Abbie Hoffman
Abbie Hoffman | |
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Born | Abbot Howard Hoffman November 30, 1936 Worcester, Massachusetts, U.S. |
Died | April 12, 1989 | (aged 52)
Other names |
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Education | Worcester Academy Yippie, 1960s counterculture |
Spouses |
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Children | 3 |
Abbot Howard Hoffman (November 30, 1936 – April 12, 1989) was an American political and social activist who co-founded the
As a member of the Chicago Seven, Hoffman was charged with and tried―for activities during the 1968 Democratic National Convention―for conspiring to use interstate commerce with intent to incite a riot and crossing state lines with the intent to incite a riot under the anti-riot provisions of Title X of the Civil Rights Act of 1968.[3][4]: 4 Five of the Chicago Seven defendants, including Hoffman, were convicted of crossing state lines with intent to incite a riot;[4]: 8 all of the convictions were vacated after an appeal and the U.S. Department of Justice declined to pursue another trial.[4]: 9 Hoffman,[5] along with all of the defendants and their attorneys were also convicted and sentenced for contempt of court by the judge; these convictions were also vacated after an appeal.[4]: 9
Hoffman continued his activism into the 1970s and remains an icon of the
Early life and education
Abbot Howard Hoffman was born November 30, 1936, in Worcester, Massachusetts, to Florence (née Schanberg) and John Hoffman. Hoffman was raised in a middle-class Jewish household and had two younger siblings.
During his school days, he became known as a troublemaker who started fights, played pranks, vandalized school property, and referred to teachers by their first names. In his second year, Hoffman was expelled from
Upon graduating, he enrolled at nearby
Countercultural activism
Early activity
Before his days as a leading member of the
In late 1966, Hoffman met with a radical community-action group called the Diggers[14] and studied their ideology. He later returned to New York and published a book with this knowledge.[14] Doing so was considered a violation by the Diggers. Diggers co-founder Peter Coyote explained:
Abbie, who was a friend of mine, was always a media junky. We explained everything to those guys, and they violated everything we taught them. Abbie went back, and the first thing he did was publish a book, with his picture on it, that blew the hustle of every poor person on the Lower East Side by describing every free scam then current in New York, which were then sucked dry by disaffected kids from Scarsdale.[15]
One of Hoffman's well-known stunts was on August 24, 1967, when he led members of the movement to the gallery of the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). The protesters threw fistfuls of real and fake dollar bills down to the traders below, some of whom booed, while others began to scramble frantically to grab the money as fast as they could.[16] Accounts of the amount of money that Hoffman and the group tossed was said to be as little as $30 to $300.[17] Hoffman claimed to be pointing out that, metaphorically, that's what NYSE traders "were already doing." "We didn't call the press," wrote Hoffman, "At that time we really had no notion of anything called a media event." Yet the press was quick to react and by evening the event was reported around the world. After that incident, the stock exchange spent $20,000 (approximately equivalent to $183,000 in 2023) to enclose the gallery with bulletproof glass.[18]
In October 1967,
Chicago Seven conspiracy trial
Hoffman was a member of a group of defendants that became known as the Chicago Seven (originally known as the Chicago Eight), which included fellow Yippie Jerry Rubin, David Dellinger, Rennie Davis, John Froines, Lee Weiner, Tom Hayden, and Bobby Seale (before his trial was severed from the others), who were charged by the United States federal government with conspiracy, crossing state lines with intent to incite a riot, and other charges related to anti-Vietnam War and countercultural protests in Chicago, Illinois during the 1968 Democratic National Convention.
Presided over by Judge
Other celebrities were called as "cultural witnesses" including Allen Ginsberg, Phil Ochs, Arlo Guthrie, Norman Mailer and others. Hoffman closed the trial with a speech in which he quoted Abraham Lincoln, making the claim that the president himself, were he alive today, would also have been arrested in Chicago's Lincoln Park.
On February 18, 1970, Hoffman and four of the other defendants (Rubin, Dellinger, Davis, and Hayden) were found guilty of intent to incite a riot while crossing state lines. All seven defendants were found not guilty of conspiracy. At sentencing, Hoffman suggested the judge try
However, all convictions were subsequently overturned by the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals.
