Within You Without You
"Within You Without You" | |
---|---|
Song by the Beatles | |
from the album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band | |
Released | 26 May 1967[1] |
Recorded | 15 and 22 March, 3 April 1967 |
Studio | EMI, London |
Genre | Indian classical, psychedelia, raga rock[2] |
Length | 5:05 |
Label | Parlophone |
Songwriter(s) | George Harrison |
Producer(s) | George Martin |
Audio sample | |
"Within You Without You" |
"Within You Without You" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles from their 1967 album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. Written by lead guitarist George Harrison, it was his second composition in the Indian classical style, after "Love You To", and inspired by his stay in India in late 1966 with his mentor and sitar teacher Ravi Shankar. Recorded in London without the other Beatles, it features Indian instrumentation such as sitar, tambura, dilruba and tabla, and was performed by Harrison and members of the Asian Music Circle. The recording marked a significant departure from the Beatles' previous work; musically, it evokes the Indian devotional tradition, while the overtly spiritual quality of the lyrics reflects Harrison's absorption in Hindu philosophy and the teachings of the Vedas.
The song was Harrison's only composition on Sgt. Pepper, although his endorsement of Indian culture was further reflected in the inclusion of yogis such as Paramahansa Yogananda among the crowd depicted on the album's cover. With the worldwide success of the album, "Within You Without You" presented Indian classical music to a new audience in the West and contributed to the genre's peak in international popularity. It also influenced the philosophical direction of many of Harrison's peers during an era of utopian idealism marked by the Summer of Love. The song has traditionally received a varied response from music critics, some of whom find it lacklustre and pretentious, while others admire its musical authenticity and consider its message to be the most meaningful on Sgt. Pepper. Writing for Rolling Stone, David Fricke described the track as "at once beautiful and severe, a magnetic sermon about materialism and communal responsibility in the middle of a record devoted to gentle Technicolor anarchy".[3]
For the Beatles' 2006 remix album Love, the song was mixed with the John Lennon-written "Tomorrow Never Knows", creating what some reviewers consider to be that project's most successful mashup. Sonic Youth, Rainer Ptacek, Oasis, Patti Smith, Cheap Trick and the Flaming Lips are among the artists who have covered "Within You Without You".
Background and inspiration
The song was Harrison's second composition to be explicitly influenced by
"Within You Without You" is the first of Harrison's many songs to include
Harrison and Boyd returned to England on 22 October,[38] and continued to adhere to a Hindu-aligned lifestyle of yoga, meditation and vegetarianism at their home in Esher.[39][40][nb 3] The education Harrison received in India, particularly regarding the illusory nature of the material world, resonated with his experiences with the hallucinogenic drug LSD (commonly known as "acid"),[43] and informed his lyrics to "Within You Without You".[44] Having considered leaving the Beatles after the completion of their third US tour, on 29 August 1966,[45] he instead gained a philosophical perspective on the effects of the band's international fame.[46][nb 4] He later attributed "Within You Without You" to his having "fallen under the spell of the country"[48] after experiencing the "pure essence of India" through Shankar's guidance.[49]
Composition
Music
"Within You Without You" was a song that I wrote based upon a piece of music of Ravi [Shankar]'s that he'd recorded for All-India Radio. It was a very long piece – maybe thirty or forty minutes ... I wrote a mini version of it, using sounds similar to those I'd discovered on his piece.[48]
– George Harrison discussing the composition in 2000
The song follows the pitches of
Following a brief
Over the instrumental passage, the tabla rhythm switches to a 10-beat
In his book Indian Music and the West, Gerry Farrell writes of "Within You Without You": "The overall effect is of several disparate strands of Indian music being woven together to create a new form. It is a quintessential fusion of pop and Indian music."[60] Peter Lavezzoli, author of The Dawn of Indian Music in the West, describes the song as "a survey of Indian classical and semiclassical styles" in which "the diverse elements ... are skillfully woven together into an interesting hybrid. If anything, the closest comparison that might be made is to the Hindu devotional song form known as bhajan."[51]
Lyrics
According to
At times in the song, Harrison distances himself from those who live in ignorance of these apparent truths – saying, "If they only knew" and asking the listener, "Are you one of them?"[67] In the final verse,[68] he quotes from the gospels of St Matthew and St Mark, lamenting those who "gain the world and lose their soul".[69] Author Ian MacDonald defends the "accusatory finger" behind such statements, saying that, within the ideology of the emerging 1960s counterculture, "this is a token of what was then felt to be a revolution in progress: an inner revolution against materialism".[70]
The transcendental theme of Harrison's lyrics aligned with the philosophy behind the 1967 Summer of Love – namely, the search for universality and an ego-less existence.[71] Author Ian Inglis considers the line "With our love we could save the world" to be a "cogent reflection" of the Summer of Love ethos, anticipating the utopian message of Harrison's composition "It's All Too Much" and the John Lennon-written "All You Need Is Love".[72][nb 5] Inglis adds, with reference to the chorus: "The lyrics are given greater depth by the double meaning of without – 'in the absence of' and 'outside' – each of which is perfectly applicable to the song's sentiments."[74]
