Wisconsin Card Sorting Test

set-shifting, which is the capability to show flexibility when exposed to changes in reinforcement.^[1][2]

psychometric scores, including numbers, percentages, and percentiles of: categories achieved, trials, errors, and perseverative errors.^[8][9]

mental illness such as schizophrenia.^[13][16] It is one of several psychological tests which can be administered to patients to measure frontal lobe dysfunction.^[17][18] When administered, the WCST allows the clinician speculate to the following frontal lobe functions: strategic planning, organized searching, utilizing environmental feedback to shift cognitive sets, directing behavior toward achieving a goal, and modulating impulsive responding.^[19][20] The test can be administered to those from 6.5 years to 89 years of age.^[21][22] The WCST, relies upon a number of cognitive functions including attention, working memory, and visual processing.^[23][24][25] The WCST was originally developed to measure abstract reasoning^[26] as such it may be used to help measure an individual's competence in abstract reasoning, and the ability to change problem-solving strategies when needed.^[27][28] In this test, a number of cards are presented to the participants. The figures on the cards differ with respect to color, quantity, and shape.^[29]

executive function overall. Similarly, test results can be made misleading after testing the same individual over a long period of time. The participant may get better at a task, but not because of an improvement in executive cognitive function; they may have simply learned some strategies for doing this particular task that made it no longer a good measurement tool.^[32][33]