Women in punk rock

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Patti Smith
Chrissie Hynde, 2013
Viv Albertine
Kim Gordon in 2012


Women have made significant contributions to

counter-cultural mindset of the punk scene in mid-and-late 1970s encouraged women to participate. This participation played a role in the historical development of punk music, especially in the US and UK at that time, and continues to influence and enable future generations.[3] Women have participated in the punk scene as lead singers, instrumentalists, as all-female bands, zine contributors and fashion designers.[4]

Rock historian

stereotypical. She states that many, if not all women punks were more interested in the ideology and socio-political implications, rather than the fashion.[5][6] Music historian Caroline Coon contends that before punk, women in rock music were virtually invisible; in contrast, in punk, she argues, "It would be possible to write the whole history of punk music without mentioning any male bands at all – and I think a lot of [people] would find that very surprising."[7][8]

bouncers, the sound mixers, no one took us seriously. So, no, we got no respect anywhere we went. People just didn't want us around."[12][13]

History

Context

Main article: Women in music

Musicologist Caroline Polk O'Meara has written that female experience, feminism and taking a pro-woman stance empowered women's participation in punk rock beginning in the 1970s.[14] In rock music, there has been a gendered "distinction between public (male) and private (female) participation" in music.[15] "[S]everal scholars have argued that men exclude women from bands or from the bands' rehearsals, recordings, performances, and other social activities."[16] "Women are mainly regarded as passive and private consumers of allegedly slick, prefabricated – hence, inferior – pop music..., excluding them from participating as high status rock musicians."[16] One of the reasons that mixed gender bands were traditionally rare was that "bands operate as tight-knit units in which homosocial solidarity – social bonds between people of the same sex... – plays a crucial role."[16] In the 1960s pop music scene, "[s]inging was sometimes an acceptable pastime for a girl, but playing an instrument...simply wasn't done."[17]

In the UK, the Sex Discrimination Act of 1975 allowed women the same access to jobs as men. Some men thought that this legislation put them at a loss and felt that women were taking away positions that traditionally belonged to them. This, and the election of Margaret Thatcher, led many young women who felt disenfranchised to the punk rock music scene. Artists like Suzi Quatro are considered to be major influences in the early British punk culture. Quatro refused to be sexualized by the media and indirectly dealt with the issue of sexism by embracing a tough, rocker persona while producing music that could thrive in the mainstream. Bands like X-Ray Spex and The Slits took this feminist rock culture and combined it with a more extreme, aggressive style of music.[4] This genre reflected on social, cultural and political changes of the United Kingdom at the time,[5] and continued to do so in other locations.

In the US, women such as

Hall and Oates did not tend to address political issues, which left a space for rebels like Joan Jett and Blondie within the charts.[4]

The feminist ideologies of punk rock in the 1970s and 1980s

homemade magazines, known as zines, and group meetings. Eventually, the movement developed into a genre of music that was more aggressive than the mainstream rock of the decade. This genre reflected the same values as the zines. It was within this era that the LGBT community began to use punk rock as an outlet for advocacy as well. Groups from the early 21st century such as Pussy Riot and Panty Raiders combine feminist and queer values in their music and films.[19]

The constant push for

anti-war in nature and directly criticized the U.S. government's decisions regarding the Middle East.[4]

"The rebellion of rock music was largely a male rebellion; the women—often, in the 1950s and '60s, girls in their teens—in rock usually sang songs as personæ utterly dependent on their macho boyfriends...".[20] Philip Auslander says that "Although there were many women in rock by the late 1960s, most performed only as singers, a traditionally feminine position in popular music". Though some women played instruments in American all-female garage rock bands, none of these bands achieved more than regional success. So they "did not provide viable templates for women's on-going participation in rock".[21]: 2–3  In relation to the gender composition of heavy metal bands, it has been said that "[h]eavy metal performers are almost exclusively male"[22] "...[a]t least until the mid-1980s"[23] apart from "...exceptions such as Girlschool."[22] However, "...now [in the 2010s] maybe more than ever–strong metal women have put up their dukes and got down to it",[24] "carv[ing] out a considerable place for [them]selves."[25]

