Windows Server 2012

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Windows Server 2012
Version of the
Windows NT kernel)
Default
user interface		Windows shell (GUI)
LicenseCommercial proprietary software
Preceded byWindows Server 2008 R2 (2009)
Succeeded byWindows Server 2012 R2 (2013)
Official websiteWindows Server 2012 (archived at Wayback Machine))
Support status
  • Start date: October 30, 2012[3]
  • Mainstream support ended on October 9, 2018[3]
  • Extended support ended on October 10, 2023[3]
  • Paid support via the Extended Security Updates program until October 13, 2026, only for
    volume licensed
    editions.

Windows Server 2012, codenamed "Windows Server 8", is the ninth version of the

beta version, were released during development. The software was officially launched on September 4, 2012, which was the month before the release of Windows 8.[4] It was succeeded by Windows Server 2012 R2
in 2013. Mainstream support for Windows Server 2012 ended on October 9, 2018, and extended support ended on October 10, 2023. Windows Server 2012 is eligible for the paid Extended Security Updates (ESU) program, which offers continued security updates until October 13, 2026.

Windows Server 2012 removed support for

Windows Task Manager, and ReFS, a new file system. Windows Server 2012 received generally good reviews in spite of having included the same controversial Metro
-based user interface seen in Windows 8, which includes the Charms Bar for quick access to settings in the desktop environment.

Windows Server 2012 is the final version of Windows Server that supports processors without CMPXCHG16b, PrefetchW, LAHF and SAHF. Its successor, Windows Server 2012 R2, requires a processor with CMPXCHG16b, PrefetchW, LAHF and SAHF in any supported architecture.

As of April 2017, 35% of servers were running Windows Server 2012, surpassing usage share of Windows Server 2008.[6]

History

Windows Server 2012, codenamed "Windows Server 8",[7] is the fifth release of Windows Server family of operating systems developed concurrently with Windows 8.[8][9]

Microsoft introduced Windows Server 2012 and its

MSDN subscribers.[11] It included a graphical user interface (GUI) based on Metro design language and a new Server Manager, a graphical application used for server management.[12] On February 16, 2012, Microsoft released an update for developer preview build that extended its expiry date from April 8, 2012 to January 15, 2013.[13]

Before Windows Server 2012 was finalized, two test

release candidate of Windows Server 2012 was released on May 31, 2012, along with the Windows 8 Release Preview.[9]

The product was

DreamSpark program can download Windows Server 2012 Standard or Datacenter free of charge.[16]

Windows Server 2012 is based on Windows 8 and is the second version of Windows Server which runs only on 64-bit CPUs.[17] Coupled with fundamental changes in the structure of the client backups and the shared folders, there is no clear method for migrating from the previous version to Windows Server 2012.

Features

See also: Features new to Windows 8
Start screen
, with tools used in a server pinned on the Start screen by default.

Installation options

Unlike its predecessor, Windows Server 2012 users can switch between "Server Core" and "Server with a GUI" installation options without a full re-installation. Server Core – an option with a command-line interface only – is now the recommended configuration. There is also a third installation option that allows some GUI elements such as MMC and Server Manager to run, but without the normal desktop, shell or default programs like File Explorer.[12]

User interface

Server Manager has been redesigned with an emphasis on easing management of multiple servers.

Windows PowerShell in this version has over 2300 commandlets, compared to around 200 in Windows Server 2008 R2.[21]

Task Manager

Main article:
Windows Task Manager

Windows Server 2012 includes a new version of

Windows Store
app has the "Suspended" status.

IP address management (IPAM)

Windows Server 2012 has an

IPv4 and IPv6 are fully supported.[27]

Active Directory

Windows Server 2012 has a number of changes to Active Directory from the version shipped with Windows Server 2008 R2. The Active Directory Domain Services installation wizard has been replaced by a new section in Server Manager, and a GUI has been added to the Active Directory Recycle Bin.[28] Multiple password policies can be set in the same domain.[29] Active Directory in Windows Server 2012 is now aware of any changes resulting from virtualization, and virtualized domain controllers can be safely cloned. Upgrades of the domain functional level to Windows Server 2012 are simplified; it can be performed entirely in Server Manager. Active Directory Federation Services is no longer required to be downloaded when installed as a role, and claims which can be used by the Active Directory Federation Services have been introduced into the Kerberos token. Windows Powershell commands used by Active Directory Administrative Center can be viewed in a "Powershell History Viewer".[30][31]

Hyper-V

Windows Server 2012, along with

SLAT is a required processor feature for Hyper-V on Windows 8, while for Windows Server 2012 it is only required for the supplementary RemoteFX role.[37]

ReFS

Main article: ReFS

Resilient File System (ReFS),[38] codenamed "Protogon",[39] is a new file system in Windows Server 2012 initially intended for file servers that improves on NTFS in some respects. Major new features of ReFS include:[40][41]