Continuing protests
At
In 1971, Hoffman published Steal This Book, which advised readers on how to live for free. (Many readers followed his advice and stole the book, leading many bookstores to refuse to carry it.) The book contained a section called "Free Communication," in which Hoffman encourages his readership to take to the stage at rock concerts to use the pre-assembled audience and PA system to get their message out. However, he mentions that "interrupting the concert is frowned upon since it is only spitting in the faces of people you are trying to reach."[27]
In
Hoffman was also the author of several other books, including Vote! co-written with Rubin and Ed Sanders.[29]
Later life
Arrest and flight
Hoffman was arrested on August 28, 1973, for intent to sell and distribute cocaine. He always maintained that undercover police agents entrapped him into a drug deal and planted suitcases of cocaine in his office. In the spring of 1974, Hoffman skipped bail, underwent cosmetic surgery to alter his appearance, and hid from authorities for several years.[30]
Some believed that Hoffman made himself a target. In 1998, Peter Coyote stated:
The FBI couldn't infiltrate us. We did everything anonymously, and we did everything for nothing because we wanted our actions to be authentic. It's the mistake that Abbie Hoffman made. He came out, he studied with us, we taught him everything, and then he went back and wrote a book called Free, and he put his name on it! He set himself up to be a leader of the counterculture, and he was undone by that. Big mistake.[31]
Hoffman lived under the name Barry Freed in
Return to activism
In November 1986, Hoffman was arrested along with 14 others, including Amy Carter, the daughter of former President Jimmy Carter, for trespassing at the University of Massachusetts Amherst.[34] The charges stemmed from a protest against the Central Intelligence Agency's recruitment on the UMass campus.[35] Since the university's policy limited campus recruitment to law-abiding organizations, the defense argued that the CIA engaged in illegal activities. The federal district court judge permitted expert witnesses, including former Attorney General Ramsey Clark and a former CIA agent who testified that the CIA carried on an illegal Contra war against the Sandinista government in Nicaragua in violation of the Boland Amendment.[36]
In three days of testimony, more than a dozen defense witnesses, including
Hoffman concluded: "Thomas Paine was talking about this Spring day in this courtroom. A verdict of not guilty will say, 'When our country is right, keep it right; but when it is wrong, right those wrongs.'" On April 15, 1987, the jury found Hoffman and the other defendants not guilty.[37]
After his acquittal,
In 1987 Hoffman summed up his views:
You are talking to a leftist. I believe in the redistribution of wealth and power in the world. I believe in universal hospital care for everyone. I believe that we should not have a single homeless person in the richest country in the world. And I believe that we should not have a
CIA that goes around overwhelming governments and assassinating political leaders, working for tight oligarchies around the world to protect the tight oligarchy here at home.[34]
Later that same year, Hoffman and Jonathan Silvers wrote Steal This Urine Test (published October 5, 1987), which exposed the internal contradictions of the
Stone's Born on the Fourth of July was released on December 20, 1989, just eight months after Hoffman's suicide on April 12, 1989. At the time of his death, Hoffman was at the height of a renewed public visibility, one of the few 1960s radicals who still commanded the attention of the media. He regularly lectured about the CIA's covert activities, including assassinations disguised as suicides. His
Personal life
In 1960, Hoffman married Sheila Karklin,[11] and had two children, Andrew (born 1960) and Amy (1962–2007), who later went by the name Ilya. Hoffman and Karklin divorced in 1966. In 1967, he married Anita Kushner in Manhattan's Central Park.[41] They had one son whom they named america Hoffman, deliberately using a lowercase "a".[11] He and Kushner were effectively separated when Hoffman became a fugitive in 1973, although they were not formally divorced until 1980. While underground, Hoffman's companion was Johanna Lawrenson.