When Suzi Quatro emerged in 1973, "no other prominent female musician worked in rock simultaneously as a singer, instrumentalist, songwriter, and bandleader".[21]: 2  According to Auslander, she was "kicking down the male door in rock and roll and proving that a female musician ... and this is a point I am extremely concerned about ... could play as well if not better than the boys".[21]: 3 

Social change

Main article: Rock Against Sexism
Rock Against Sexism badge

Rock Against Sexism (RAS) was a political and cultural movement dedicated to promoting women in music,[26] and challenging sexism and heterosexism in the rock music community, pop culture and in the world at large.[27] It was primarily a part of the punk rock music and arts scene.[28] RAS began in the UK in 1978, and by the mid-1980s also had a presence in North America. It was inspired and influenced by Rock Against Racism; the two movements had many of the same participants.[29][30][31] RAS has been cited as a prototype for, and influence on, the later Riot grrrl movement, "giving women more access to punk subculture."[28]

The Mexico City-based punk rock collective, Hijas de Violencia (the Daughters of Violence) conduct street performances to combat sexual harassment against women.[32] A precursor was Chavas Activas Punks (CHAP)'s, a women's collective that formed in the Mexico City pun community in 1987. The anthropologist, Maritza Urteaga Castro-Prozo writes of their protests against the "hostility and rejection they experienced from male counterparts". She goes on to write that while they had "little acquaintance with feminist theory", their lyrics and fanzine focused on gender discrimination and sexuality.[33]

Pussy Riot

Pussy Riot's lyrical themes include feminism, LGBT rights, and government opposition. The collective considers Russian President Vladimir Putin to be a dictator, and opposes his policies.[34][35]

Some women in punk rock have used their music and lyrics as platforms for feminist ideologies, and to oppose the sexualization of female musicians and societal policing of women's bodies and sexual agency.

LGBTQIA+ community, animal rights, and human rights in general.[37] Punk, as non-normative as it has traditionally been, has (in some cases) become a safe haven for many unaccepted individuals, including queer people. Punks and the punk lifestyle are often outside of the realm of normative culture, and the same can be said for queer individuals.[39] The discomfort in this outcast identity may bring feelings of solidarity for people in punk scenes, queer and otherwise.[39]

Fashion

Vivienne Westwood

A designer associated with early UK punk fashion in the 1970s was Vivienne Westwood, who made clothes for Malcolm McLaren's boutique in the King's Road, which became famous as "SEX". Other designers included Wendy Gawitz and Kate Buck of "Eccentric Clothing" in Collingwood; Melbourne, Australia designers Julie Purvis and Jillian Burt, and fellow Australians Kate Durham and Sara Thorn.[40]

Pamela Rooke, also known as Jordan Mooney or simply Jordan, worked as a model for Vivienne Westwood's Sex boutique to create an iconic image of punk fashion "style" during the 1970s.[41] She later went on to manage the band Adam and the Ants; she was also the bass player for the band.[42]

Jordan Mooney

Women in the

hairdos
, torn clothes, patches, safety pins, studs, spikes, etc.).

In 2013 the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York organized the historical exhibition, PUNK: Chaos to Couture, featuring clothing worn and/or fabricated by punk musicians, as well as designers such as Vivenne Westwood, Rodarte, Ann Demeulemeester, Katharine Hamnett and others.[44] A comprehensive exhibition catalog, designed by Pentagram was produced by the museum, and distributed by Yale University Press.[45]

Visual art

Linder Sterling, commonly known as Linder, was the former front-woman of the post-punk band, Ludus. She is primarily known for her radical feminist visual artwork, photographs, photomontages, and cover art for the band the Buzzcocks.[46][47]

Significant musical artists

1970s

Patti Smith

Main article: Patti Smith
Patti Smith performing at TIM Festival, Marina da Gloria, Rio de Janeiro (4)

Patti Smith (born 1946) is a New York City-based punk rock singer-songwriter, poet and artist, whose first album,

Chicago, Illinois.[49]

Chrissie Hynde

Main article: Chrissie Hynde
Chrissie Hynde 2013

Chrissie Hynde (born 1951 in Akron, Ohio) is a singer, songwriter and guitar player and co-founder of the band The Pretenders.[50] They were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2005.

