup can be automated for regular silent cleanups.[61]

Scanreg (DOS) and ScanRegW are Registry Checker tools used to back up, restore or optimize the

Windows registry. ScanRegW tests the registry's integrity and saves a backup copy each time Windows successfully boots. The maximum number of copies could be customized by the user through "scanreg.ini" file. The restoration of a registry that causes Windows to fail to boot can only be done from DOS mode using ScanReg.[34]

DLL hell issue and was replaced in Windows Me by System File Protection
.

Windows 98 Setup simplifies installation, reducing the bulk of user input required.[65] The Windows 98 Startup Disk contains generic, real-mode ATAPI and SCSI CD-ROM drivers that can be used instead in the event that the specific driver for a CD-ROM is unavailable.[66]

The system could be updated using Windows Update.[64] A utility to automatically notify the user of critical updates was later released.[67]

Windows 98 includes an improved version of the Dr. Watson utility that collects and lists comprehensive information such as running tasks, startup programs with their command line switches, system patches, kernel driver, user drivers, DOS drivers and 16-bit modules. With Dr. Watson loaded in the system tray, whenever a software fault occurs (general protection fault, hang, etc.), Dr. Watson will intercept it and indicate what software crashed and its cause.[64]

Windows Report Tool takes a snapshot of system configuration and lets users submit a manual problem report along with system information to technicians. It has e-mail confirmation for submitted reports.[62]

Accessories

Windows 98 includes

HTML Help system with 15 Troubleshooting Wizards was introduced to replace WinHelp
.

Users can configure the font in

System Monitor—used to track the performance of hardware and software—supports output to a log file.[69]

Miscellaneous improvements

  • Telephony API (TAPI) 2.1
  • DCOM version 1.2
  • Ability to list fonts by similarity determined using PANOSE information.
  • Tools to automate setup, such as Batch 98 and INFInst.exe, support error-checking, gathering information automatically to create an INF file directly from a machine's registry, customizing IE4, shell and desktop settings and adding custom drivers.
  • Several other Resource Kit tools are included on the Windows 98 CD.[70]
  • Windows 98 has new system event sounds for Low Battery Alarm and Critical Battery Alarm.
  • Windows 98 also introduced new and updated system sounds. The new startup sound for Windows 98 was composed by Microsoft sound engineer Ken Kato, who considered it to be a "tough act to follow".[71]
  • Windows 98 shipped with
    Shockwave Player preinstalled.[72]

Windows 98 Second Edition

Windows 98 Second Edition (often shortened to Windows 98 SE and sometimes to Win98 SE or 98 SE)

Wake-On-LAN reenables suspended networked computers due to network activity, and Internet Connection Sharing allows multiple networked client computers to share an Internet connection via a single host computer.[75]

Other features in the update include DirectX 6.1 which introduced major improvements to DirectSound and the introduction of DirectMusic,

USB mass-storage device class
is not available for Windows 98.

Removed features

The Active Channels Channel bar from the original release of Windows 98 was removed in Windows 98 Second Edition and is not installed upon first boot, but is retained if upgrading from the original release of Windows 98 to Windows 98 Second Edition.

Windows 98 Second Edition did not ship with the WinG API or RealPlayer 4.0, unlike the original release of Windows 98, due to both of these having been superseded by DirectX and Windows Media Player, respectively.

Upgradeability

Several components of Windows 98 can be updated to newer versions. These include:

System requirements

The majority of copies of Windows 98 were distributed in CD-ROM. A 3+12-inch floppy disk version was available for older machines, albeit only via mail order. The floppy disk version of Windows 98 came on 39 DMF formatted floppy disks and excluded some additional software components that the CD-ROM version might have featured. The original release of Windows 98 was the last version of Windows to be available on floppy disks, as Windows 98 Second Edition was only available on CD-ROMs. Microsoft Plus! for Windows 98 was also only available on CD-ROMs.

The two major versions of Windows 98 have minimum requirements needed to be run.

Minimum system requirements
Field System Comments
Windows 98[82] Second Edition[83]
Processor
Intel 80486
66 MHz or higher
Pentium processor recommended[84]
RAM 16 MB 24 MB 24 MB recommended; it is possible to run on 8 MB machines with /nm option used during the installation process
Storage
  • Upgrading from Windows 3.1 or 95: 120–295 MB (typically 195 MB).
  • New installation (FAT16): 165–355 MB (typically 225 MB).
  • New installation (FAT32): 140–255 MB (typically 175 MB).
The amount of space required depends on the installation method and the components selected, but virtual memory and system utilities as well as drivers should be taken into consideration.
Display
VGA
or higher resolution monitor (640×480)
Media drive CD-ROM or DVD-ROM drive Floppy install is possible but slow
Input Microsoft Mouse or compatible pointing device

Users can bypass processor requirement checks with the undocumented /NM setup switch. This allows installation on computers with processors as old as the

Intel 80386.[85]

Limitations

The original release of Windows 98 may fail to boot on computers with a processor faster than 2.1 GHz. Windows 98 is only designed to handle up to 512 MB of RAM without changes.[86] The maximum amount of RAM the operating system is designed to use is up to 1 GB of RAM. Systems with more than 1.5 GB of RAM may continuously reboot during startup.[87]

Windows 98 may have problems running on hard drives of capacities larger than 32 GB in systems with certain Phoenix BIOS configurations. A software update fixed this shortcoming.[88]

The original release of Windows 98 may have a bug with the Active Channels Channel bar not setting up properly on computers with a processor faster than 1.5 GHz.[citation needed]

Support lifecycle

Computers running Windows 98 can be directly upgraded to Windows XP, providing they meet the requirements for Windows XP. Support for Windows 98 under Microsoft's consumer product life cycle policy was originally planned to end on June 30, 2003,[89] however, in December 2002,[90] Microsoft extended the support window to January 16, 2004.[91] This date would then be extended again to June 30, 2006 on January 13, 2004[92] up to a final end of support date of July 11, 2006,[93] citing support volumes in emerging markets as the reason for the extension.[90]

Retail availability for Windows 98 ended on June 30, 2002,[91] and later became completely unavailable from Microsoft in any form (through MSDN or otherwise) due to the terms of Java-related settlements Microsoft made with Sun Microsystems.[94]

In 2011, Microsoft retired the Windows Update v4 website.[95] An independent project named Windows Update Restored aims to restore the Windows Update websites for older versions of Windows, including Windows 98.[96][95]

Reception

Windows 98 was released to positive reviews, with praise directed to its improved graphical user interface and customizability, ease of use,

PC Computing lauded the bug fixes, easier troubleshooting, and support for hardware advances such as DVD players and USB. However, he also found that the operating system crashed only slightly less frequently, and criticized the high upgrade price and system requirements. He rated it four stars out of five.[98]

Sales

Windows 98 sold 530,000 licenses in its first four days of availability, overtaking Windows 95's 510,000.[99] It later sold a total of 580,000 and 350,000 licenses in the first and second months of availability, respectively.[100]

In the first year of its release, Windows 98 sold a total of 15 million licenses – 2 million more than its predecessor. However,

legal dispute and subsequent settlement with Sun Microsystems over the former's Java Virtual Machine, Microsoft ceased distributing the operating system on December 15, 2003,[102] and IDC estimated that a total of 58 million copies were installed worldwide by then.[103]

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Further reading

  • Davis, Fred; Crosby, Kip (1998). The Windows 98 Bible. Berkeley, California: Peachpit Press. .