His personal life drew a great deal of scrutiny from the Federal Bureau of Investigation, whose file on him was 13,262 pages long.[42]
Death
Hoffman was found dead in his apartment in Solebury Township, Pennsylvania, on April 12, 1989, age 52. The cause of death was suicide by overdose from 150 phenobarbital tablets and liquor. Two hundred pages of handwritten notes were nearby, many detailing his moods. He had been diagnosed with bipolar disorder in 1980.[12] He had recently changed treatment medications and was reportedly depressed when his 83-year-old mother was diagnosed with cancer (she died in 1996 at age 90). Some who were close to him claimed that he was also unhappy about reaching middle age,[43] combined with the fact that the liberal upheaval of the 1960s had produced a conservative backlash in the 1980s.[43] In 1984, he had expressed dismay that the current generation of young people were not as interested in protesting and social activism as the youth had been during the 1960s.[12]
His death was officially ruled a suicide. Hoffman's fellow Chicago Seven defendant David Dellinger disputed this; he said, "I don't believe for one moment the suicide thing" and said that Hoffman had "numerous plans for the future."[44] However, the coroner stood by the ruling, saying, "There is no way to take that amount of phenobarbital without intent. It was intentional and self-inflicted."[43]
His memorial service was held a week later in Worcester, Massachusetts, at Temple Emanuel, the synagogue that he attended as a child, with 1,000 friends and family members in attendance.[44]
Works
Books
- Fuck the System (pamphlet, 1967) printed under the pseudonym George Metesky
- Revolution For the Hell of It (1968, Dial Press)[45][46][47][48][49] published under the pseudonym "Free"
- Revolution for the Hell of It: The Book That Earned Abbie Hoffman a 5 Year Prison Term at the Chicago Conspiracy Trial. Including Abbie Hoffman's Special Introduction to this edition "Chicago: Two Years After" (1970 reprint, Pocket Books, SBN 671-78032-8)
- Revolution for the Hell of It: The Book That Earned Abbie Hoffman a 5 Year Prison Term at the Chicago Conspiracy Trial (2005 reprint,
- Revolution for the Hell of It: The Book That Earned Abbie Hoffman a 5 Year Prison Term at the Chicago Conspiracy Trial. Including Abbie Hoffman's Special Introduction to this edition "Chicago: Two Years After" (1970 reprint, Pocket Books,
- Woodstock Nation: A Talk-Rock Album (1969, Random House)
- Steal This Book (1971, Pirate Editions)
- Steal This Book (1996 reprint, ISBN 1-56858-217-X)
- Authorized online location
- Steal This Book (1996 reprint,
- Vote! A Record, A Dialogue, A Manifesto – Miami Beach, 1972 And Beyond (1972, Warner Books) by Hoffman, Jerry Rubin, and Ed Sanders
- To America With Love: Letters From the Underground (1976, Stonehill Publishing) by Hoffman and Anita Hoffman
- To America With Love: Letters From the Underground (2000 second edition, ISBN 1-888996-28-5)
- To America With Love: Letters From the Underground (2000 second edition,
- Soon to Be a Major Motion Picture (1980, Perigee, ISBN 0-399-50503-2)
- The Autobiography of Abbie Hoffman (2000 second edition, ISBN 1-56858-197-1)
- The Autobiography of Abbie Hoffman (2000 second edition,
- Square Dancing in the Ice Age: Underground Writings (1982, Putnam, ISBN 0-399-12701-1)
- Steal This Urine Test: Fighting Drug Hysteria in America (1987, Penguin, ISBN 0-14-010400-3) by Hoffman and Jonathan Silvers
- The Best of Abbie Hoffman (1990, Four Walls Eight Windows, ISBN 0-941423-42-5)
- Preserving Disorder: The Faking of the President 1988 (1999, Viking, ISBN 0-670-82349-X) by Hoffman and Jonathan Silvers
Record
Media
Interviews
- Ken Jordan interview from January 1989, published in Reality Sandwich, May 2007
Appearances in documentary films
Hoffman is featured in interviews and archival news footage in the following documentaries:
- Last Summer Won't Happen (1968), film by Peter Gessner & Tom Hurwitz; "a sympathetic but not uncritical document of the East Village in New York during that year (1968), capturing the movement's internal conflicts and contradictions".[54][55][56]
- Hoffman's speech during the 1968 Democratic National Convention is featured in the 1970 Canadian fiction/documentary hybrid film, Prologue.[57]
- Breathing Together: Revolution of the Electric Family (1971)[58][59]
- It Was 20 Years Ago Today (1987) Documentary about the year in which the Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band was released.[62]
- Growing Up in America (1988), documentary on radical politics in the 1960s, First Run Features[63]
- My Dinner with Abbie (1990).[64][65][66]
- My Name Is Abbie (1998), Hoffman's first interview after seven years in hiding, Mystic Fire Video, ISBN 1-56176-381-0[67]
- Phil Ochs: There but for Fortune (2010), biographical documentary on the life and times of the singer-songwriter, First Run Features[68][69]
Appearances in feature films
- Born on the Fourth of July (1989); Hoffman appears as an organizer of the Syracuse University student strike which was triggered by the Kent State shooting. He died before the film was released, and a dedication to him is included in the credits.