Siouxsie Sioux

Main article: Siouxsie Sioux
Siouxie Sioux

Born Susan Janet Ballion in 1957 in Southwark, London, England, Siouxsie Sioux is best known as the lead singer of Siouxsie and the Banshees, which released 11 studio albums. She continued to tour with The Creatures before embarking on a solo career.[51]

Nina Hagen

Main article: Nina Hagen
Nina Hagen

Catharina Hagen (born 1955), known as

In Ekstasy.[53]

Exene Cervenka

Main article: Exene Cervenka
Exene

Exene Cervenka co-founded the band

DJ Bonebrake. Their debut album Los Angeles (1980) established her as a presence as one of the most influential vocalists in the punk rock movement.[54]

Joan Jett

Main article: Joan Jett
Joan Jett

Joan Jett, born Joan Marie Larkin, began her career when she was still in high school as the rhythm guitarist and later lead singer for the all-female band, The Runaways; their work included the 1976 song "Cherry Bomb" and the 1977 album Queens of Noise. In the 1980s she founded her own independent label, Blackheart Records.[55] In 2015 she was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

Lydia Lunch

Main article: Lydia Lunch

Lydia Lunch, began her career as the frontwoman for the band Teenage Jesus and the Jerks, and went on to collaborate with numerous other musicians and bands, including Nick Cave, Sonic Youth, and Brian Eno, among others.[56]

Poly Styrene

Main article: Poly Styrene

Poly Styrene (1957–2011), born Marianne Joan Elliott-Said, founded the punk band

Germ Free Adolescents established her as a front woman, singer-songwriter and musician.[57]

Ari Up

Main article: Ari Up
Ari up

Ari Up (1962–2010), was born Ariane Daniela Forster in Munich, Germany, and was a vocalist and member of The Slits, a British punk rock band. She was only 14 years old she became The Slits' frontwoman in 1976, and was known as the most flamboyant and eccentric member of the group. She took guitar lessons from Joe Strummer of The Clash.[58][59] Up's mother is the music promoter Nora Forster, a publishing heiress of the newspaper Der Spiegel[60] whose home became a crash pad and meeting place for many rock musicians, and who financially helped support The Slits, the Sex Pistols and The Clash. Ari Up grew up within this creative milieux where she was raised by Forster and John Lydon.[61][62][63]

Gaye Advert

Main article: Gaye Advert

British born Gaye Advert, also known as Gaye Black, was the bass player for The Adverts. She has been called "one of punk's first female icons", and the "first fema[le] punk star".[64][65]

Palmolive

Main article: Palmolive (musician)

Paloma McLardy (born 1955) is known as the drummer and songwriter for The Slits, as Palmolive. Born in Spain, she moved to London in 1972 to live in the squats with other counter-cultural youths.[66] In London, she befriended Joe Strummer of The Clash, who introduced her to Sid Vicious, bass player for the Sex Pistols. Through these alliances she joined the band The Flowers of Romance with guitarist Viv Albertine. Having met 14-year-old Ari Up at a Patti Smith concert, they formed the all-women punk band, The Slits, playing gigs with The Clash, the Sex Pistols, the Buzzcocks, and others. In 1979, she joined the all female punk band, The Raincoats, who recorded their self-titled debut album for Rough Trade Records.[67]

Poison Ivy

Main article: Poison Ivy (musician)
Poison Ivy

Poison Ivy (born Kristy Marlana Wallace in 1953) is known for her work as a guitarist and songwriter who co-founded the American punk-

Sacramento State College in 1972, who became the singer for The Cramps, whose work gained a cult following as well a course of European commercial success.[68][69]

Debbie Harry

Main article: Debbie Harry
Blondie (Debbie Harry)

Debbie Harry is one of the most commercially successful musicians of punk rock/new wave. Her band, Blondie, often performed at CBGB in New York City, and their 1978 album, Parallel Lines, is considered a punk-pop classic. Harry's band, Blondie was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2006.[70]

Viv Albertine

Main article: Viv Albertine

Viv Albertine (born 1954, in Sydney, Australia) is a guitarist and singer for the British punk band The Slits. Albertine was part of the inner circle of the punk bands The Clash and the Sex Pistols, and joined The Slits in 1977. She has also played with the post-punk band

Flying Lizards, the dubstep-influenced New Age Steppers and the punk band The Flowers of Romance.[71]