Production
Recording
Harrison recorded "Within You Without You" for the Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, an album based around Paul McCartney's vision of a fictitious band that would serve as the Beatles' alter egos after their decision to quit touring.[75][76] Harrison had little interest in McCartney's concept;[77] he later admitted that, following his return from India, "my heart was still out there", and working with the Beatles again "felt like going backwards".[78] He presented the song after it was decided to exclude his composition "Only a Northern Song", which the Beatles recorded in February 1967.[79] In contrast to his prominence as a songwriter on Revolver, "Within You Without You" was Harrison's sole composition on Sgt. Pepper.[51][71]
George has done a great Indian one. We came along one night and he had about 400 Indian fellas playing there ... it was a great swinging evening, as they say.[48]
– John Lennon recalling the recording of "Within You Without You", 1967
The recording features musical contributions from only Harrison, Beatles aide Neil Aspinall, and a group of London-based Indian musicians.[6][70] As with his Indian accompanists on "Love You To", Harrison sourced these contributors through the Asian Music Circle in north London.[80] Harrison missed a Beatles recording session to attend one of Shankar's London concerts, an absence that served as part of his preparation for recording "Within You Without You".[7]
MacDonald describes the song as "Stylistically ... the most distant departure from the staple Beatles sound in their discography".[81][nb 6] The basic track was recorded on 15 March 1967 at EMI's Abbey Road studio 2 in London.[4] The participants sat on a carpet in the studio, which was decorated with Indian tapestries on the walls,[57] with the lights turned low and incense burning.[82] Harrison and Aspinall each played a tambura, while the Indian musicians contributed on tabla, dilruba and tambura.[4][nb 7] Musicologist Michael Hannan comments that, relative to standard Indian practice, the use of three tamburas produces "a denser-than-usual, pulsating jivari" (or "buzzing sound"), highlighting the naturally rich harmonics of the instrument.[85]
The session was also attended by Lennon,
Overdubbing and mixing
The first of two
Producer George Martin then arranged the string orchestration, for eight violins and three cellos,[70] based on Harrison's instructions.[99] The pair worked hard together on the arrangement,[71] ensuring that Martin's score imitated the slides and bends of the dilrubas.[15][nb 9] The orchestral parts, performed by members of the London Symphony Orchestra,[101] were added on 3 April.[51] During the same session, Harrison recorded his vocal and a sitar part, the solo of which, in the description of music critic David Fricke, "sings and swings with the clarity and phrasing of his best rockabilly-fired guitar work".[102][nb 10] Harrison also overdubbed occasional interjections on acoustic guitar.[99]
On 4 April, while preparing the final
Release
Harrison's Māyan discourse [in "Within You Without You"] establishes the firmament for the Beatles' utopian sentiments that ultimately propel the Summer of Love into being: "With our love we could save the world," Harrison sings.[108]
– Kenneth Womack, 2014
Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band was released on 26 May 1967,[109] with "Within You Without You" sequenced as the opening track on side two of the LP.[110][111] Greene notes that for many listeners at the time, the song provided their "first meaningful contact with meditative sound".[112] In his 1977 book The Beatles Forever, Nicholas Schaffner likened "Within You Without You" to Hermann Hesse's Siddhartha – an influential novel among the counterculture during the Summer of Love – in terms of the song's evocation of Hesse's "idealization of individuality" and "vision of a mysterious East".[113] Eager to separate the song's message from the LSD experience at a time when the drug had grown in popularity and influence, Harrison told an interviewer: "It's nothing to do with pills ... It's just in your own head, the realisation."[71]
Although Harrison later spoke dismissively of the Sgt. Pepper project and its legacy,
In 1971 the song was issued as the title track of an
Critical reception
Contemporary reviews
Recalling the song's release in his book The Beatles Diary,
According to the Beatles' official biographer, Hunter Davies, writing in 1968, some contemporary reviewers speculated that the burst of laughter at the end of "Within You Without You" was inserted by Harrison's bandmates to mock the song. Davies corrected this misconception, saying: "It was completely George's idea."[105][nb 13] In a review published five months after the release of Sgt. Pepper, Hit Parader considered that the album had not endured as well as the Beatles' previous works, and opined: "Harrison has produced a soothing, sinuous, exotic sound for 'Within You Without You'. But even though his repetitious recitation of elementary Far Eastern philosophy is probably intended to reflect the infinity of the universe, it soon becomes a bit monotonous. The laughter at the end seems to be deflating the pretentiousness of the lyrics."[134]
Retrospective assessment
The song has continued to invite widely diverse opinions.