Appearances on television
- The Merv Griffin Show, March 27, 1970. Merv's guests were Abbie Hoffman, Daria Halprin, Mark Frechette, Virginia Graham, and Tony Dolan. CBS blurred the video of Hoffman so viewers at home would not see his American flag pattern shirt, even though other guests had worn the same shirt in the past, uncensored, and Pat Boone appeared in an automobile commercial on that very broadcast wearing a similar flag-motif shirt.[70]
- Vanguard Press's 10th Anniversary Media Bash, February 17, 1988, Moderated by Peter Freyne. With Abbie Hoffman, Dave Dellinger, and Bernie Sanders.[71][72]
- The Coca Crystal Show: If I Can't Dance, You Can Keep Your Revolution, Manhattan Cable Television (Channel J), Public Access Cable TV, New York City.[73][74]
Appearances on radio
- August 27, 1968 telephone recording of speeches during the Chicago DNC protests broadcast by Bob Fass
- Abbie Hoffman – 1988 – Howard Stern Show
In popular culture
- Michael Lembeck portrayed Hoffman in the 1987 HBO television film Conspiracy: The Trial of the Chicago 8.
- Hoffman was portrayed by Richard D'Alessandro in the 1994 film Forrest Gump, speaking against "the war in Viet-fucking-nam" at a protest rally at the Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool facing the Washington Monument.
- Hoffman's life was dramatized in the 2000 film Steal This Movie!, in which he was portrayed by Vincent D'Onofrio.[75][76]
- Hank Azaria's voice is heard as the animated Hoffman in the film Chicago 10 (2007).
- The Chicago 8.[77]
- Hoffman is portrayed by Sacha Baron Cohen in The Trial of the Chicago 7 (2020). Cohen was nominated for Best Supporting Actor in the 93rd Academy Awards.
- Hoffman is mentioned in the song "Stuck in the 90's" on the 1993 album Bargainville by Canadian vocal group Moxy Früvous.
- A doll in Hoffman's likeness is used in a Raggedy Ann parody in the animated series Histeria!.
- In Wings 1993 season 4 episode 13 "Labor Pains" Faye describes an encounter with Hoffman at a protest in 1966.
See also
References
- ISBN 9780786738984.
- ISBN 9781592137978.
- ^ "Indictment in the Chicago Seven Conspiracy Trial". Famous Trials: Chicago Seven. Retrieved July 26, 2018.
- ^ a b c d Ragsdale, Bruce A. (2008). "The Chicago Seven: 1960s Radicalism in the Federal Courts" (PDF). Federal Judicial Center.
- ^ Linder, Douglas O. "Contempt specifications against Abbie Hoffman". Famous Trials. UMKC School of Law.
- ^ "Abbie Hoffman Dies". The New York Times. April 13, 1989. The New York Times
- ^ Fish, Jesse (June 5, 2011). "… And the Yippies on St. Marks - The Local East Village Blog". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 5, 2016. Retrieved December 4, 2013.
- ^ Handelman, David (June 1, 1989). "Abbie Hoffman [1936-1989]". Rolling Stone. Retrieved May 24, 2022.
- ^ McQuiston, John T. (April 14, 1989). "Abbie Hoffman, 60's Icon, Dies; Yippie Movement Founder Was 52". The New York Times. Retrieved December 10, 2013.
- ISBN 978-0-8135-2017-9.
According to Abbie, the teacher took issue with his defense of atheism.
- ^ ISBN 0-520-20575-8. Retrieved December 4, 2013.
- ^ ISBN 0-8135-2017-7.
- ^ Goldstein, Richard (March 4, 2016). "Bud Collins, Who Covered Tennis With Authority and Flash, Dies at 86". The New York Times. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
- ^ ISBN 9781582430119. Retrieved December 4, 2013.
- ^ "Interview by Etan Ben-Ami Mill Valley, California January 12, 1989". Diggers.org. Retrieved December 4, 2013.
- ISBN 978-0399125614.
- ^ Ledbetter, James (August 23, 2007). "The day the NYSE went Yippie". CNN Money. Archived from the original on January 5, 2010. Retrieved December 23, 2009.
- ISBN 1-56025-690-7
- ^ a b "Levitate the Pentagon". Uic.edu. October 21, 1967. Retrieved December 4, 2013.