Improved reliability for on-disk structures
ReFS uses
clusters) which allows large scalability with no practical limits on file and folder size (hardware restrictions still apply). Free space is counted by a hierarchical allocator which includes three separate tables for large, medium, and small chunks. File names and file paths are each limited to a 32 KB Unicode
text string.
Built-in resilience
ReFS employs an
stream", in which case the file update strategy also implements allocation-on-write; this is controlled by a new "integrity" attribute applicable to both files and directories. If nevertheless file data or metadata becomes corrupt, the file can be deleted without taking the whole volume offline. As a result of built-in resiliency, administrators do not need to periodically run error-checking tools such as CHKDSK
when using ReFS.
Compatibility with existing APIs and technologies
ReFS does not require new system APIs and most file system filters continue to work with ReFS volumes.
Storage Spaces, a storage virtualization layer that allows data mirroring and striping, as well as sharing storage pools between machines.[43] ReFS resiliency features enhance the mirroring feature provided by Storage Spaces and can detect whether any mirrored copies of files become corrupt using background data scrubbing
process, which periodically reads all mirror copies and verifies their checksums then replaces bad copies with good ones.

Some NTFS features are not supported in ReFS, including

extended attributes, and disk quotas.[39][40] Sparse files are supported.[44][45] Support for named streams is not implemented in Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012, though it was later added in Windows 8.1 and Windows Server 2012 R2.[46] ReFS does not itself offer data deduplication.[40] Dynamic disks with mirrored or striped volumes are replaced with mirrored or striped storage pools provided by Storage Spaces. In Windows Server 2012, automated error-correction with integrity streams is only supported on mirrored spaces; automatic recovery on parity spaces was added in Windows 8.1 and Windows Server 2012 R2.[46]
Booting from ReFS is not supported either.

IIS 8.0

Windows Server 2012 includes version 8.0 of

SSL certificates, WebSocket support and improved support for NUMA, but few other substantial changes were made.[48]

Remote Desktop Protocol 8.0

multi touch support, DirectX 11 support for vGPU, USB redirection supported independently of vGPU support, etc.[49] A "connection quality" button is displayed in the RDP client connection bar for RDP 8.0 connections; clicking on it provides further information about connection, including whether UDP is in use or not.[50]

Scalability

Windows Server 2012 supports the following maximum hardware specifications.[35][51] Windows Server 2012 improves over its predecessor Windows Server 2008 R2:

Specification Windows Server 2012 Windows Server 2008 R2
Physical processors[a]
 64 64
Logical processors
when Hyper-V
is disabled 		640 256
Logical processors
when Hyper-V is enabled 		320[b] 64
Memory 4
TB
 		2 TB
Failover cluster nodes (in any single cluster) 64 16

System requirements

Minimum system requirements for Windows Server 2012[53]
Processor 1.4 GHz,
x64
Memory 512 MB
Free
disk space
 32 GB (more if there is at least 16 GB of RAM)

Windows Server 2012 runs only on x86-64 processors. Unlike older versions, Windows Server 2012 does not support Itanium.[5]

Upgrades from Windows Server 2008 and Windows Server 2008 R2 are supported, although upgrades from prior releases are not.[53]

Editions

Windows Server 2012 has four editions: Foundation, Essentials, Standard and Datacenter.[54][55][56][57][51]

Specifications Foundation[58] Essentials Standard Datacenter
Distribution OEM only Retail, volume licensing, OEM Volume licensing and OEM
Licensing model Per server Per
CPU pair[c] + CAL[d]
Processor chip limit[51] 1 2 64[e]
Memory limit 32 GB 64 GB 4 TB
User limit 15 25 Unlimited Unlimited
File sharing limits 1 standalone DFS root 1 standalone DFS root Unlimited Unlimited
Network Policy and Access Services limits 50 RRAS connections and 10 IAS connections 250 RRAS connections, 50 IAS connections, and 2 IAS Server Groups Unlimited Unlimited
Remote Desktop Services limits 50 Remote Desktop Services connections Gateway only Unlimited Unlimited
Virtualization rights — Either in 1 VM or 1 physical server, but not both at once 2 VMs[c] Unlimited
Active Directory Lightweight Directory Services
 Yes Yes Yes Yes
Active Directory Federation Services Yes[59] Yes Yes Yes
Active Directory Rights Management Services Yes Yes Yes Yes
Application server role Yes Partial Yes Yes
DHCP role Yes Yes Yes Yes
DNS server
role 		Yes Yes Yes Yes
Fax server role Yes Yes Yes Yes
Print and document services Yes Yes Yes Yes
Server Manager Yes Yes Yes Yes
UDDI services Yes Yes Yes Yes
Web services (Internet Information Services) Yes Yes Yes Yes
Windows Deployment Services Yes Yes Yes Yes
Windows Powershell
 Yes Yes Yes Yes
Active Directory Domain Services Must be root of forest and domain Yes Yes Yes
Active Directory Certificate Services Certificate Authorities only Certificate Authorities only Yes Yes
Hyper-V No R2 onwards Yes Yes
Server Core mode No No Yes Yes
Windows Server Update Services No No Yes Yes

Reception

Reviews of Windows Server 2012 have been generally positive.

