Women in Poland
Gender Inequality Index[3] | |
---|---|
Value | 0.109 (2021) |
Rank | 31st out of 191 |
Global Gender Gap Index[4] | |
Value | 0.709 (2022) |
Rank | 77th out of 146 |
The character of Polish women is shaped by Poland's history, culture, and politics.[5] Poland has a long history of feminist activism, and was one of the first nations in Europe to enact women's suffrage. It is also strongly influenced by the conservative social views of the Catholic Church.
History
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Women in society |
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The history of women on the territory of present-day Poland has many roots, and has been strongly influenced by Roman Catholicism in Poland. Feminism in Poland has a long history, and has traditionally been divided into seven periods, beginning arguably with the 18th-century Enlightenment, followed by first-wave feminism.[7] The first four early periods coincided with the foreign partitions of Poland, which resulted in the elimination of the sovereign Polish state for 123 years.[8]
1918–1939
Poland was among the first nations to grant women legal rights: women's suffrage was enacted in 1918[9] after the country regained independence that year, following the 123-year period of partition and foreign rule. In 1932 Poland made marital rape illegal. Despite the improvement of the state's policies regarding women's rights, Polish women still faced discrimination on various levels. The concept of the "glass ceiling" in Polish society was formed during the interwar period.[10] Women had to compete with men mainly for well-paid, high-prestige positions.[10]However, women's salaries continue to be lower than men in almost all sectors.[10]
Communism
During the
Post-communism
The
The status of women in contemporary Poland must be understood in the context of the political scene and of the role that the church plays in society. This is especially true with regard to
Poland has been part of the
Old Polish customs
Old Polish customs differed based on social status. Polish customs derived from other European traditions, however, typically came to Poland later than in other countries.[24] The example of chivalry illustrates the approach of the medieval class towards women. The entire idea of chivalry was based on the almost divine worship of the female, and every knight had to have his "lady" (dama) as the object of (very often platonic) love.[24] Knights felt obligated to take a patronage over their ladies.[24] Women in Poland were historically perceived as the soul of the company during social gatherings.[24] Woman traditionally held a preeminent social position. Referring to girls as panny ('ladies'), which derives from the Polish word pan ('sir') unlike chłopcy ('boys'), which comes from the word chłop ('peasant') is a sign of respect shown towards women.[24] Long before the emancipation movement, women in Poland had an important social role mainly due to the numerous conflicts and threats that kept men away from home.[24] The political and economic situation required women to become self-sufficient and courageous.[24] Polish women's clothing was also quite different in the past. Mid-16th century apparel contained a variety of types of decorations and accessories.[24] Women's headwear included decorative wreaths, veils, and various hatbands. Among the notable elements of women's clothing of the time were "long, satin dresses" decorated with gold and pearls, as well as "aureate slippers".[24]
Women in sports
Polish women have earned a special place in the country's sports. The top three places for the most wins in the annual most popular sportsperson contest, the
Notable women in Polish history
This section needs additional citations for verification. (August 2022) |
Important women in early Polish history include
Abortion in Poland
In 2020 Poland's constitutional court ruled that abortion due to fetal defects was unconstitutional.[28]
As of 2023, abortion in Poland is legal in cases of rape and when the woman's life or any form of health is in jeopardy.[29][30]
Gallery
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Jadwiga of Poland, Queen of Poland
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Marie Leszczyńska, the longest-serving Queen of France
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Emilia Plater, revolutionary
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Klementyna Hoffmanowa, novelist, playwright and activist
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Maria Konopnicka, writer and women's rights activist
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Gabriela Zapolska, playwright
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Pola Negri, icon of the golden eras of Hollywood and European film
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Rosa Luxemburg, socialist activist
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Irena Krzywicka, feminist
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Irena Sendler, World War II hero
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Helena Rubinstein, entrepreneur
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Hanna Suchocka, Poland's first female Prime Minister
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Wisława Szymborska, Nobel Prize laureate
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Justyna Kowalczyk, Olympic champion
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Agnieszka Holland, film director
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Anja Rubik, model
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Joanna Kulig, actress
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Olga Tokarczuk, Nobel Prize laureate
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Iga Świątek, tennis player
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Margaret, singer
See also
References
Specific
- ^ "Proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments (%) | Data".
- ^ "LFS by sex and age - indicators". stats.oecd.org.
- ^ "Human Development Report 2021/2022" (PDF). HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORTS. Retrieved 11 November 2022.
- ^ "Global Gender Gap Report 2022" (PDF). World Economic Forum. Retrieved 23 February 2023.
- ^ "Polish women". polishmarriage.org. Retrieved 2 November 2013.
- ^ "The situation in the EU". European Commission. Retrieved 12 July 2011.
- ^ Łoch, Eugenia, ed. (2001). Modernizm i feminizm. Postacie kobiece w literaturze polskiej i obcej [Modernism and feminism. Female characters in Polish and foreign literature] (in Polish). Lublin: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu M.Curie-Skłodowskiej. p. 44.
- Clarendon Press.
- Encyclopedia Britannica. 8 September 2023.
- ^ )
- ^ ISSN 0967-067X.
- ^ ISSN 0277-5395.
- ^ "Eurostat - Tables, Graphs and Maps Interface (TGM) table". ec.europa.eu.
- ^ "Women in business 2015 results". Grant Thornton International Ltd. Home.
- ^ "Gender equality". European Commission.
- ^ a b c Imbierowicz, Agnieszka (1 June 2012). "The Polish Mother on the Defensive? The Transformation of the Myth and Its Impact on the Motherhood of Polish Women". Journal of Education Culture and Society. 2012 (1): 140–153. Retrieved 17 July 2018.
- ^ "Eurostat - Tables, Graphs and Maps Interface (TGM) table". ec.europa.eu.
- ^ Hloušek, Vít; Kopeček, Lubomír (2010). Origin, Ideology and Transformation of Political Parties: East-Central and Western Europe Compared. Ashgate Publishing. p. 196.
- ^ Nodsieck, Wolfram. "Poland". Parties and Elections in Europe. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
- ISBN 978-3531146607.
- ^ "Unentschlossene als Zünglein an der Waage" [The undecided to tip the scales]. News ORF (in German). Retrieved 24 May 2015.
- ^ "CIA - The World Factbook -- Field Listing - Urbanization". Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 2009-02-11.
- ^ Smith, Alex Duval (24 October 2015). "In deepest rural Poland, politics is shaped by love of church ... and hatred of Brussels". The Guardian.
- ^ .
- ^ "Iga Swiatek named Polish Sports Personality of the Year". Tennis. 2023-01-08. Retrieved 2023-01-24.
- ^ "Swiatek named Polish Sports Personality of the Year, first tennis player to win since 1937". Women's Tennis Association. 2023-01-08. Retrieved 2023-01-24.
- ^ "Women in Poland's Early History". Retrieved 2 November 2013.
- ^ httpsStaff and agencies in Warsaw (22 October 2020). "Poland rules- abortion- due- to- foetal- defects- unconstitutional". The Guardian.
- ^ "Poland: Nationwide protests against further restrictions to abortion". Amnesty International. 17 January 2018.
- ^ Domonoske, Camila (4 October 2016). "Polish Women Hold 'Black Monday' Strike To Protest Proposed Abortion Ban". NPR. Retrieved 2016-10-05.
General
- Lewis, Jone Johnson. "Poland - Women". Encyclopedia of Women's History.