Witch-hazel

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Witch-hazel
Hamamelis virginiana
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Saxifragales
Family: Hamamelidaceae
Subfamily: Hamamelidoideae
Tribe: Hamamelideae
A.DC.
Genus: Hamamelis
Gronov. ex L.
Type species
Hamamelis virginiana
L.

Witch-hazels or witch hazels (Hamamelis) are a genus of flowering plants in the family Hamamelidaceae, with three species in North America (H. ovalis,[1] H. virginiana, and H. vernalis), and one each in Japan (H. japonica) and China (H. mollis). The North American species are occasionally called winterbloom.[2][3]

Growth

The witch-hazels are deciduous shrubs or (rarely) small trees growing to 3 to 7.5 m tall, even more rarely to 12 m tall. The leaves are alternately arranged, oval, 5 to 15 cm long, and 2.5 to 10 cm wide, with a smooth or wavy margin. The genus name, Hamamelis, means "together with fruit", referring to the simultaneous occurrence of flowers with the maturing fruit from the previous year.[4] H. virginiana blooms in September–November while the other species bloom from January–March. Each flower has four slender strap-shaped petals 1 to 2 cm long, pale to dark yellow, orange, or red. The fruit is a two-part capsule 1 cm long, containing a single 0.6 cm glossy black seed in each of the two parts; the capsule splits explosively at maturity in the autumn about eight months after flowering, ejecting the seeds with sufficient force to fly for distances of up to 12 feet (3.7 m), thus another alternative name "snapping hazel".[5]

Etymology

The name witch in witch-hazel has its origins in

divining rods, just as hazel twigs were used in England, may also have,[8] by folk etymology, influenced the "witch" part of the name.[3]

Species

Five species are recognized:[9]

Hamamelis mexicana is sometimes considered a species,[10] though as of 2020 Kew's Plants of the World Online considers it a variety of H. virginiana.[9]

The Persian ironwood, a closely related tree formerly treated as Hamamelis persica, is now given a genus of its own, as Parrotia persica, as it differs in the flowers having just sepals and no petals. Other closely allied genera are Parrotiopsis, Fothergilla, and Sycopsis (see under Hamamelidaceae). Witch-hazels are not closely related to the true Corylus hazels, though they have a few superficially similar characteristics which may cause one to believe that they are - their leaves are a similar shape, and turn a similar shade of yellow in autumn.[11]

Cultivation

They are popular ornamental plants, grown for their clusters of rich yellow to orange-red flowers, which begin to expand in the autumn as or slightly before the leaves fall and continue throughout the winter.

Garden shrubs

Hamamelis virginiana was introduced into English gardens by Peter Collinson, who maintained correspondence with plant hunters in the American colonies. It is rarely seen in the nursery trade except for woodland/wildlife restoration projects and native plant enthusiasts. Much more common is H. mollis, which has bright yellow flowers that bloom in late winter instead of the yellow blossoms of H. virginiana which tend to be lost among the plant's fall foliage. The plant-hunter Charles Maries collected for Veitch Nurseries in the Chinese district of Jiujiang in 1879. It languished in nursery rows for years until it was noticed, propagated, and put on the market in 1902.[12]

Numerous cultivars have been selected for use as garden shrubs, many of them derived from the hybrid H. × intermedia Rehder (H. japonica × H. mollis). Jelena and Robert de Belder of Arboretum Kalmthout, selecting for red cultivars, found three: the first, with bronze flowers, was named 'Jelena'; the next, with red flowers, was named 'Diane' (the name of their daughter); the last, with deep red flowers, was called 'Livia' (the name of their granddaughter).[13]

Phytochemicals and hamamelis water

The main

steam-distillation process using leaves, bark or twigs, is a clear, colorless liquid containing 13–15% ethanol having the odor of the essential oil, but with no tannins present.[14][15] Essential oil components, such as carvacrol and eugenol, may be present.[16]

As an ingredient and topical agent, witch-hazel water is regulated in the United States as an over-the-counter drug for external use only to soothe minor skin irritations.[17] Hamamelis (witch-hazel) water is diluted using water in a 1:3 preparation, and is not intended for oral use which may cause nausea, vomiting, or constipation.[15]

Topical ointment

Witch-hazel may be sold as a semisolid

diaper rash in infants, and may reduce symptoms of inflammation from minor skin injuries.[15] A 2012 review (updated in October 2020) found little evidence of effectiveness from local cooling treatments (including witch-hazel pads) applied to the perineum following childbirth to relieve pain.[22]

Folk medicine

The leaves and bark of the North American witch-hazel, Hamamelis virginiana, were used in

eczema, to prevent dehydration of skin, and for insect bites, poison ivy,[23] and razor burn.[24][25][26] There is limited clinical evidence to support witch-hazel as an effective treatment for any of these conditions.[15] Prepared by distillation, the essential oil of witch-hazel has such a small proportion of tannins or other polyphenols that it is unlikely to have any therapeutic effect, and may cause contact dermatitis when used topically.[14][15] It might be useful in treating hemorrhoids and relieving some of its symptoms, although more research is needed.[27]

