Winnaretta Singer

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Winnaretta Singer
Self-portrait c.1885
Born
Winnaretta Eugénie Singer

(1865-01-08)8 January 1865
Died26 November 1943(1943-11-26) (aged 78)
London, England
NationalityAmerican
Spouses
Prince Louis de Scey-Montbéliard
(m. 1887; ann. 1892)
(m. 1893; died 1901)
Parents

Winnaretta Singer, Princesse Edmond de Polignac (8 January 1865 – 26 November 1943) was an American-born heiress to the Singer sewing machine fortune. She used this to fund a wide range of causes, notably a musical salon where her protégés included Debussy and Ravel, and numerous public health projects in Paris, where she lived most of her life. Singer entered into two marriages that were unconsummated, and openly enjoyed many high-profile relationships with women.

Early life and family

Winnaretta Singer was born in Yonkers, New York, the twentieth of the 24 children of Isaac Singer. Her mother was his Parisian-born second wife, Isabella Eugénie Boyer. After the American Civil War, the Singer family moved to Paris, where they remained until the Franco-Prussian War in 1870. The family then settled in England, first in London, and then Paignton, Devon where they moved to Oldway Mansion, a 115-room palace built by her father. After Isaac Singer's death in 1875, Isabella and her children moved back to Paris. In 1879 Isabella remarried; her new husband was a Belgian violinist, Victor-Nicolas Reubsaet. Presumably, he abused Winnaretta; rumors flew about the violence in their house. As soon as she came of age, Winnaretta seized control of her $1 million inheritance and left to live on her own.[1]

Relatives

Winnaretta's older brother,

Adam Mortimer Singer, became one of England's landed gentry. Her younger sister, Isabelle-Blanche (1869–1896) married Jean, duc Decazes. Their daughter, Daisy Fellowes, was raised by Winnaretta after Isabelle-Blanche's death and became a noted socialite, magazine editor, and fashion trendsetter. Winnaretta's younger brother, Paris Singer, was one of the architects and financiers of the resort of Palm Beach, Florida; he had a son by Isadora Duncan. Another brother, Washington Singer, became a substantial donor to the University College of the southwest of England, which later became the University of Exeter; one of the university's buildings is named in his honor.[2]

Marriages and relationships

Princesse Louis de Scey-Montbeliard, 1889. By John Singer Sargent (1856–1925).

Although known within private social circles to be a

armoire and threatening to kill the groom if he came near her.[1][3]

In 1893,[4][5][6] at the age of 28, she stepped companionably into an equally chaste marriage with the 59-year-old Prince Edmond de Polignac (1834–1901), a gay amateur composer. Although it was a mariage blanc (unconsummated marriage), or indeed a lavender marriage (a union between a gay man and a lesbian), it was based on profound platonic love, mutual respect, understanding, and artistic friendship, expressed especially through their love of music.[7] The same year, Singer exhibited her work at the Palace of Fine Arts at the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, Illinois.[8]

Lesbian relationships

In the course of her life, Singer had affairs with numerous women, never making attempts to conceal them, and never going for any great length of time without a female lover.[9] She had these affairs during her own marriages and afterwards, and often with other married women. The disgruntled lesser half of one of Singer's lovers once stood outside her Venetian palazzo and issued this challenge: "If you are half the man I think you are, you will come out here and fight me."[10]

Polignac had a relationship with painter

Alvilde Chaplin, the future wife of the author James Lees-Milne, was involved with Polignac from 1938 to 1943; the two women were living together in London at the time of Polignac's death. In addition, she had an affair with Virginia Woolf.[citation needed
]

Patron of the arts

In 1894, the Prince and Princesse de Polignac established a salon in Paris in the music room of their mansion on Avenue Henri-Martin. Their niece by marriage, Jeanne de Montagnac, often assisted in hosting the salons. The Polignac salon came to be known as a haven for avant-garde music. First performances of Chabrier, d'Indy, Debussy, Fauré, and Ravel took place in the Polignac salon. The young Ravel dedicated his piano work, Pavane pour une infante défunte, to the Princesse de Polignac. Many of Marcel Proust's evocations of salon culture were born during his attendance at concerts in the Polignac drawing room.[citation needed]

After her husband's death, Winnaretta Singer-Polignac used her fortune to benefit the arts, sciences, and letters.[12] She decided to honor his memory by commissioning several works of the young composers of her time, amongst others Igor Stravinsky's Renard, Erik Satie's Socrate[13] (by her intercession Satie was kept out of jail when he was composing this work), Darius Milhaud's Les Malheurs d'Orphée, Francis Poulenc's Concerto for Two Pianos and Organ Concerto, Jean Françaix's Le Diable boîteux and Sérénade pour douze instruments, Kurt Weill's Second Symphony, and Germaine Tailleferre's First Piano Concerto. Manuel de Falla's El retablo de maese Pedro was premiered there, with the harpsichord part performed by Wanda Landowska.[14]