Writing for Rough Guides, Chris Ingham admires the track as "beautifully put together"; he describes it as both "some of the most exotic music released under The Beatles' name" and a "philosophical meditation on life and love beyond self ... [that], once surrendered to, is a central part of the Pepper experience".[143] In his book on the history of ambient music, Mark Prendergast includes "Within You Without You" among the album's "three outstanding cuts" and deems it to be "the most timeless piece of dronal psychedelia ever recorded".[144] AllMusic critic Richie Unterberger admires the melody, but he considers the track overlong and notes the potential for offence in this, "the first Beatles song where [Harrison's] Indian religious beliefs affected the lyrics with full force".[145]
Musicologist Allan Moore says that Harrison's "command of the quasi-Indian medium is of a very high order" and, with regard to the song's message, he writes: "In its explicit, prescient call to the me-generation, perhaps 'Within You Without You' is a key track [on the album] ... expressing the deepest commitment to the counter-culture."[146] PopMatters' Ross Langager has attributed a similar significance to the track:
Sgt. Pepper is about Britain, and the Summer of Love was always about America. The only song on the album that approaches the ideology and rhetoric of the hippie counterculture was George Harrison's sole contribution, the lush sitar-washed "Within You Without You", and it follows that Harrison was the only Beatle to have visited Haight-Ashbury at the peak of the scene. Even then, Eastern philosophy informed the lyric more deeply than did acid culture, and it's still a dense and stunning composition no matter its ideology.[147]
Writing for
Cultural influence and legacy
Sgt. Pepper's "Within You, Without You" exemplified the transformation – a transfusion of Indian melody and instrumentation that captured the zeitgeist of millions of freaky young 'uns sitting around discussing consciousness. Needless to say, sitar sales skyrocketed, as did the demand for gurus.[151]
– Michael Simmons, Mojo, 2011
Harrison's interest in Indian culture was swiftly adopted by his peers as well as their audience.
According to New Yorker journalist Mark Hertsgaard, the lyrics to "Within You Without You" "contained the album's most overt expression of the Beatles' shared belief in spiritual awareness and social change".[158] Harrison's espousal of Eastern philosophy dominated the group's extracurricular activities by mid 1967,[159] and his influence within the band continued to increase.[160][161] This led to the Beatles' endorsement of Transcendental Meditation[162][163] and their highly publicised attendance at Maharishi Mahesh Yogi's spiritual retreat in Rishikesh, India, early the following year.[61]
Among other contemporary rock musicians, Stephen Stills was so taken with the song that he had its lyrics carved on a stone monument in his yard.[8] Lennon also admired the track,[57] saying of Harrison: "His mind and his music are clear. There is his innate talent, he brought that sound together."[48][nb 16] David Crosby, who introduced Harrison to Shankar's music in 1965,[166][167] described Harrison's fusion of ideas as "utterly brilliant", adding: "He did it beautifully and tastefully ... He did it at absolutely the highest level that he could, and I was extremely proud of him for that."[168] Writing in the "100 Rock Icons" issue of Classic Rock, in 2006, singer Paul Rodgers cited the track to support Harrison's standing as what the magazine called "the Beatles' musical medicine man". Rodgers said: "He introduced me and a generation of people worldwide to the wisdom of the East. His thought-provoking 'Within You Without You' – with sitars, tablas and deep lyrics – was something completely different, even in a world full of unique music."[169][nb 17]
Music critic
Writing in 2013, ethnomusicologist Jeffrey Cupchik said that Harrison's Indian-influenced songs, particularly "Within You Without You", "marked the inception of a new 'hybridic' East–West style of music composition – a style that is immensely widespread today".