Belinda Carlisle

Main article: Belinda Carlisle

Belinda Carlisle's first venture into punk rock music was in 1977 as drummer for the band the Germs, under the name Dottie Danger.[72] She was recruited into the band by Lorna Doom.[73][74] Soon after leaving the Germs, she co-founded the Go-Go's (originally named the Misfits), with Margot Olavarria, Elissa Bello, and Jane Wiedlin. After Olavarria and Bello's departure from the band the new line-up included bassist-turned-guitarist Charlotte Caffey, guitarist-turned-bassist Kathy Valentine, and drummer Gina Schock.[75]

Other 1970s artists

1980s

Tina Bell

Lene Lovich

Main article: Lene Lovich
Lene Lovich 1979

Lene Lovich is an American-born English singer, known for her idiosyncratic vocal style. Although active in 1978 and 1979, much of her success was in the 1980s. Her debut studio album Stateless (1978), which produced the single "Lucky Number". She released two more albums, Flex (1979) and No Man's Land (1982), on Stiff Records. In 1989, she independently released the album March, before her 15-year hiatus from music.[76]

Kim Gordon

Main article: Kim Gordon

The American bassist and singer, Kim Gordon (born 1953) and her band, Sonic Youth were formed in 1981, establishing her as an important presence in the downtown New York City music scene. She wrote and performed music with Sonic Youth through 2012. Her memoir, Girl in a Band was published in 2015.[77]

Lydia Lunch

Lydia Lunch
Main article: Lydia Lunch

Lydia Lunch (born 1959) is a US punk rock and

No Wave singer. Her career was established with the founding of Teenage Jesus and the Jerks in collaboration with James Chance. In the mid-1980s she formed Widowspeak, a recording and publishing company.[78]

Tina Bell

Main article: Tina Bell

Singer and songwriter of the Seattle-based punk and grunge band Bam Bam.

Seattle Times, "The legacy of Bell, a Black woman, has often been overlooked in a genre typically associated with long-haired white guys."[80]

Wendy O. Williams

Main article: Wendy O. Williams

Wendy O. Williams (1949–1998) was the lead singer and songwriter for the punk band, Plasmatics whose performances included such actions as chain-sawing guitars and blowing up equipment on stage.[81]

Debora Iyall

Main article: Debora Iyall

Debora Iyall was the lead singer in the San Francisco-based punk band, Romeo Void.[82] She was born in Washington state and is of Cowlitz Native American heritage.[83] She is known for her skills as a lyricist whose "searing imagery" explores themes like sexuality and alienation from a female perspective.[84]

Shonen Knife

Main article: Shonen Knife
Emi Morimoto
.

Other 1980s artists

1990s

Riot Grrrl

Main article:
Riot Grrrl
Carrie Brownstein in 2005.
Kathleen Hanna of Bikini Kill in 1996
PJ Harvey

Riot grrrl is an underground feminist hardcore punk movement that originally started in the early 1990s, in Washington, D.C.,[86] and the greater Pacific Northwest, noticeably in Olympia, Washington.[87] It is often associated with third-wave feminism, which is sometimes seen as its starting point. It has also been described as a musical genre that came out of indie rock, with the punk scene serving as an inspiration for a musical movement in which women could express themselves in the same way men had been doing for the past several years.[88]

Riot grrrl bands often address issues such as rape,

DIY ethic, zines, art, political action, and activism.[91] Riot grrrls are known to hold meetings, start chapters, and support and organize women in music.[92]

Some groups that participated in the Riot grrrl movement encouraged men to stand near the back during concerts to allow women their own space near the front.[93] Many members of the punk rock community considered this and other methods of Riot grrrl to be too radical. Due to this, another feminist movement emerged in the East Bay. One group, Spitboy, pushed their feminist values through integration rather than division. They played at venues such as 924 Gilman Street, which banned sexism and sexual harassment.[94]

Kathleen Hanna

Main article: Kathleen Hanna

Kathleen Hanna (born 1968) and Tobi Vail co-founded the band, Bikini Kill, establishing the feminist riot grrrl movement. Hanna has also released an album under the name Julie Ruin, which developed into Le Tigre.[95]

PJ Harvey

Main article: PJ Harvey

PJ Harvey (born 1969) is an English performer associated with the punk blues and alternative rock genres.[96]

The Breeders

Main article: The Breeders

The Breeders are an American band formed in 1990 by

Cannonball".[97]

Elastica

Main article: Elastica

Elastica were an English band best known for their 1995 album Elastica, which produced singles that charted in the United Kingdom and the United States.[98]

Republica

Saffron of Republica
Main article: Republica

Republica are an English band formed in 1994, featuring their lead singer

technopop
punk rock.