In addition to Proust and

Orchestre Symphonique de Paris. In addition to performing as pianist and organist in her own salon,[19] she was an accomplished painter[20] who exhibited in the Académie des Beaux-Arts and in the 1906 International Society of Sculptors, Painters and Gravers.[21] One canvas eventually appeared in the showcase of an art gallery, advertised as being a Manet.[citation needed
]

Public service

Winnaretta Singer-Polignac was also an important leader in the development of

Salvation Army. The plans of Le Corbusier's Salvation Army hostel in Paris show a private apartment at the top floor for "Miss Singer". With her friend Madeleine Zillhardt, she bought the barge 'Louise-Catherine' named in memory of Zillhardt's companion Louise Catherine Breslau. The boat was rehabilitated by Le Corbusier in 1929 in order to be a refuge of the Salvation Army for the homeless in winter and a summer camp for children, moored in Paris on the banks of the Seine, at the Pont des Arts and at the Pont d'Austerlitz.[23]

During World War I, working with Marie Curie, Singer-Polignac helped convert private limousines into mobile radiology units to help wounded soldiers at the front.[citation needed]

During the inter-war period, Singer-Polignac worked with Consuelo Vanderbilt Balsan and assisted in the construction of a 360-bed hospital destined to provide medical care to middle-class workers. The result of this effort is the Foch Hospital, located in Suresnes, a suburb of Paris, France. The hospital also includes a school of nursing and is one of the top-ranked hospitals in France, especially for renal transplants. It has remained true to its origins and stayed a private not-for-profit institution that still serves the Paris community. It is managed by the Fondation médicale Franco-américaine du Mont-Valérien, commonly called Fondation Foch.[24]

Fondation Singer-Polignac

After Singer-Polignac's death, her legacy of enlightened generosity was carried on through the work of the Fondation Singer-Polignac. Created in 1928, the goals of the foundation are the promotion, through gifts and bourses, of science, literature, the arts, culture, and French philanthropy. The Foundation continued to present concerts and recitals in the Polignac mansion's music room.[25] The performances were first organized by Nadia Boulanger, who presented programs that juxtaposed early music and modern compositions. After Boulanger's death in 1979, the composer Jean Françaix took over the organization of the concert series.[citation needed]

Notes

  1. ^ a b Kahan 2009, p. 71.
  2. .
  3. ^ "Daily Inter Mountain". 24 November 1900.
  4. ^ "Mrs. singer Weds Another Prince". The Indianapolis Journal. 17 December 1893.
  5. ^ "Mrs Singer Married". The Jersey City News. 15 December 1893.
  6. ^ "Twice a Princess". The Indianapolis Journal. 22 December 1893.
  7. ^ Kahan 2009, p. 71-76.
  8. ^ Nichols, K. L. "Women's Art at the World's Columbian Fair & Exposition, Chicago 1893". Archived from the original on 18 October 2018. Retrieved 21 August 2018.
  9. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 4 February 2012. Retrieved 30 March 2006.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  10. .
  11. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 6 April 2006. Retrieved 30 March 2006.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  12. ^ "American Princess Gives Culture Fund to France". The Daily Alaska Empire. 2 May 1928.
  13. ^ "London Sinfonietta/Hannigan, Queen Elizabeth Hall, London". FT.com. Archived from the original on 16 February 2013. Retrieved 11 February 2013.
  14. ^ (Kahan 2003)
  15. ^ Scheijen 2009.
  16. ^ "American Girls Wanted". The Topeka State Journal. 30 May 1901.
  17. ^ Ellis, Harry C. (1914). "Les Elèves de Loïe Fuller en ronde dans le parc de la propriété de Mme de Polignac-Singer". Musée d'Orsay.
  18. ^ "Princess Engaged as Orchestra Leader". The Bridgeport Evening Farmer. 29 November 1913.
  19. ^ "Current Topics". Lawrence Democrat. 2 August 1895.
  20. ^ "An American Duchess". Baxter Springs News. 21 March 1891.
  21. ^ "American Art In London". The Sun. 4 February 1906.
  22. ^ "Ameri can Woman Supplies Cheap Homes and Gardens for the Paris Poor". The Sun. 9 July 1911.
  23. ^ "The Fascinating History of Le Corbusier's Lost Barge". Metropolis. 1 March 2018. Archived from the original on 30 November 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  24. ^ "Fondation médicale franco-américaine du Mont-Valérien". Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 4 February 2013.
  25. ^ "About the Fondation Singer-Polignac". Medici Tv. Retrieved 19 December 2020.

Sources

External links