Coinciding with the 50th anniversary of Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra (RLPO) staged an event titled "George Harrison 'Within You Without You': The Story of The Beatles and Indian Music" at the Liverpool Philharmonic Hall.[185] While carrying out research for this project, academics from the University of Liverpool and the University of Sheffield discovered the identity of the Indian musicians on the 1967 recording.[186] The two surviving players, Buddhadev Kansara and Natwar Soni, were among the performers at the RLPO event.[185][187]
Love remix
"Within You Without You" was included on the 2006 remix album Love,[188] which was created for the Cirque du Soleil stage show of the same name.[189] Harrison's vocal appears over the rhythm section from "Tomorrow Never Knows",[188] after the track opens with Lennon's lyric from the latter song.[190] Reviewing the album for PopMatters, Zeth Lundy writes: "The 'Within You Without You'/'Tomorrow Never Knows' mash-up, perhaps the most thrilling and effective track on the entire disc, fuses two especially transcendental songs into one: ... a union of two ambiguous, open-ended declarations of spiritual pursuit."[191][nb 20] Paul Moody of Uncut similarly considers it to be the "best of all" the mashups on Love, with the two tracks' "cosmic drones ... fitted together like a glove".[194] In their chapter on the Beatles' psychedelic period in The Cambridge Companion to the Beatles, authors Russell Reising and Jim LeBlanc describe "Within You Without You/Tomorrow Never Knows" as "the most musically and visually stunning segment" of the Cirque du Soleil show.[195]
Remixed and remastered by George Martin and his son Giles,[196] "Within You Without You"/"Tomorrow Never Knows" was the first track prepared for Love.[197] Speaking to Mojo magazine in December 2006, Giles Martin said that he had first created a demo combining the two songs, which he then nervously presented to McCartney and Ringo Starr for their approval. In Martin's recollection, "they loved it", which allowed the project to proceed.[198] A video clip of the completed track was made to promote the album and was included on the 2015 DVD 1+.[199] The Love remix is one of the songs in The Beatles: Rock Band.[200]
Cover versions
Big Jim Sullivan, a British session guitarist who became proficient on the sitar,[201] included "Within You Without You" on his album of Indian music-style recordings,[202] titled Sitar Beat and first released in 1967.[203] In the same year, the Soulful Strings recorded the song for their album Groovin' with the Soulful Strings,[204] a version that also appeared on the B-side of their most successful single, "Burning Spear".[205]
In 1988,
Big Daddy covered the song on their 1992 Sgt. Pepper tribute album, a release that Moore recognises as "the most audacious" of the many interpretations of the Beatles' 1967 LP. Moore says that "Within You Without You" serves as the album's "cleverest pastiche", performed in a free jazz style reminiscent of Ornette Coleman or Don Cherry.[209] Other acts who have covered the song for Sgt. Pepper tributes include Oasis, on a BBC Radio 2 project celebrating the album's 40th anniversary (2007);[108] Easy Star All-Stars (featuring Matisyahu), on Easy Star's Lonely Hearts Dub Band (2009);[210] Cheap Trick, on their Sgt. Pepper Live DVD (2009);[211] and the Flaming Lips, with featured guests Birdflower and Morgan Delt, on With a Little Help from My Fwends (2014).[212] A recording by Big Head Todd and the Monsters appeared on the 2003 Harrison tribute Songs from the Material World.[213]
Guitarist Rainer Ptacek opened his 1994 album Nocturnes with what AllMusic critic Bob Gottlieb describes as a "stunning instrumental" reading of the song,[214] recorded live in a chapel in Tucson, Arizona.[215] Writing for the same website, Brian Downing considers a 1997 version by Ptacek, released on his posthumous album Live at the Performance Center, to be "perhaps one of the best unheralded Beatles covers of all time".[216] Patti Smith included it on her 2007 covers album Twelve,[217] a version that, according to BBC music critic Chris Jones, "sounds like [the song] could have been written for her".[218] Other artists who have recorded "Within You Without You" include Peter Knight and his Orchestra, Firefall, Glenn Mercer of the Feelies,[107] Angels of Venice[219] and Thievery Corporation.[220]
Personnel
According to Ian MacDonald[221] and details released by the University of Liverpool in June 2017 (except where noted):[83]
- George Harrison – lead vocals, tambura, sitar, swarmandal,[92][118] acoustic guitar
- Anna Joshi – dilruba
- Amrit Gajjar – dilruba
- Natwar Soni – tabla
- Buddhadev Kansara – tambura
- Neil Aspinall – tambura
- Erich Gruenberg, Alan Loveday, Julien Gaillard, Paul Scherman, Ralph Elman, David Wolfsthal, Jack Rothstein, Jack Greene – violins
- Reginald Kilbey, Allen Ford, Peter Beavan – cellos
Notes
- ^ In an attempt to disguise his identity, at Shankar's suggestion, Harrison had grown a moustache[26][27] – a change of image that the other Beatles would follow by the end of 1966.[28][29]