- ^ a b c d "The Day The Pentagon Was Supposed To Lift Off into Space". American Heritage. December 19, 2005. Archived from the original on December 19, 2005. Retrieved April 10, 2017.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ "Abbie Hoffman". Teaching.com. 1997. Archived from the original on February 7, 2006. Retrieved April 1, 2006.
- ^ Pauli, Kirsten. "Judge Julius Hoffman". University of Missouri–Kansas City School of Law. Archived from the original on December 11, 2010. Retrieved December 4, 2013.
- ^ a b Lukas, J. Anthony (February 6, 1970). "Judge Hoffman Is Taunted at Trial of the Chicago 7 After Silencing Defense Counsel". The New York Times (paid access). Archived from the original on May 12, 2020. Retrieved October 7, 2008.
- ^ Linder, Douglas O. "The Chicago Seven Conspiracy Trial". UMKC School of Law. Archived from the original on December 5, 2006. Retrieved October 23, 2008. This article gives a detailed description of the trial, the events leading up to it, the reversal on appeal and the aftermath.
- ^ "UC Berkeley Library Social Activism Sound Recording Project: Anti-Vietnam War Protests – San Francisco Bay Area". berkeley.edu. Retrieved April 10, 2017.
- ^ "Who guitarist Pete Townshend yells "Fuck off! Get the fuck off my fucking stage!" and strikes Hoffman with his guitar, sending him tumbling offstage". berkeley.edu. Archived from the original on October 23, 2017. Retrieved April 10, 2017.
- ^ ISBN 978-1847676450.
- ^ "BBC 6 Music Documentary 'Before I Get Old'". BBC. November 9, 2012. Retrieved December 4, 2013.
- ISBN 978-1587991035.
- ^ "Abbie Hoffman, '60s activist, dead at 52". United Press International. April 13, 1989.
- ^ Steinman, Louise (June 4, 1998). "The Call of the Wild". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 4, 2013.
- ^ "Save the River!". Savetheriver.org. Archived from the original on October 16, 2008. Retrieved October 23, 2008.
- ^ Hoffman, Abbie; Walters, Barbara (September 4, 1980). "Sept. 4, 1980: Abbie Hoffman Interview". ABC News. Retrieved August 22, 2012.
- ^ a b McQuiston, John T. (April 14, 1989). "Abbie Hoffman, 60's Icon, Dies; Yippie Movement Founder Was 52". The New York Times. Retrieved December 4, 2013.
- ^ a b Bernstein, Fred. "Amy Carter and Abbie Hoffman Win Acquittal, but They Want to Keep the C.I.A. on Trial". People. Archived from the original on November 20, 2012. Retrieved December 4, 2013.
- ^ "University of Massachusetts". Cia-on-campus.org. Archived from the original on November 13, 2002. Retrieved October 23, 2008.
- ^ Lumsden, Carolyn (April 16, 1987). "Amy Carter, Abbie Hoffman, 13 Others Acquitted In CIA Protest". The Associated Press. Retrieved January 17, 2021.
- ^ "Abbie Hoffman". IMDb. Retrieved April 10, 2017.
- ^ "Steal This Urine Test: Fighting Drug Hysteria in America". Publishers Weekly. 1987. Retrieved September 16, 2019.
- ^ Hoffman, Abbie; Silvers, Jonathan (October 1988). "An Election Held Hostage" (PDF). Playboy. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 17, 2008. Retrieved December 4, 2013.
- ^ "Hoffman Wedding in Central Park". Life. February 1, 1963. Archived from the original on June 12, 2011. Retrieved December 4, 2013.
- ^ "FBI – FBI Records/FOIA". Archived from the original on February 5, 2011. Retrieved December 4, 2013.
- ^ a b c King, Wayne (April 19, 1989). "Abbie Hoffman Committed Suicide Using Barbiturates, Autopsy Shows". The New York Times.
- ^ a b King, Wayne (April 20, 1989). "Mourning, and Celebrating, a Radical". The New York Times. Retrieved December 4, 2013.
- ^ Hoffman, Abbie (January 1, 1968). Revolution for the hell of it. Dial Press. Retrieved April 10, 2017 – via Internet Archive.
- ^ Hoffman, Abbie (January 1, 1968). Revolution for the Hell of it: By Free. Dial Press – via Google Books.
- ^ (Pseud.), Free (January 1, 1968). Revolution for the Hell of It, ... Dial Press – via Google Books.