In 2017, one manufacturer of skin care products containing witch-hazel was warned by the Food and Drug Administration for making unsubstantiated health claims and for not providing evidence the products were safe.[28]

History of medical use

Native Americans of what became New England boiled witch-hazel stems and applied the resulting liquid to sore muscles, cuts, insect bites, piles, inflammations and even tumors. Early

East Hampton, CT.[23]

Gallery

  • Hamamelis flowers, Menai Bridge, Wales
    Hamamelis flowers, Menai Bridge, Wales
  • Hamamelis, Fürth City Park, Germany
    Hamamelis, Fürth City Park, Germany
  • Hamamelis, Colonial Park Arboretum and Gardens
  • H. × intermedia
    H. × intermedia
  • Hamamelis japonica close-up flowers
    Hamamelis japonica close-up flowers
  • H. × intermedia 'Jelena'
    H. × intermedia 'Jelena'
  • H. × intermedia 'Diane'
    H. × intermedia 'Diane'
  • Hamamelis mollis tree in autumn
    Hamamelis mollis tree in autumn
  • Hamamelis mollis in autumn
    Hamamelis mollis in autumn
  • Hamamelis mollis leaves in autumn
    Hamamelis mollis leaves in autumn
  • Winter-flowering, Vogelsberg Mountains
    Winter-flowering,
    Vogelsberg Mountains
  • Flourishing in winter
    Flourishing in winter

References

  1. ^ Hamamelis ovalis S. W. Leonard (2006), GRIN Taxonomy for Plants
  2. ^ Noted in Ernest Thompson Seton, The Book of Woodcraft and Indian Lore [Wikidata] (1921:422), but rare.
  3. ^ a b c Andriote, J-M (6 November 2012). "The Mysterious Past and Present of Witch Hazel". The Atlantic. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
  4. ^ "Hiker's Notebook: Witch Hazel". Archived from the original on 24 April 2012. Retrieved 2 May 2012.
  5. ^ "Common Witchhazel | Department of Horticulture". www.uky.edu. Retrieved 13 April 2024.
  6. ^ Douglas Harper (2001). "witch hazel". Online Etymology Dictionary.
  7. ^ Jacob George Strutt (1822). Sylva Britannica. p. 66. Full text of expanded 1830 edition.
  8. ^ "Omeka@CTL | UVM Tree Profiles : Witch Hazel : Mystical Powers". libraryexhibits.uvm.edu. Retrieved 13 April 2024.
  9. ^ a b "Hamamelis Gronov. ex L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 13 August 2020.
  10. PMID 20171295
    .
  11. ^ "Hamamelis virginiana - witch hazel | Mustila". www.mustila.fi. Retrieved 13 April 2024.
  12. ^ Alice M. Coats, Garden Shrubs and Their Histories (1964) 1992, s.v. "Hamamelis".
  13. ^ "In Belgium a renowned witch hazel collection harks at the hope of spring". House & Garden. 27 January 2021. Retrieved 13 April 2024.
  14. ^
    PMID 25600644
    .
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Witch hazel". Drugs.com. 1 June 2020. Retrieved 28 December 2020.
  16. .
  17. ^ "Code of Federal Regulations; Title 21, Sec. 347.52 Labeling of astringent drug products; (3) For products containing witch hazel". US Food and Drug Administration. 1 April 2016. Retrieved 14 April 2017.
  18. ^ "Witch hazel – topical". Health Canada: Drugs and Health Products. 13 April 2010. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
  19. PMID 21995704
    . witch hazel has long been used for skin trouble such as acne as an astringent and antiseptic
  20. ^ Jiang, Georgia (2 May 2022). "Witch Hazel Spells Trouble for Harmful Microbes". AgResearch Magazine. USDA ARS. Retrieved 2 May 2022.
  21. ^ "Postpartum care: What to expect after a vaginal delivery". Labor and delivery, postpartum care. Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
  22. PMID 33034900
    .
  23. ^ a b c d e Michael C. Bingham, Which Witch Is Witch Hazel (and Which Dickinson Makes It)?, Connecticut Business Journal, 20 October 1997. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2 August 2009. Retrieved 10 June 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  24. . Retrieved 4 August 2022.
  25. . Retrieved 21 August 2022.
  26. ^ "Razor Burn". Cleveland Clinic. Retrieved 4 August 2022.
  27. ^ InformedHealth.org (29 January 2014). "Enlarged hemorrhoids: How can you relieve the symptoms yourself?". InformedHealth.org. Retrieved 10 August 2023.
  28. ^ Bromley, Gerald D. (6 March 2017). "Warning letter: Aegeia Skin Care, LLC". Inspections, Compliance, Enforcement, and Criminal Investigations, US Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
  29. ^ Dickinson's 'Witch Hazel' Will No Longer Be Manufactured in Essex, Essex Events, Spring 1997.
  30. ^ The E.E. Dickinson Co. (1970?), The Birth of Witch Hazel. 16 pp.

Further reading