ZDNet described it as "ready for the datacenter, today,"[60] while Tim Anderson of The Register said that "The move towards greater modularity, stronger automation and improved virtualisation makes perfect sense in a world of public and private clouds" but remarked that "That said, the capability of Windows to deliver obscure and time-consuming errors is unchanged" and concluded that "Nevertheless, this is a strong upgrade overall."[61]

InfoWorld noted that Server 2012's use of Windows 8's panned "Metro" user interface was countered by Microsoft's increasing emphasis on the Server Core mode, which had been "fleshed out with new depth and ease-of-use features" and increased use of the "practically mandatory" PowerShell.[63] However, Michael Otey of Windows IT Pro expressed dislike with the new Metro interface and the lack of ability to use the older desktop interface alone, saying that most users of Windows Server manage their servers using the graphical user interface rather than PowerShell.[64]

Paul Ferrill wrote that "Windows Server 2012 Essentials provides all the pieces necessary to provide centralized file storage, client backups, and remote access,"

SBS2011 and earlier will want to stick with what they have", citing the absence of Exchange, the lack of ability to synchronize with Active Directory Federation Services and the 25-user limit,[66] while Paul Thurott wrote "you should choose Foundation only if you have at least some in-company IT staff and/or are comfortable outsourcing management to a Microsoft partner or solution provider" and "Essentials is, in my mind, ideal for any modern startup of just a few people."[67]

Windows Server 2012 R2

Main article: Windows Server 2012 R2

A second release, Windows Server 2012 R2, which is derived from the Windows 8.1 codebase, was released to manufacturing on August 27, 2013[68] and became generally available on October 18, 2013, by Microsoft.[69] An updated version, formally designated Windows Server 2012 R2 Update, was released in April 2014.[70][71]

Support Lifecycle

Microsoft originally planned to end mainstream support for Windows Server 2012 and Windows Server 2012 R2 on January 9, 2018, with extended support ending on January 10, 2023. In order to provide customers the standard transition lifecycle timeline, Microsoft extended Windows Server 2012 and 2012 R2 support in March 2017 by 9 months. Windows Server 2012 reached the end of mainstream support on October 9, 2018 and Extended Support ended on October 10, 2023.[72][73][74]

Microsoft announced in July 2021 that they will distribute Extended Security Updates for Windows Server 2012 and Windows Server 2012 R2 for up to 3 years after the end of Extended Support.[75] For Windows Server 2012 and Windows Server 2012 R2, these updates will last until October 13, 2026. This will mark the final end of the Windows NT 6.2 product line after 14 years, 2 months and 12 days and will also mark the final end of the Windows NT 6.3 product line after 13 years, 1 month and 16 days.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Applies to Windows Server 2008 R2 and 2012 Datacenter and Windows Server 2012 Standard only. Other editions support less.
  2. ^ Each virtualized partition, including the host itself, can use up to 64 processors.[52]
  3. ^ a b Each license of Windows Server 2012 Standard or Datacenter allows up to two processor chips. Each license of Windows Server 2012 Standard allows up to two virtual instances of Windows Server 2012 Standard on that physical server. If more virtual instances of Windows Server 2012 Standard are needed, each additional license of Windows Server 2012 allows up to two more virtual instances of Windows Server 2012 Standard, even though the physical server itself may have sufficient licenses for its processor chip count. Because Windows Server 2012 Datacenter has no limit on the number of virtual instances per licensed server, only enough licenses for the physical server are needed for any number of virtual instances of Windows Server 2012 Datacenter. If the number of processor chips or virtual instances is an odd number, the number of licenses required is the same as the next even number. For example, a single-processor-chip server would still require 1 license, the same as if the server were two-processor-chip and a five-processor-chip server would require 3 licenses, the same as if the server were six-processor-chip, and if 15 virtual instances of Windows Server 2012 Standard are needed on one server, 8 licenses of Windows Server 2012, which can cover up to 16 virtual instances, are needed (assuming, in this example, that the processor chip count does not exceed 16).
  4. ^ For the Standard and Datacenter editions, each user or device accessing the software must have a client access license (CAL) assigned (either per-user or per-device), so there may be no more simultaneous users than the number of client-access licenses, except up to 2 simultaneous users purely to administer the server software, or for running virtualization or web workloads. Remote Desktop Services requires an additional CAL separate from the aforementioned CAL.
  5. ^ If the number of physical processors in a particular server is under 64, the limit is determined by the quantity of licenses assigned to that server. In that case, the number of physical processors cannot exceed twice the number of licenses assigned to the server.

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Further reading

External links

Wikiversity has learning resources about Windows Server
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