- ^ Hoffman, Abbie; Billy, Reverend; Wasserman, Harvey (April 27, 2005). Revolution for the Hell of It: The Book That Earned Abbie Hoffman a Five-Year Prison Term at the Chicago Conspiracy Trial. Da Capo Press.
- ISBN 9780786738984. Retrieved April 10, 2017 – via Google Books.
- ^ "FBI Book Report" (PDF). apfn.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 21, 2019. Retrieved June 12, 2017.
- ^ "REVOLUTION FOR THE HELL OF IT by Abbie Hoffman and Paul Krassner (two pieces, The Realist No. 76, 1967–68)". ep.tc. Retrieved June 12, 2017.
- ^ "Abbie Hoffman and the Joint Chiefs of Staff". ZBS Media. Archived from the original on April 9, 2017.
- ^ "UbuWeb Sound – Abbie Hoffman".
- ^ "Last Summer Won't Happen Again (1968)". British Film Institute. Archived from the original on April 10, 2017. Retrieved April 10, 2017.
- ^ "Last Summer Won't Happen". IMDb. January 1, 2000. Retrieved April 10, 2017.
- ^ "Last Summer Won't Happen (1969) - Overview". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved April 10, 2017.
- ^ "Prologue". NFB.ca. National Film Board of Canada. Retrieved May 18, 2017.
- ^ "Film Focuses on Trial of Chicago 7 By VINCENT CANBY The New York Times April 16, 1971". The New York Times. February 4, 2022.
- ^ "Breathing Together: Revolution of the Electric Family (1971)". IMDb. Retrieved June 12, 2017.
- ^ "Lord of the Universe". IMDb. Retrieved January 24, 2011.
- ^ "The Lord of the Universe: Trivia". IMDb. Retrieved January 24, 2011.
- IMDb
- Allmovie. Retrieved January 24, 2011.
- ^ Cohen, Nancy (September 1, 2008). "My Dinner with Abbie (Preview) Part 1". Archived from the original on October 31, 2021. Retrieved June 12, 2017 – via YouTube.
- ^ Cohen, Nancy (September 1, 2008). "My Dinner with Abbie (Preview) Part 2". Archived from the original on October 31, 2021. Retrieved June 12, 2017 – via YouTube.
- ^ "My Dinner with Abbie (1990)". IMDb. Retrieved June 12, 2017.
- Allmovie. Retrieved January 24, 2011.
- ^ "Phil Ochs: There but for Fortune". IMDb. Retrieved January 24, 2011.
- ^ Holden, Stephen (January 4, 2011). "Aspiring to Musical Power and Glory". The New York Times. p. C6. Archived from the original on January 6, 2011. Retrieved January 8, 2011.
- ISBN 9781440829727. Retrieved April 17, 2024.
- ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: "Bernie Sanders and Abbie Hoffman discuss the media". YouTube.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on March 24, 2016. Retrieved June 12, 2017.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Coca Crystal - YouTube". YouTube.
- ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: "Coca Crystal If I Can't Dance ... Keep Your Revolution Promo". YouTube.
- Allmovie. Archivedfrom the original on December 10, 2010. Retrieved January 24, 2011.
- ^ Ebert, Roger (August 25, 2000). "Steal This Movie". RogerEbert.com.
- ^ "The Chicago 8". IMDb. September 14, 2012. Retrieved April 10, 2017.
- ^ "Ben Cohen: Biography". IMDb. Retrieved January 24, 2011.
- ^ Webster, Andy (January 12, 2011). "The Life and Passions of an American Activist". The New York Times. Retrieved January 24, 2011.
Further reading
- "A Troubled Rebel Chooses A Silent Death." People Weekly, vol. 31, no. 17, May 1, 1989, pp. 100–104, 108, 110.
- ISBN 0813518504.
- ISBN 0520205758.
- Bruce Eric France Jr. (2004). From Guerrilla Theater to Media Warfare Abbie Hoffman's Riotous Revolution in America: A Myth. Louisiana State University.
- Edited with an introduction by ISBN 978-1565848337.
External links
- Abbie Hoffman's Spirit Is Alive
- Scans of Abbie Hoffman's writing in The Realist during formation of the Yippie movement
- FBI file on Abbie Hoffman
- Biography and Photos at the Worcester Writers' Project Archived February 1, 2020, at the Wayback Machine
- Lester, Elenore (October 11, 1970). "Is Abbie Hoffman the Will Shakespeare of the 1970s?". The New York Times. Retrieved June 12, 2017.