Hole

Main article: Hole (band)

Hole was formed in Los Angeles in 1989 by singer and guitarist Courtney Love and lead guitarist Eric Erlandson. The band had a revolving line-up of bassists and drummers, their most prolific being drummer Patty Schemel, and bassists Kristen Pfaff (d. 1994) and Melissa Auf der Maur.[99]

Babes in Toyland

Main article: Babes in Toyland (band)

Babes in Toyland (band) was a Minneapolis-based American punk rock band most active from 1987 to 2001, and reunited from 2014 to 2020.

Michelle Leon. In 1992, Leon was replaced by Maureen Herman. They are best known for their albums, Spanking Machine (1990), Fontanelle (1992) and Nemesisters (1995).[101]

Other 1990s artists

2000s

Carrie Brownstein

Main articles: Carrie Brownstein, Sleater-Kinney, and Wild Flag

Carrie Brownstein (born 1974) rose to prominence by establishing the riot grrrl all-women punk band Sleater-Kinney with Corin Tucker and Janet Weiss.[102] During the early 2010s, Brownstein and Weiss were members of the band Wild Flag.

Laura Jane Grace

Against Me! Laura Jane Grace
Main article: Laura Jane Grace

Laura Jane Grace (born 1980) is an American transgender musician who is the founder, guitarist and lead singer, songwriter and of the punk band Against Me![103]

Brody Dalle

Main article: Brody Dalle

Australian-born singer-songwriter and guitarist, leader of The Distillers and spinnerette. [citation needed]

Other 2000s artists

Holly Brewer of H.U.M.A.N.W.I.N.E.

Other prominent female punk related artists, bands and individuals from this era include Beth Ditto, Bleach, Holly Brewer, Jemina Pearl, Mika Miko, Nü Sensae, Retching Red, The Bombpops, Regina Zernay Roberts and The Coathangers, Akiko "Keex" Matsuura.

2010s

The 2010s saw a considerable increase in numbers of women taking up rock musicianship.[104][105] Accordingly, there was a profusion of new female or female-fronted bands on the punk scene.[106]

Louise Distras

Main article: Louise Distras

Louise Distras is an English singer, songwriter and musician from Wakefield, West Yorkshire. Kerrang named her a 'Star of 2017,' and she has performed with Buzzcocks, Television, Dropkick Murphys and Billy Bragg.[107][108]

Otoboke Beaver

Main article: Otoboke Beaver

All female punk rock band from Kyoto, Japan.[109] Current members: singer Accorinrin, guitarist Yoyoyoshie, bassist Hiro-chan, and drummer Kahokiss. The band formed in 2009;[110] their most recent release was in May 2022.[111]

Pussy Riot

Main article: Pussy Riot

Formed in 2011 as a punk band, artist collective and activist group.[112][113] In addition to their music, the group used public guerrilla performance to convey political messages. These performances were the basis for music videos available online.[114]

Amanda X

Main article: Amanda X

Post-punk power pop all-female trio from Philadelphia.

Billboard magazine has called them "leaders in their scene" and has described their harmonies as thrash power-pop.[116] They have also received press coverage from Rolling Stone and The Guardian.[115][117] The band is composed of Melissa Brain on drums, Kat Bean on bass and Cat Park on guitar.[117] Their sound has been compared to Sleater Kinney.[118]

Meredith Graves

Main articles: Meredith Graves and Perfect Pussy

Graves is the American frontwoman for the punk rock band

New York that her positive experiences making music were inspiration for establishing Honor Press.[123] In the same interview, she cites women visual artists, Jenny Holzer and Barbara Kruger, as well as writers Kathy Acker and Susan Sontag as inspirations.[123]

Dream Wife

Main article: Dream Wife (band)

Trio of Rakel Mjöll (lead vocals), Alice Go (guitar, vocals), and Bella Podpadec (bass, vocals).,[124] supported by Alex Paveley on drums since 2018.[125][126] Coverage from Rolling Stone magazine,[127] BBC Music[128] and Billboard[129] Second album So When You Gonna... reached number 18 on the UK album chart.[130]