- ^ Shankar entrusted much of Harrison's tuition in Bombay to his protégé Shambhu Das,[34] who also accompanied the party to Dal Lake.[35][36]
- ^ On 26 October that year, at Heathrow Airport,[41] the British press reported on the incongruous sight of Harrison, in traditional Indian clothes, greeting the newly arrived Shankar, who was dressed in a Western suit.[42]
- ^ Referring to Harrison's maturation, music journalist Neil Spencer wrote in 2002: "It wasn't just India, its music, and his new-found enthusiasm for religion and philosophy. Now he knew how it felt not to be a Beatle. None of the others had that."[47]
- ^ At the Beatles' press conference in New York on 22 August 1966, Harrison was asked to name the most important aspect of life, to which he replied, "Love." When then asked for his "personal goal", he said: "To do as well as I can at whatever I attempt and, someday, to die with a peaceful mind."[73]
- ^ Lavezzoli similarly considers the 5/4-time instrumental segment to be "by far the most radical departure from the normal stylistic parameters of a Beatles recording".[57]
- ^ The identity of the Indian players remained unknown for several decades. Research undertaken by the Department of Music at the University of Liverpool has since identified four of the musicians as Anna Joshi, Amrit Gajjar (both dilruba), Buddhadev Kansara (tambura) and Natwar Soni (tabla).[83][84]
- ^ While his contribution as a songwriter was minimal, Harrison added Indian musical styling to several other songs during the sessions for Sgt. Pepper.[94] These include swarmandal on "Strawberry Fields Forever"[95] and sitar[96] and tambura on "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds",[66] which also features a lead guitar part where he imitates a sarangi behind Lennon's vocal line.[97][98]
- ^ In the opinion of music journalist Mark Prendergast, the Western strings suggest a Carnatic (or South Indian) quality, contrasting with the song's adherence to the Hindustani (North Indian) musical tradition.[100]
- ^ While discussing "Within You Without You" in a 1979 interview, Harrison reflected that the song "sounds a bit dopey now in retrospect" but expressed satisfaction with his sitar solo.[103]
- ^ Speaking in the 1980s about the album's impact, Harrison described it as "a milestone and a millstone in music history".[114]
- ^ According to Robert Christgau, in his December 1967 column for Esquire magazine, Goldstein was vilified for his views on Sgt. Pepper. Among the many letters sent to The New York Times, one of the most frequent complaints concerned Goldstein's dismissal of the lyrics to "Within You Without You".[130]
- ^ MacDonald cites Harrison's use of laughter as a key example of the Beatles' propensity for an "undertone of irony ... even in their moments of ostensible decorum". He suggests that this especially Liverpudlian trait was often misunderstood by the band's listeners outside England, particularly those in America.[133]
- ^ While comparing the song with "All You Need Is Love" – a "transcendental statement" from the Summer of Love that would similarly be misinterpreted in "the materialistic Eighties" – MacDonald opines: "Described by those with no grasp of the ethos of 1967 as a blot on a classic LP, 'Within You Without You' is central to the outlook that shaped Sgt. Pepper – a view justifiable then, as it is justifiable now."[140]
- ^ In the same letter, Mascaró enclosed a copy of his book Lamps of Fire[7] and suggested that a passage he had translated from the Tao Te Ching might make a suitable subject for a song.[155] Harrison duly used this passage in the lyrics to "The Inner Light",[156] his third fully Indian-styled Beatles track.[157]
- ^ In a 1973 interview, Lennon said it was his favourite song of Harrison's.[164][165] Similarly impressed, Ringo Starr said in 2000: "'Within You Without You' is brilliant. I love it."[48]
- ^ American musician Gary Wright recalls listening to "Within You Without You" repeatedly in the summer of 1967 while touring Europe for the first time, and he says: "I was transported to another place of consciousness. I'd never heard such sound textures before."[170]
- ^ Made with input from Harrison, the film also satirised his spiritual preoccupations as, following the Rutles' break-up, Stig withdraws from the limelight to become a female flight attendant with Air India.[182]
- ^ The tabla part from "Within You Without You" was used again on Love, mixed into the start of "Here Comes the Sun".[192] The track then segues into a transition piece featuring Indian instrumentation from "The Inner Light".[193]
References
- ^ Everett 1999, p. 123: "In the United Kingdom, Sgt. Pepper ... was rush-released six days ahead of its official date, June 1".
- ^ Schaffner 1978, p. 79.
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- ^ a b c d Lewisohn 2005, p. 103.
- ^ Everett 1999, p. 111.
- ^ a b The Editors of Rolling Stone 2002, p. 174.
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