The Tuts

Main article: The Tuts

English

pop punk[131] band from Hayes, London.[132] Received extensive coverage from alternative music radio, most notably Amazing Radio, and from music websites. They were featured in the ITV series Young, British and Muslim in April 2018.[133] Javed is now a solo artist.[134]

The SoapGirls

Main article: The SoapGirls

UK-based, French-born, South African-raised sisters Noemie Debray (guitar, vocals) and Camille Debray (guitar, vocals). Three albums released as punk band, multiple press coverage

Universal Records in South Africa, scored number one album and four Top 5 singles on country's music charts.[138]

Lauren Tate

Main article: Hands Off Gretel

Solo artist and since 2015 lead singer of Hands Off Gretel. an alternative rock/

Hip Hop under the alias Delilah Bon.[141]

Maid of Ace

Main article: Maid of Ace

Punk rock band consisting of Hastings sisters Alison Cara Elliott (Lead vocals/guitar), Anna Coral Elliott (vocals/gGuitar), Amy Catherine Elliott (bass/vocals) and Abby Charlotte Elliott (drums). Three albums released, footage of their 2015 Glastonbury Festival uploaded by the BBC to its website.[142][143][144]

Nina Courson

Main article: Healthy Junkies

French born, London based lead singer of punk rock/grunge band Healthy Junkies since 2009. They have released five albums, which have received multiple coverage in the press.[145][146]

Puss Johnson

Main article: Pussycat and the Dirty Johnsons

Frontwoman since 2002 of band Pussycat and the Dirty Johnsons. They have released four albums, which have received multiple coverage in the press.

Satan's Rats in 2022, as "Satan's Cats".[150]

The Featherz

Main article: The Featherz

Welsh/English band with

Slady[152] and records with The Lurkers.[153]

Petrol Girls

Main article: Petrol Girls

English

feminist. They have received media coverage.[155][154][156]

The Kut

Main article: The Kut

London-based alternative rock project, assembled by frontwoman and self-taught multi-instrumentalist Princess Maha.

UK Independent Albums Chart[160]

Barb Wire Dolls

Main article: Barb Wire Dolls

Grunge/punk rock band from Greece, based in the United States. They were championed by Lemmy on whose personal record label (a subsidiary of Warner Music Group) their third and fourth albums were released.[161]

Nova Twins

Main article: Nova Twins

English rock duo formed in London, England, in 2014, consisting of vocalist/guitarist Amy Love and bassist Georgia South.[162] Nominated for British Group and Best Rock/Alternative Act at the 2023 Brit Awards[163]

The Ethical Debating Society

Main article: The Ethical Debating Society

Three-piece DIY punk, post-riot grrrl group from London. Described by Gigslutz as "one of the most exciting DIY bands" in the UK.

Louder Than War[166] and the Hackney Citizen.[167]

Priests

Main article: Priests (band)

Post-punk band from Washington D.C. formed in 2012 by Katie Alice Greer (vocals), Daniele Daniele (drums), Taylor Mulitz (bass), and G.L. Jaguar (guitar). Debut LP Nothing Feels Natural on several Best Albums Of 2017 lists including Billboard,[168] NPR,[169] the Atlantic,[170] and Pitchfork.[171] Rolling Stone described the band as "forging jagged incantations that challenge norms ranging from the driving forces of capitalism to punk's own chest-beating macho traditions."[172]

White Lung

Main article:
White Lung (band)

Canadian punk band consisting of Mish Barber-Way (vocals), Kenneth William (guitars) and Anne-Marie Vassiliou (drums).[173]

Doll Skin

Main article: Doll Skin

All-female rock band from Phoenix, Arizona consisting of Meghan Herring (drums/vocals), Sydney Dolezal (lead vocals/rhythm guitar), Nicole Rich (bass), and Alex Snowden (lead guitar) who all met at School Of Rock Scottsdale.[174][175][176][177]

Other 2010s artists

Other prominent female or female-fronted acts on the 2010s punk scene included dragSTER,[178][179] IDestroy,[180][181] Océ Cheapfret of The Bolokos[182][183] Cryptic Street,[184][185] and Frau an all-female hardcore feminist punk band from London.[186][187][188][189]

See also

References

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External links

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